NEET-PG 2012 Practice Questions

Q: What is the standard amount of diphtheria toxoid in the DT vaccine?

30 Lf. ***30 Lf*** - The **DT vaccine** (pediatric diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) contains **30 Lf** of **diphtheria toxoid** per dose according to traditional formulations, along with tetanus toxoid. - This higher diphtheria toxoid content is standardized for vaccines administered to children younger than 7 years. - Note: Modern vaccine standards often express potency in **International Units (IU)** where ≥30 IU corresponds to approximately 15-25 Lf, though 30 Lf was the traditional specification. *5 Lf* - This reduced amount of diphtheria toxoid is present in adult formulations like **Tdap vaccine** and **Td vaccine** (typically 2-5 Lf). - The lower diphtheria toxoid content in adult vaccines is sufficient to maintain immunity in individuals with pre-existing immunity from childhood vaccination. *10 Lf* - This amount of diphtheria toxoid is not a standard specification for DT, Td, or Tdap vaccines. - Standard diphtheria toxoid amounts are typically 15-30 Lf for pediatric formulations (DT/DTP) and 2-5 Lf for adult formulations (Td, Tdap). *15 Lf* - While approximately 15 Lf may correspond to the minimum potency when measured in International Units (≥30 IU), the traditional standard specification for DT vaccine is **30 Lf**. - Vaccine formulations are precisely standardized to ensure optimal immunogenicity and safety.

Q: What is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection?

Chlamydia. ***Correct: Chlamydia*** - **Chlamydia trachomatis** is the most frequently reported bacterial STI in many countries, often being **asymptomatic** and thus easily spread - Its high prevalence is due to efficient transmission and the widespread use of sensitive diagnostic tests that detect infections in asymptomatic individuals - Accounts for the majority of reported bacterial STI cases globally *Incorrect: HSV* - **Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)** is a **viral STI**, not bacterial, and is characterized by recurrent outbreaks of **genital ulcers** or sores - While common, it does not qualify as a bacterial infection and is often not laboratory-confirmed due to mild or subclinical presentations *Incorrect: HIV* - **Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)** is also a **viral STI**, not bacterial, that attacks the immune system leading to AIDS - Although highly impactful, HIV is not a bacterial infection and has lower incidence rates compared to Chlamydia *Incorrect: Syphilis* - **Syphilis**, caused by the bacterium **Treponema pallidum**, is a serious bacterial STI that can have long-term complications if untreated - While its incidence has been increasing in some regions, it is significantly less common than **Chlamydia** in terms of overall reported cases

Q: Which organization among the following is specifically mandated to work on reproductive health and family planning globally?

UNFPA. ***UNFPA*** - The **United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)** is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, and every young person's potential is fulfilled. - Its mandate specifically focuses on **sexual and reproductive health (SRH)**, family planning, and maternal health worldwide. *UNICEF* - The **United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)** focuses on providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide, prioritizing their health, education, and protection. - While it addresses child health, its primary mandate is not exclusive to reproductive health or family planning. *ILO* - The **International Labour Organization (ILO)** is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by establishing international labor standards. - Its work focuses on labor rights, decent work, and social protection, not reproductive health. *WHO* - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** works broadly on all aspects of global health including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, health systems, and emergency response. - While WHO does work on reproductive health, it is not specifically mandated exclusively for reproductive health and family planning like UNFPA.

Q: What is the most common method of family planning sterilization practiced in India?

Female sterilization. ***Female sterilization*** - **Female sterilization** (tubal ligation) is the most prevalent method of permanent contraception in India, accounting for over **95% of all sterilization procedures**. - This is primarily due to historical policies focusing on female methods and various **socio-cultural factors** including gender norms and male reluctance. - According to **NFHS data**, female sterilization is the single most common contraceptive method overall in India. *Male sterilization* - **Male sterilization** (vasectomy) is significantly less common compared to female sterilization in India, accounting for less than 5% of sterilization procedures. - This disparity is attributed to **gender norms**, misconceptions about masculinity, and limited promotion of vasectomy services. *Condom use* - While condoms are a common **temporary contraceptive method**, the question specifically asks about **sterilization methods**, which are permanent. - Condoms are barrier methods, not sterilization procedures. *Intrauterine device (IUD)* - IUDs are **reversible long-acting contraceptive methods**, not sterilization procedures. - Though IUDs are increasingly popular in India, they do not constitute a sterilization method as they can be removed.

Q: Which type of vaccine is used for chicken pox?

Live vaccine. ***Live vaccine*** - The chickenpox vaccine (Varicella vaccine) is a **live-attenuated vaccine**, meaning it contains a weakened form of the **Varicella-zoster virus** (Oka strain). - This weakened virus can still replicate in the body, stimulating a strong and long-lasting immune response similar to natural infection but without causing severe disease. *Killed vaccine* - **Killed (inactivated) vaccines** use viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated through heat or chemicals, making them unable to replicate. - While effective for some diseases (e.g., inactivated polio, influenza), they typically require **multiple doses** and might provide less durable immunity compared to live vaccines. *Conjugated vaccine* - **Conjugated vaccines** are designed to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens (e.g., bacterial capsules) by linking them to a carrier protein. - This technology is primarily used for **bacterial infections** like *Haemophilus influenzae* type b (Hib) or pneumococcal disease, not viral illnesses like chickenpox. *Toxoid vaccine* - **Toxoid vaccines** contain inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) rather than the whole organism. - Examples include **tetanus and diphtheria vaccines**, which protect against diseases caused by bacterial toxins, not viral infections like chickenpox.

Q: In which period is maternal mortality highest?

Peripartum. ***Peripartum*** - The peripartum period encompasses the time immediately before, during, and after childbirth, when the risks of **hemorrhage, infection, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia**, and other **acute obstetric complications** are highest. - The **physiological stresses** of labor and delivery, coupled with potential complications like **uterine atony** or **obstructed labor**, contribute significantly to maternal mortality during this critical window [2]. *Antepartum* - While complications like **severe pre-eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy**, and chronic conditions can occur during the antepartum period, the **acute risks of hemorrhage and infection** are generally lower than during and immediately after delivery [1]. - Most maternal deaths occurring antepartum are due to conditions that ultimately lead to or manifest more severely during the peripartum or postpartum phases, such as undetected pre-eclampsia worsening to eclampsia [3]. *Postpartum* - The postpartum period (especially the first 42 days) also carries significant risks such as **late postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal sepsis, and thromboembolism** [2]. - While substantial, the **magnitude of mortality risk** primarily due to acute events related to labor and delivery (e.g., massive hemorrhage, amniotic fluid embolism) is often concentrated in the peripartum period [2]. *No period of maximum risk* - This statement is incorrect because maternal mortality risk is demonstrably **higher during specific periods** related to pregnancy and childbirth, rather than being evenly distributed [1]. - The physiological changes and obstetric challenges associated with gestation, labor, and the puerperium create distinct periods of elevated risk for maternal morbidity and mortality.

Q: Neonatal conjunctivitis is caused by all of the following except:

Aspergillus. ***Aspergillus*** - **Fungal infections** of the eye, particularly by *Aspergillus*, are extremely rare in neonates and typically present as **keratitis** rather than conjunctivitis. - While *Aspergillus* can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals, it is not a common cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. *Gonococcus* - **_Neisseria gonorrhoeae_** is a well-known cause of **ophthalmia neonatorum** (gonococcal conjunctivitis), presenting as severe, purulent discharge usually within the first 2-5 days of life. - This infection can lead to **corneal ulceration** and blindness if untreated. *Chlamydia* - **_Chlamydia trachomatis_** is the most common bacterial cause of **neonatal conjunctivitis**, typically appearing 5-14 days after birth. - It causes a **mucopurulent discharge** and can be associated with **chlamydial pneumonia** in infants. *Pseudomonas* - **_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_** can cause severe and rapidly progressive **neonatal conjunctivitis** and **keratitis**, especially in premature infants or those exposed to contaminated solutions. - It is a highly aggressive pathogen that can lead to significant ocular morbidity.

Q: Herpetic keratitis is treated by which of the following?

Acyclovir. ***Acyclovir*** - **Acyclovir** is an **antiviral agent** that specifically targets the **herpes simplex virus**, which is the causative agent of herpetic keratitis. - It works by inhibiting viral DNA replication, thereby reducing viral load and preventing further damage to the cornea. *Analgesics* - **Analgesics** are used to manage pain but do not address the **viral etiology** of herpetic keratitis. - While they can improve patient comfort, they are not a definitive treatment for the underlying infection. *Atropine* - **Atropine** is a **cycloplegic agent** used to paralyze the ciliary muscle and dilate the pupil, often to reduce pain from ciliary spasms in uveitis. - It does not have **antiviral properties** and is not effective against the herpes virus. *Steroids* - **Corticosteroids** can suppress inflammation but are generally **contraindicated** in active herpetic keratitis, especially in the epithelial form. - They can worsen the viral infection by compromising the immune response, potentially leading to **corneal ulceration** and perforation.

