NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with giardiasis?

Steatorrhea and flatulence. ***Steatorrhea and flatulence*** - **Giardiasis** is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite *Giardia lamblia*, leading to malabsorption and characteristic symptoms [1]. - The parasite attaches to the intestinal lining, interfering with fat absorption, which results in **steatorrhea** (fatty, foul-smelling stools) and increased gas production causing **flatulence** [1]. *Nausea and vomiting* - While **nausea** can occur in giardiasis, **vomiting** is less common as a primary or dominant symptom. - These symptoms are more characteristic of other gastrointestinal infections like **viral gastroenteritis**. *Abdominal pain* - **Abdominal pain** is a general symptom that can occur with many gastrointestinal issues, including giardiasis [1]. - However, it's not as specific or as clinically defining for giardiasis as **steatorrhea** and **flatulence**, which are direct consequences of the parasite's impact on fat absorption. *All of the options* - Although some patients with giardiasis may experience nausea and abdominal pain, **steatorrhea** and **flatulence** are the most direct and specific indicators of the malabsorption caused by *Giardia lamblia* [1]. - Choosing "all of the above" would imply that all listed symptoms are equally common and specific, which is not the case for giardiasis.

Q: What is the infective form of Trypanosoma brucei?

Trypomastigote. ***Trypomastigote*** - The **trypomastigote** is the infective form of *Trypanosoma brucei* transmitted to humans by the **tsetse fly** bite. - In the human host, trypomastigotes multiply in the **blood and lymphatic system**, eventually invading the central nervous system. *Amastigote form* - The **amastigote** form is characteristic of *Trypanosoma cruzi* and *Leishmania* species, not *Trypanosoma brucei*. - **Amastigotes** are found intracellularly and lack a flagellum, responsible for replication within host cells for these other parasites. *Egg stage* - *Trypanosoma brucei* is a **protozoan parasite** and does not have an **egg stage** in its life cycle. - Egg stages are typical for helminths, such as **tapeworms** or **flukes**. *No infective form* - This statement is incorrect; **all parasitic organisms** must have an infective stage to be transmitted to their hosts. - The **trypomastigote** is specifically adapted for transmission and survival in the human host and vector.

Q: In malaria, pre-erythrocytic schizogony occurs in -

Liver. ***Liver*** - After being introduced by a mosquito bite, **Plasmodium sporozoites** rapidly travel to the liver - In the liver, they invade **hepatocytes** and undergo asexual reproduction, known as **pre-erythrocytic (or hepatic) schizogony**, forming merozoites - This is the exo-erythrocytic cycle that occurs before red blood cell invasion *Lung* - The lungs are not a primary site for **Plasmodium** development or asexual reproduction in the human host - While some parasite components or host immune responses might involve the lungs in severe malaria, it is not where pre-erythrocytic schizogony occurs *Spleen* - The **spleen** is primarily involved in clearing infected red blood cells and acts as a site for immune responses to malaria, but not for initial schizogony - It plays a significant role in the **erythrocytic stage** of malaria by filtering and destroying parasitized red blood cells *Kidney* - The **kidneys** are not involved in the life cycle of the **Plasmodium parasite** during pre-erythrocytic schizogony - While malaria can cause **renal complications** (such as acute kidney injury in severe cases), this is a pathological effect, not a site of parasite development

Q: A 4 year old child presents with acute watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Stool microscopy reveals trophozoites with falling leaf motility. What is the etiological agent?

Giardia lamblia. **Giardia lamblia** - The presence of **trophozoites** with characteristic **falling leaf motility** in stool microscopy is pathognomonic for **Giardia lamblia** infection. - **Giardiasis** commonly causes **acute watery diarrhea** and **abdominal cramps** in children, often acquired through contaminated water or food. *Entamoeba histolytica* - **Entamoeba histolytica** causes **amoebic dysentery**, characterized by bloody diarrhea, unlike the watery diarrhea described. - Its trophozoites exhibit **directional motility** with pseudopods and may contain ingested red blood cells, not falling leaf motility. *Trichomonas tenax* - **Trichomonas tenax** is found in the **oral cavity** and is not associated with intestinal infections or diarrhea. - Its typical habitat and clinical presentation are entirely different from the symptoms described. *Balantidium coli* - **Balantidium coli** is a large, ciliated protozoan whose trophozoites have a **distinctive kidney-shaped macronucleus** and rotary motility with cilia. - It causes **balantidiasis**, which can range from asymptomatic to dysentery, but its trophozoite morphology and motility are distinct from falling leaf.

