NEET-PG 2013 - Pediatrics Practice Questions

Q: All of the following are features of prematurity in a neonate, except which of the following?

Thick ear cartilage. ***Thick ear cartilage*** - **Thick ear cartilage with well-formed incurving of the pinna** is a feature of a **mature** or **full-term** neonate. - In premature neonates, the ear cartilage is typically **thin, soft, and flexible**, with less developed incurving. *Abundant lanugo* - **Lanugo**, fine soft hair, is typically abundant on the back and shoulders of **premature neonates**. - This hair is often shed by full-term babies before or shortly after birth. *Empty scrotum* - An **empty scrotum** indicates undescended testes, which is common in **premature male neonates**. - Testicular descent typically occurs later in gestation. *No creases on sole* - The absence or scarcity of **creases on the sole of the foot** is characteristic of **premature neonates**. - As gestational age increases, the number and depth of plantar creases increase.

Q: At what age can children typically draw a square?

5 years. ***5 years*** - At 5 years old, children have developed the **fine motor skills** and **cognitive abilities** necessary to copy and draw a square independently. - This is a key developmental milestone reflecting improved **visual-motor coordination** and understanding of geometric shapes with corners and angles. - By this age, children can also draw recognizable human figures with multiple body parts. *3 years* - While 3-year-olds can copy a circle and draw vertical/horizontal lines, they typically lack the **fine motor precision** and spatial understanding to draw a square with four equal sides and right angles. - Their drawings of angular shapes are crude approximations or scribbles rather than recognizable squares. *6 years* - By 6 years of age, children are proficient at drawing squares and other basic shapes, and are beginning to draw more complex figures with **perspective** and greater detail. - This age represents refinement beyond the initial mastery of drawing a square, which typically occurs at 5 years. *7 years* - At 7 years old, children have long mastered drawing basic shapes like squares and are capable of drawing objects with **depth and perspective** using multiple shapes, lines, and colors. - They demonstrate more advanced artistic expression and detailed representations.

Q: All are used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis except?

Voiding of urine before sleeping. ***Voiding of urine before sleeping*** - **Voiding before sleep** is a **general hygiene measure and preventive advice** rather than a specific therapeutic intervention for nocturnal enuresis. - While it may reduce bladder volume at bedtime, it does **not address the underlying pathophysiology** of nocturnal enuresis (arousal deficit, nocturnal polyuria, or detrusor overactivity). - It is **routine advice** given to all children, not a targeted treatment modality for curing enuresis. *Imipramine* - **Imipramine**, a tricyclic antidepressant, is an established **pharmacological treatment** for nocturnal enuresis. - Its mechanisms include: **anticholinergic effects** (increasing bladder capacity and functional bladder capacity), **alpha-adrenergic effects** (increasing bladder outlet resistance), and **antidiuretic effects**. - Typical dosing: **25-50 mg at bedtime**, with success rates of 40-60%. *Alarm setup* - **Bed-wetting alarms** are the **first-line behavioral therapy** with the highest long-term cure rates (60-70% success). - Works through **classical conditioning**: the alarm triggers when moisture is detected, training the child to either wake to void or develop nocturnal bladder control. - Requires **8-12 weeks** of consistent use and has the lowest relapse rates among treatments. *Maintenance of calendar of day night wetting* - **Voiding diary/calendar** is an essential **behavioral intervention** for monitoring and managing nocturnal enuresis. - Helps identify patterns, track treatment progress, and provides **positive reinforcement** through visual feedback. - Part of comprehensive behavioral management alongside fluid restriction and scheduled voiding during daytime.

Q: Most common cause of post-measles death?

Pneumonia. ***Pneumonia*** - **Pneumonia**, particularly secondary bacterial pneumonia, is the **most common cause of death** in children following a measles infection. - Measles causes **immune suppression** and damage to the respiratory epithelium, making individuals vulnerable to severe respiratory infections. *SSPE* - **Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)** is a rare, fatal, late complication of measles, occurring years after the initial infection. - While always fatal, its rarity means it is not the most common cause of overall measles-related mortality. *Myocarditis* - **Myocarditis**, inflammation of the heart muscle, can be a rare complication of measles, but it is not the leading cause of death. - Cardiac complications are less frequently observed as the primary cause of death compared to respiratory infections. *Diarrhea* - **Diarrhea** is a common complication of measles, especially in malnourished children, and can contribute to mortality due to **dehydration** and electrolyte imbalances. - However, severe respiratory complications like pneumonia are still responsible for a higher proportion of measles-related deaths.

Question 1

All of the following are features of prematurity in a neonate, except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Thick ear cartilage

Answer

Abundant lanugo

Answer

Empty scrotum

Answer

No creases on sole

Question 2

At what age can children typically draw a square?

Accepted Answer

5 years

Answer

3 years

Answer

6 years

Answer

7 years

Question 3

All are used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis except?

Accepted Answer

Voiding of urine before sleeping

Answer

Imipramine

Answer

Alarm setup

Answer

Maintenance of calendar of day night wetting

Question 4

Most common cause of post-measles death?

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

SSPE

Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Diarrhea

NEET-PG 2013 — Pediatrics