NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which grain has the highest calcium content?

Finger millet. ***Finger millet*** - **Finger millet**, also known as **Ragi**, is exceptionally rich in **calcium**, containing significantly more than other common grains. - It is a valuable dietary source for **bone health** and preventing **calcium deficiencies**. *Jowar* - **Jowar** (sorghum) is a good source of various nutrients but has a **lower calcium content** compared to finger millet. - It is known more for its **fiber** and iron content. *Bajara* - **Bajara** (pearl millet) provides a moderate amount of **calcium** but is surpassed by finger millet. - It is favored for its **energy content** and beneficial fatty acids. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **finger millet** indeed has a remarkably high calcium content, making it a clear answer. - The other grains mentioned, while nutritious, do not match finger millet's calcium profile.

Q: What is the iron requirement for a normal menstruating adult female?

15 mg/day. ***15 mg/day*** - The recommended daily iron intake for a normal menstruating adult female was **15 mg/day** according to guidelines at the time of this examination (NEET-2013). - This higher requirement compared to males and post-menopausal women is due to **iron loss in menstrual blood**, averaging approximately **0.5-1 mg/day** additional iron loss. - **Note:** Current guidelines recommend **18 mg/day** (US RDA) or **21 mg/day** (ICMR, India), but this question reflects the 2013 standard. *20 mg/day* - This amount is **higher than the typical recommendation** for healthy menstruating women without significant pathology. - While some women with heavier menstrual bleeding might require this, it's not the baseline requirement for normal menstruation. *30 mg/day* - This intake level is typically recommended for **pregnant women** in the second and third trimesters or individuals with **diagnosed iron deficiency anemia** requiring therapeutic supplementation. - It is significantly more than the daily requirement for a healthy menstruating female. *35 mg/day* - This is an **excessively high** daily iron intake for a healthy menstruating female. - Such high doses are usually prescribed for **severe iron deficiency anemia** or specific medical conditions under supervision. - Chronic intake at this level without medical indication could potentially lead to adverse effects.

Q: Which nut has the highest protein content among the following options?

Groundnut. ***Groundnut*** - **Groundnuts** (peanuts) contain approximately **26 grams of protein per 100 grams**, which is the highest among the given options. - While botanically classified as legumes, groundnuts are commonly grouped with nuts in nutritional contexts. - They are also rich in **healthy fats**, **fiber**, and various **B vitamins**. *Almond* - **Almonds** contain about **21 grams of protein per 100 grams**, making them the second highest in protein content among the options. - They are excellent sources of **vitamin E**, **magnesium**, and **healthy monounsaturated fats**. *Walnut* - **Walnuts** contain approximately **15 grams of protein per 100 grams**, which is lower than both groundnuts and almonds. - They are notably rich in **omega-3 fatty acids** (alpha-linolenic acid). *Coconut* - **Coconut flesh** has relatively low protein content, around **3.3 grams per 100 grams**. - It is primarily known for its high content of **medium-chain triglycerides** and **saturated fats**.

Q: All of the following are required more during lactation as compared to pregnancy, except ?

Iron. ***Iron*** - **Iron requirements are significantly higher during pregnancy** (~27 mg/day) due to the expansion of maternal red blood cell mass, fetal development, and placental iron needs. - During lactation, iron requirement decreases to **~9-10 mg/day**, lower than in pregnancy, as **lactational amenorrhea** (absence of menstruation) reduces iron loss. - This represents the **most significant decrease** in requirement from pregnancy to lactation among the listed nutrients. *Vitamin A* - The **recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Vitamin A is higher during lactation** (~1300 μg/day) compared to pregnancy (~800 μg/day). - This increased requirement ensures **adequate transfer to breast milk** to support infant's **vision development and immune function**. *Niacin* - **Niacin requirements during lactation** (~17 mg/day) are **similar to pregnancy** (~18 mg/day). - While lactation involves increased metabolic demands, niacin requirements do not show a marked increase compared to pregnancy, unlike Vitamin A and Energy. - This option is less clearly "required more" during lactation. *Energy* - **Energy requirements are significantly higher during lactation** to fuel milk production, which is energetically demanding. - A lactating woman typically needs an **additional 500 kcal/day**, compared to ~300 kcal/day in the 2nd/3rd trimester of pregnancy.