Q: What does the hookworm primarily feed on?

Blood from intestinal mucosa. ***Blood from intestinal mucosa*** - Hookworms attach to the **intestinal wall** and ingest host blood, leading to blood loss and potential **anemia**. - They produce **anticoagulants** to facilitate continuous feeding from the mucosal capillaries. *Plasma proteins* - While plasma contains proteins, hookworms primarily feed directly on **whole blood**, not just isolated plasma proteins. - Feeding mainly on plasma proteins would not explain the significant **iron-deficiency anemia** associated with hookworm infection. *Lymphatic fluid* - Hookworms reside in the **small intestine** and do not typically feed on lymphatic fluid. - Other parasites, like **filarial worms**, are known to inhabit and obstruct the lymphatic system. *Interstitial fluid* - Interstitial fluid is found in the spaces between cells; hookworms feed from the **vascular supply** within the intestinal mucosa. - Feeding on interstitial fluid would not cause the characteristic **blood loss** seen in hookworm infections.

Q: Infective form of Hookworms?

Filariform larva. ***Filariform larva*** - The **filariform larva (L3)** is the infective stage of hookworms, capable of penetrating intact skin. - Upon penetration, these larvae migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs, then up the bronchial tree to be swallowed, eventually maturing in the intestines. *Egg* - Hookworm **eggs** are passed in the feces of infected individuals and are not infective to humans directly. - They require favorable conditions (warm, moist soil) to embryonate and hatch into rhabditiform larvae. *Rhabditiform larva* - The **rhabditiform larva (L1)** is the first larval stage that hatches from the egg in the soil. - It is a non-infective, free-living stage that feeds on bacteria and molts twice to become the infective filariform larva. *Adult worm* - **Adult worms** reside in the small intestine of the host and are not the infective form. - They attach to the intestinal mucosa and feed on blood, causing the characteristic anemia associated with hookworm infection.

Q: Cutaneous larva migrans is due to ?

Ancylostoma braziliense. ***Ancylostoma braziliense*** - **Cutaneous larva migrans** is primarily caused by the larvae of **dog and cat hookworms**, especially *Ancylostoma braziliense*. - Humans become **accidental hosts** when these larvae penetrate the skin but cannot complete their life cycle, leading to **serpiginous tracks**. *W. bancrofti* - This parasite, **Wuchereria bancrofti**, is a filarial nematode that causes **lymphatic filariasis** (elephantiasis). - Its effects are characterized by **lymphedema** and **hydrocele**, not migrating skin lesions. *B. Malayi* - **Brugia malayi** is another filarial nematode responsible for **lymphatic filariasis** in humans, similar to *W. bancrofti*. - It primarily causes **swelling of the limbs** and scrotum, not cutaneous larva migrans. *D. medinensis* - **Dracunculus medinensis** is the parasite that causes **dracunculiasis**, also known as **Guinea worm disease**. - This infection is characterized by a **painful blister** and subsequent emergence of the adult worm, which is distinct from creeping eruptions.

Q: What type of spore is produced by Ascomycota during sexual reproduction?

Ascospores. ***Ascospores*** - **Ascospores** are the sexual spores produced by fungi belonging to the phylum **Ascomycota** during their sexual reproductive cycle. - These spores are formed inside a sac-like structure called an **ascus** after **karyogamy (nuclear fusion)** and **meiosis**. - Each ascus typically contains **4-8 ascospores** arranged in a characteristic pattern. - Examples of Ascomycota include *Aspergillus*, *Penicillium*, *Candida*, and yeasts like *Saccharomyces*. *Asexual spores* - **Asexual spores** are produced during **asexual reproduction** without the fusion of gametes or meiosis. - Examples include **conidia** and **sporangiospores**, which allow for rapid proliferation and dispersal. *Conidia* - **Conidia** are a specific type of **asexual spore**, not sexual spores. - They are formed exogenously on specialized structures called **conidiophores**. - While Ascomycota can produce conidia asexually, the question asks specifically about sexual reproduction. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **ascospores** are indeed the sexual spores of Ascomycota.

Q: The fungus with septate hyphae and dichotomous branching is?