Q: Which virus is most commonly associated with disciform keratitis?

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). ***Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)*** - **HSV** is the most common cause of **infectious disciform keratitis**, often following a primary ocular HSV infection or reactivation. - Disciform keratitis caused by HSV is a form of **immune-mediated stromal keratitis**, characterized by corneal edema, inflammation, and potential vision loss. *Rubella Virus* - While Rubella can cause ocular manifestations, such as **congenital cataracts** and **glaucoma** in infants, it is not typically associated with disciform keratitis in adults or children. - **Congenital rubella syndrome** is the primary context for ophthalmic issues related to this virus. *Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)* - HIV can lead to various ocular complications, such as **CMV retinitis**, **Kaposi's sarcoma** of the conjunctiva, and **HIV retinopathy**. - However, HIV itself is **not directly linked** to disciform keratitis. *Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)* - HBV infection primarily affects the **liver** and is not commonly associated with direct ocular infections like keratitis. - Ocular manifestations are rare and often nonspecific, mainly related to systemic immune responses rather than direct viral replication in the eye.

Q: What does colostrum have compared to normal milk?

Increased proteins. ***Increased proteins*** - **Colostrum** is rich in **immunoglobulins (antibodies)** like IgA, IgG, and IgM, which are proteins crucial for passive immunity in the newborn, making its protein content **2-3 times higher** than mature milk (approximately 2.3 g/100 mL vs 0.9 g/100 mL). - These high protein levels also include **lactoferrin** and **growth factors**, which support the development of the infant's gut and immune system. - This is the **most clinically significant** distinguishing feature of colostrum. *Decreased potassium* - **Potassium (K)** levels in colostrum are actually **similar to or slightly higher** than mature milk (approximately 74 mg/100 mL vs 51 mg/100 mL). - This option is incorrect as potassium is not decreased. *Decreased sodium* - **Sodium (Na)** levels are actually **significantly higher** in colostrum than in mature milk (approximately 48 mg/100 mL vs 15 mg/100 mL). - This elevated sodium gives colostrum a distinct salty taste, differentiating it from mature milk. - This option is incorrect as sodium is increased, not decreased. *Decreased calories* - While colostrum has a **lower fat content** than mature milk, leading to somewhat lower caloric density (54-58 kcal/100 mL vs 65-70 kcal/100 mL), this is not the primary distinguishing characteristic. - The most important feature of colostrum is its **high protein and immunoglobulin content** for immune protection, not its caloric value.

Question 1

What is the standard amount of diphtheria toxoid in the DT vaccine?

Accepted Answer

30 Lf

Answer

5 Lf

Answer

10 Lf

Answer

15 Lf

Question 2

What is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection?

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia

Answer

HSV

Answer

HIV

Answer

Syphilis

Question 3

Which organization among the following is specifically mandated to work on reproductive health and family planning globally?

Accepted Answer

UNFPA

Answer

UNICEF

Answer

ILO

Answer

WHO

Question 4

What is the most common method of family planning sterilization practiced in India?

Accepted Answer

Female sterilization

Answer

Male sterilization

Answer

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Answer

Condom use

Question 5

Which type of vaccine is used for chicken pox?

Accepted Answer

Live vaccine

Answer

Killed vaccine

Answer

Conjugated vaccine

Answer

Toxoid vaccine

Question 6

In which period is maternal mortality highest?

Accepted Answer

Peripartum

Answer

Antepartum

Answer

Postpartum

Answer

No period of maximum risk

Question 7

Neonatal conjunctivitis is caused by all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Aspergillus

Answer

Chlamydia

Answer

Pseudomonas

Answer

Gonococcus

Question 8

Herpetic keratitis is treated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Analgesics

Answer

Atropine

Answer

Steroids

Question 9

Which virus is most commonly associated with disciform keratitis?

Accepted Answer

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Answer

Rubella Virus

Answer

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Answer

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Question 10

What does colostrum have compared to normal milk?

Accepted Answer

Increased proteins

Answer

Decreased potassium

Answer

Decreased sodium

Answer

Decreased calories

NEET-PG 2012

Community Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Ophthalmology

Physiology