Q: Which of the following is a key criterion for a prudent diet?

Saturated fats < 10% of total energy. ***Saturated fats < 10% of total energy*** - Limiting **saturated fat intake** to less than 10% of total energy is a key recommendation for a prudent diet to reduce the risk of **cardiovascular disease**. - High intake of saturated fats can increase **LDL cholesterol** ("bad" cholesterol), contributing to **atherosclerosis**. *Fat intake 35-40% of total energy* - This range is generally considered **too high** for a healthy diet, as excessive fat intake can lead to **obesity** and increased risk of chronic diseases. - A more prudent range for total fat intake is typically around **20-35% of total energy**. *Dietary cholesterol < 300 mg/1000Kcal per day* - While limiting dietary cholesterol was historically a key recommendation, current guidelines emphasize reducing **saturated and trans fats** more strongly than dietary cholesterol itself due to its limited impact on blood cholesterol for most people. - The limit of **300 mg/day** for dietary cholesterol is an older guideline; many newer recommendations do not specify an upper limit for dietary cholesterol for healthy individuals. *Salt intake <10 g/day* - This statement indicates a salt intake of less than 10 grams per day, which is still **higher** than the generally recommended upper limit for a prudent diet. - Current guidelines suggest limiting **sodium intake** to less than 2300 mg (approximately 5.8g of salt) per day, with an ideal limit of less than 1500 mg (approximately 3.8g of salt) for most adults to manage **blood pressure**.

Q: All are non-sporing anaerobes of medical importance except which of the following?

Clostridia. ***Clostridia*** - This genus is characterized by its ability to form **spores**, which are highly resistant structures allowing survival in adverse conditions. - Examples include *Clostridium difficile*, *Clostridium tetani*, and *Clostridium botulinum*, all of which are important human pathogens. *Actinomyces* - *Actinomyces* are **non-sporing, Gram-positive, anaerobic rods** that cause chronic, granulomatous infections, often forming sinus tracts. - They are known for producing characteristic **"sulfur granules"** in pus. *Bacteroides* - *Bacteroides* are **non-sporing, Gram-negative, anaerobic rods** that are a major component of the normal human gut flora. - They are frequently involved in **intra-abdominal infections** and abscess formation. *Fusobacterium* - *Fusobacterium* species are **non-sporing, Gram-negative, fusiform-shaped anaerobic rods**. - They are common in the **oral cavity** and can cause infections such as Vincent's angina and Lemierre's syndrome.

Q: Which of the following conditions is NOT caused by Aspergillus?

Dermatophytosis. ***Dermatophytosis*** - This condition is caused by **dermatophytes** (e.g., *Trichophyton*, *Microsporum*, *Epidermophyton*), which are a specific group of fungi that metabolize keratin. - *Aspergillus* species are generally **opportunistic molds** but do not typically cause dermatophytosis, which is a superficial fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails. *Otomycosis* - **Otomycosis** is a fungal infection of the external ear canal, and *Aspergillus* species are a common cause, particularly *Aspergillus niger*. - It can lead to ear pain, discharge, itching, and hearing impairment. *Allergic sinusitis* - **Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS)** is a common form of fungal sinusitis where *Aspergillus* species are significant contributors, often leading to a thick, tenacious allergic mucin. - This condition is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to the fungal elements in the nasal and sinus cavities. *Bronchopulmonary allergy* - **Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)** is a hypersensitivity reaction to *Aspergillus fumigatus* antigens that colonize the airways, particularly in individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis. - It results in recurrent episodes of wheezing, cough, and transient pulmonary infiltrates, and can lead to bronchiectasis if left untreated.

Q: Which of the following is a cause of Valley fever (desert rheumatism)?