Aspergillus. ***Aspergillus*** - *Aspergillus* species are characterized by their **septate hyphae** and **acute-angle branching** (branching at approximately 45-degree angles), which are key distinguishing features in histopathology. - This branching pattern is sometimes referred to as "dichotomous branching" in medical literature, though true dichotomous branching is more characteristic of certain tissue forms. - This fungal morphology is often seen in infections such as **invasive aspergillosis** in immunocompromised patients. *Penicillium* - *Penicillium* also has **septate hyphae**, but its branching pattern is typically *not acute-angled or dichotomous*. - It is more commonly known for its **brush-like** conidiophores (penicillus) in culture rather than distinctive tissue branching patterns. *Mucor* - *Mucor* is a type of **zygomycete** (now classified under Mucorales) and is characterized by **aseptate or sparsely septate hyphae** with **irregular, right-angle branching**. - This is a key histological feature distinguishing it from *Aspergillus* in cases of **mucormycosis**. *Rhizopus* - Similar to *Mucor*, *Rhizopus* is also a zygomycete with **aseptate or sparsely septate hyphae** and **irregular, wide-angle branching**. - It is often identified in culture by the presence of **rhizoids** (root-like structures) and sporangiophores.

Q: In a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms, acute angled septate hyphae are seen in which of the following fungi?

Aspergillus. ***Aspergillus*** - *Aspergillus* species are characterized by their distinctive **acute-angled (dichotomous) septate hyphae** when observed microscopically in tissue sections or clinical samples. - This morphological feature is crucial for differentiating *Aspergillus* infections, such as **aspergillosis**, from other fungal infections. *Mucor* - *Mucor* (along with *Rhizopus* and *Lichtheimia*) belongs to the Zygomycetes class, which are characterized by **broad, non-septate, ribbon-like hyphae** with irregular branching, not acute-angled septate hyphae. - These fungi are associated with **mucormycosis**, often seen in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with diabetes. *Penicillium* - *Penicillium* is a common mold known for producing penicillin and typically appears as **septate hyphae** but is more often recognized by its branching, brush-like conidiophores (penicilli) in culture rather than a distinct acute-angled septate hyphal morphology in clinical samples causing invasive disease. - While it can cause opportunistic infections, its hyphae are less commonly described as having uniquely acute angles compared to *Aspergillus*. *Candida* - *Candida* species are typically observed as **yeast cells (oval budding forms)**, often forming **pseudohyphae** (elongated yeast cells that remain attached) or true hyphae under specific conditions, but not as acute-angled septate hyphae. - *Candida* is a common cause of superficial and invasive candidiasis, and its microscopic appearance is distinct from filamentous fungi.

Question 1

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with giardiasis?

Accepted Answer

Steatorrhea and flatulence

Answer

All of the options

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Abdominal pain

Question 2

What is the infective form of Trypanosoma brucei?

Accepted Answer

Trypomastigote

Answer

Amastigote form

Answer

Egg stage

Answer

No infective form

Question 3

In malaria, pre-erythrocytic schizogony occurs in -

Accepted Answer

Liver

Answer

Lung

Answer

Spleen

Answer

Kidney

Question 4

A 4 year old child presents with acute watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Stool microscopy reveals trophozoites with falling leaf motility. What is the etiological agent?

Accepted Answer

Giardia lamblia

Answer

Trichomonas tenax

Answer

Balantidium coli

Answer

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 5

What does the hookworm primarily feed on?

Accepted Answer

Blood from intestinal mucosa

Answer

Plasma proteins

Answer

Lymphatic fluid

Answer

Interstitial fluid

Question 6

Infective form of Hookworms?

Accepted Answer

Filariform larva

Answer

Egg

Answer

Rhabditiform larva

Answer

Adult worm

Question 7

Cutaneous larva migrans is due to ?

Accepted Answer

Ancylostoma braziliense

Answer

W.bancrofti

Answer

B. Malayi

Answer

D. medinensis

Question 8

What type of spore is produced by Ascomycota during sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Ascospores

Answer

Asexual spores

Answer

Conidia

Answer

None of the options

Question 9

The fungus with septate hyphae and dichotomous branching is?

Accepted Answer

Aspergillus

Answer

Penicillium

Answer

Mucor

Answer

Rhizopus

Question 10

In a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms, acute angled septate hyphae are seen in which of the following fungi?

Accepted Answer

Aspergillus

Answer

Mucor

Answer

Penicillium

Answer

Candida

NEET-PG 2013

Internal Medicine

Microbiology