NEET-PG 2013

1544 Questions — Page 75 of 155

Community Medicine

8 questions

Q741

What is the minimum contact period required for effective chlorination of drinking water?

Q742

Which of the following insects has shown the least widespread development of resistance to DDT?

Q743

According to WHO guidelines, what is the recommended minimum air change rate per hour in isolation rooms for airborne infection control?

Q744

Which of the following gases is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect?

Q745

At what stage does the contraction of a family typically begin?

Q746

Which field of study focuses on person-to-person inter-relationships in a society?

Q747

In the ESI programme, employers and employees in the organized sector contribute to the fund. What is the employer's contribution?

Q748

What is the common threshold for statistical significance in hypothesis testing?

NEET-PG 2013 - Community Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 741: What is the minimum contact period required for effective chlorination of drinking water?

A. 2 hrs
B. 4 hrs
C. 1 hour
D. 30 minutes (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***30 minutes*** - A minimum **contact period of 30 minutes** is generally recommended for effective chlorination to sufficiently inactivate most pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. - This duration allows for adequate time for the **chlorine residual** to penetrate and destroy bacterial and viral structures. *1 hour* - While a longer contact time like 1 hour would be effective, it is not the **minimum required** for practical purposes and might lead to increased operational costs or complexity without significant additional benefit in typical scenarios. - Exceeding the minimum contact time can sometimes lead to the formation of **disinfection byproducts**, although this is more dependent on chlorine concentration and water composition. *2 hrs* - A contact time of 2 hours significantly exceeds the **minimum effective period** for most disinfection needs. - Such extended contact times are usually only considered in specific situations with highly resistant pathogens or particular water quality challenges, or when using **lower chlorine doses**. *4 hrs* - A 4-hour contact period is far beyond the **standard minimum** for effective chlorination of drinking water. - Such long contact times are typically impractical for municipal water treatment and could potentially increase the risk of forming **undesirable disinfection byproducts** if not carefully managed.

Question 742: Which of the following insects has shown the least widespread development of resistance to DDT?

A. Mosquitoes
B. Fleas
C. Tsetse flies (Correct Answer)
D. Ticks

Explanation: ***Tsetse flies*** - **Tsetse flies** have shown the least widespread development of **resistance to DDT**, likely due to their specific life cycles and limited exposure in widespread application campaigns. - This has made DDT, or its successor compounds, remain effective in certain tsetse control programs where other insects have developed high resistance. *Mosquitoes* - **Mosquitoes** have developed **widespread resistance to DDT** globally, significantly impacting malaria control efforts. - Their rapid breeding cycles and extensive exposure to DDT over decades led to the selection and proliferation of resistant strains. *Fleas* - **Fleas** have also developed **significant resistance to DDT**, especially in regions where it was heavily used for pest control in homes and livestock. - This resistance is a major factor in the continued prevalence of flea-borne diseases in certain areas. *Ticks* - **Ticks** have shown considerable development of **resistance to DDT** and other acaricides due to widespread use in livestock and agricultural settings. - Their resistance has complicated efforts to control tick-borne diseases and protect animal health.

Question 743: According to WHO guidelines, what is the recommended minimum air change rate per hour in isolation rooms for airborne infection control?

A. 2-3 air changes per hour
B. 4 air changes per hour
C. 1 air change per hour
D. More than 6 air changes per hour (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***More than 6 air changes per hour*** - The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a **minimum of 6 air changes per hour (ACH)** for airborne precaution rooms, particularly for naturally ventilated settings. - For mechanical ventilation systems, **WHO recommends 12 ACH** for airborne infection isolation rooms to effectively dilute and remove airborne infectious particles. - This higher rate ensures adequate ventilation to reduce the concentration of airborne pathogens like tuberculosis, measles, and varicella. - The WHO guidelines on Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings (2009) specify these minimum rates for effective airborne infection control. *2-3 air changes per hour* - An air change rate of **2-3 ACH** may be acceptable for general patient rooms or outpatient areas with natural ventilation in resource-limited settings. - However, this rate is **insufficient for airborne infection isolation rooms** where higher-risk procedures are performed or patients with confirmed airborne infections are housed. - This low rate does not provide adequate dilution of infectious aerosols for airborne precautions. *4 air changes per hour* - While **4 air changes per hour** provides better ventilation than 2-3 ACH, it still falls **below the WHO minimum recommendation of 6 ACH** for airborne infection isolation. - This rate might be acceptable for general wards but is inadequate for dedicated isolation rooms requiring airborne precautions. *1 air change per hour* - An **air change rate of 1 per hour** is completely insufficient for any healthcare infection control measures. - This extremely low rate would lead to dangerous accumulation of infectious particles, significantly increasing transmission risk. - Such minimal ventilation is unacceptable even for general patient care areas.

Question 744: Which of the following gases is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect?

A. CO2
B. Methane
C. Sulfur hexafluoride
D. All of the options (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***All of the options*** - All listed gases (CO2, Methane, and Sulfur hexafluoride) are recognized as significant **greenhouse gases**, contributing to the **greenhouse effect** and **climate change**. - While they differ in their **global warming potential** and atmospheric lifetimes, each plays a role in trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere. *CO2* - **Carbon dioxide** is a major greenhouse gas, primarily from the burning of **fossil fuels** and deforestation. - It is often considered the most significant contributor due to its high atmospheric concentration and long-term effects. *Methane* - **Methane** is a potent greenhouse gas, with a much higher **global warming potential** per molecule than CO2 over a shorter timescale. - Its sources include agricultural activities (livestock, rice cultivation), natural gas leaks, and landfills. *Sulfur hexafluoride* - **Sulfur hexafluoride** is a synthetic greenhouse gas with an extremely high **global warming potential** and a very long atmospheric lifetime. - Although its atmospheric concentration is lower than CO2 or methane, its potency makes it a significant contributor in specialized industrial applications.

Question 745: At what stage does the contraction of a family typically begin?

A. Marriage
B. Birth of the first child
C. Birth of the last child
D. Leaving home of the first child (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Leaving home of the first child*** - The **departure of the first child** from the home marks the beginning of the **contraction phase** of the family life cycle. - This stage signifies a decrease in the number of active family members residing in the home, initiating the process of family shrinkage. *Marriage* - Marriage is the **initial stage** of the family life cycle, where a new family unit is formed, typically referred to as the **establishment phase**. - This phase focuses on **role adjustment** and bonding, not the contraction of the family size. *Birth of the first child* - The birth of the first child marks the beginning of the **expansion stage** of the family life cycle. - This stage is characterized by an **increase in family size** and the establishment of parental roles. *Birth of the last child* - The birth of the last child typically represents the **end of the expansion phase** and the beginning of the **stable or child-rearing phase**. - While it caps the increase in family size, it doesn't initiate the contraction, as all children are still living at home.

Question 746: Which field of study focuses on person-to-person inter-relationships in a society?

A. Economics
B. Psychology
C. Anthropology
D. Sociology (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Sociology*** - **Sociology** is the scientific study of **society**, patterns of **social relationships**, social interaction, and culture. - It directly addresses **person-to-person inter-relationships** by examining groups, organizations, and societies, and how individuals interact within these structures. *Economics* - **Economics** primarily deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and the management of **scarce resources**. - While it involves human interaction, its focus is on **market dynamics** and resource allocation rather than social relationships themselves. *Psychology* - **Psychology** is the scientific study of the **mind and behavior**, focusing on individual thought processes, emotions, and individual responses. - It examines human behavior at the **individual level**, rather than the broader societal inter-relationships between people. *Anthropology* - **Anthropology** is the study of **humanity**, especially focusing on human societies and cultures and their development. - While it examines human social structures, its scope is often broader, encompassing **cultural evolution** and diverse societies rather than the specific patterns of inter-relationships within a single society like sociology.

Question 747: In the ESI programme, employers and employees in the organized sector contribute to the fund. What is the employer's contribution?

A. 1.75%
B. 4.75% (Correct Answer)
C. 3.25%
D. 2.75%

Explanation: ***4.75%*** - The **Employees' State Insurance (ESI) program** is an integrated social security scheme designed to protect workers in the organized sector. - As of 2019, the employer's contribution rate to the ESI fund is set at **4.75%** of the employee's gross wages, while the employee contributes 0.75%. *3.25%* - This percentage is **not the current employer contribution rate** for the ESI scheme; it is higher than the employee's contribution but less than the actual employer's share. - Prior to 2019, the employer's contribution was 4.75% and the employee's contribution was 1.75%, which sums up to 6.5%. The figures were revised on 13.06.2019 reducing the overall contribution from 6.5% to 4%. *2.75%* - This is not the current contribution rate for either the employer or the employee under the ESI program; it falls outside the established percentages. - The ESI scheme ensures compliance through fixed statutory contributions from both parties, which are not represented by this figure. *1.75%* - This was the **employee's contribution rate** to the ESI fund prior to the 2019 revision, not the employer's. - The current employee contribution rate is significantly lower at 0.75%.

Question 748: What is the common threshold for statistical significance in hypothesis testing?

A. 0.01
B. 0.02
C. 0.03
D. 0.05 (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Correct: 0.05*** - A **p-value of 0.05 (or 5%)** is the most widely accepted and **conventional threshold** for statistical significance in most scientific fields, including medicine - This represents a **5% probability** of observing the results if the **null hypothesis** were true (Type I error or α level) - This is the **standard alpha level** taught in biostatistics and most commonly used in medical research *Incorrect: 0.01* - While 0.01 indicates **higher statistical confidence** (1% chance of Type I error), it is more stringent than the standard threshold - Used in studies requiring **greater certainty** or where false positives have severe consequences - Not the most common or default threshold in general hypothesis testing *Incorrect: 0.02* - A p-value of 0.02 represents a **2% chance of Type I error** - While statistically valid, it is **not a conventional alpha level** for most hypothesis tests - Not the standard threshold taught or applied in medical statistics *Incorrect: 0.03* - A p-value of 0.03 represents a **3% chance of Type I error** - This is **not a standard choice** for statistical significance testing - Not the conventionally prescribed alpha level in biostatistics

Forensic Medicine

1 questions

Q741

Which of the following is a stomach poison?

Psychiatry

1 questions

Q741

In psychiatric assessment, which term refers to a temporary and subjective judgment or viewpoint expressed by a patient regarding their condition or treatment?