Coccidioides. ***Coccidioides*** - **Valley fever**, or desert rheumatism, is caused by infection with the dimorphic fungus **Coccidioides**, primarily **Coccidioides immitis** and **Coccidioides posadasii**. - This fungus is endemic to arid and semi-arid regions, especially the **southwestern United States** and parts of Central and South America. *Sporothrix* - **Sporothrix schenckii** causes sporotrichosis, a chronic fungal infection typically involving the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent lymphatics, often through skin trauma. - It does not cause Valley fever. *Cladosporium* - **Cladosporium** species are ubiquitous molds commonly found in outdoor and indoor environments, often associated with allergic reactions and occasionally superficial infections. - They are not a cause of Valley fever. *Phialophora* - **Phialophora** species are dematiaceous fungi that can cause phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma, which are subcutaneous or systemic fungal infections. - They are not associated with Valley fever.

Q: Maximum maternal mortality during peripartum period occurs at -

Immediate post-partum. ***Immediate post-partum*** - The **immediate postpartum period** (first 24 hours after birth) is considered the most critical time for maternal mortality, accounting for approximately **45-50% of all maternal deaths**. - Primary causes include **postpartum hemorrhage** (leading cause, responsible for ~25% of maternal deaths globally), **eclampsia**, and **amniotic fluid embolism**. - This phase involves significant physiological changes and potential complications arising directly from the birthing process, with risks being highest in the first few hours after delivery. *Last trimester* - While the **last trimester** carries risks such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and thrombosis, the overall mortality rate is lower compared to the immediate postpartum period. - Many of the complications arising in late pregnancy are either manageable with proper antenatal care or culminate in critical events during or just after delivery. *During labor* - **Maternal mortality during labor** can occur due to complications like obstructed labor, uterine rupture, or severe pre-eclampsia. However, modern obstetric care with active management aims to identify and manage these issues promptly. - Many *intrapartum* complications often lead to adverse outcomes that extend into the immediate postpartum phase, where the majority of deaths are recorded. *Delayed post-partum* - The **delayed postpartum period** (from 24 hours up to 6 weeks after birth) still carries risks such as infections (puerperal sepsis), venous thromboembolism, and peripartum cardiomyopathy, but the incidence of acute, life-threatening events is significantly lower than in the immediate postpartum period. - Mortalities during this period are often related to complications that develop or worsen over time, rather than acute events directly from birth.

Question 1

Which grain has the highest calcium content?

Accepted Answer

Finger millet

Answer

Jowar

Answer

Bajara

Answer

None of the options

Question 2

What is the iron requirement for a normal menstruating adult female?

Accepted Answer

15 mg/day

Answer

30 mg/day

Answer

35 mg/day

Answer

20 mg/day

Question 3

Which nut has the highest protein content among the following options?

Accepted Answer

Groundnut

Answer

Walnut

Answer

Coconut

Answer

Almond

Question 4

All of the following are required more during lactation as compared to pregnancy, except ?

Accepted Answer

Iron

Answer

Niacin

Answer

Energy

Answer

Vitamin A

Question 5

Which of the following is a key criterion for a prudent diet?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats < 10% of total energy

Answer

Fat intake 35-40% of total energy

Answer

Dietary cholesterol < 300 mg/1000Kcal per day

Answer

Salt intake <10 g/day

Question 6

What is the most common cause of infant mortality in developing countries?

Accepted Answer

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

Answer

Injuries

Answer

Tetanus infection

Answer

Birth asphyxia

Question 7

All are non-sporing anaerobes of medical importance except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Clostridia

Answer

Bacteroides

Answer

Fusobacterium

Answer

Actinomyces

Question 8

Which of the following conditions is NOT caused by Aspergillus?

Accepted Answer

Dermatophytosis

Answer

Otomycosis

Answer

Allergic sinusitis

Answer

Bronchopulmonary allergy

Question 9

Which of the following is a cause of Valley fever (desert rheumatism)?

Accepted Answer

Coccidioides

Answer

Sporothrix

Answer

Cladosporium

Answer

Phialophora

Question 10

Maximum maternal mortality during peripartum period occurs at -

Accepted Answer

Immediate post-partum

Answer

Last trimester

Answer

During labor

Answer

Delayed post-partum

NEET-PG 2013

Community Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology