NEET-PG 2012

Q: Ujjawala scheme is for prevention of

Child trafficking. **Child trafficking** - The **Ujjawala scheme** is a comprehensive project of the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, aimed at **preventing, rescuing, rehabilitating, reintegrating, and repatriating victims of human trafficking**, particularly women and children. - It addresses the severe human rights violation of **trafficking** by providing safe shelter, basic necessities, counseling, and vocational training to survivors. *Child marriage* - While child marriage is a serious issue, the primary focus of the **Ujjawala scheme** is on **combating human trafficking**, not specifically child marriage. - Other schemes like the **Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006**, and various advocacy programs specifically target the prevention of child marriage. *Child abuse* - The **Ujjawala scheme** aims to help victims of trafficking, which often includes elements of abuse, but its direct mandate is focused on **trafficking as a whole**, not all forms of child abuse. - Other legislative frameworks and programs, such as the **Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012**, directly address child abuse. *Child labour* - Although children involved in trafficking may be forced into child labor, the **Ujjawala scheme's** overarching objective is to tackle **human trafficking** in its entirety. - Specific efforts to combat child labor are primarily addressed by legislation like the **Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986**, and various campaigns against child exploitation.

Q: Ochronosis is seen in poisoning with:

Carbolic acid. ***Carbolic acid (Phenol)*** - Carbolic acid causes **blackish-brown discoloration** of skin and tissues at the site of contact due to its **corrosive action and protein denaturation**. - This characteristic **dark staining of tissues** is a forensic marker of phenol poisoning and is sometimes referred to in forensic literature as "ochronosis-like" changes. - Phenol is absorbed through skin and mucous membranes and can cause **CNS depression, convulsions, and metabolic acidosis**. *Boric acid* - Boric acid poisoning manifests with **"boiled lobster" appearance** of skin (erythematous desquamation). - Causes **gastrointestinal symptoms** (vomiting, diarrhea) and **CNS effects** in severe cases. - Does not cause blackish tissue discoloration. *HCl (Hydrochloric acid)* - HCl is a **strong corrosive acid** causing severe chemical burns. - Produces **white or gray coagulated necrosis** of tissues on contact. - Does not produce the dark discoloration characteristic of phenol. *Oxalic acid* - Oxalic acid poisoning causes **hypocalcemia** by chelating calcium ions. - Leads to **cardiac arrhythmias, tetany, and renal toxicity** (calcium oxalate crystal deposition). - Does not cause tissue discoloration or ochronosis.

Q: Classical complement is activated by:

Ag-Ab complex. ***Ag-Ab complex*** - The **classical complement pathway** is initiated by the binding of **C1q** to an antigen-antibody complex, specifically involving **IgM** or certain subclasses of **IgG**. - This binding triggers a cascade of events leading to the activation of the complement system, ultimately resulting in the **lysis of target cells**, **opsonization**, and **inflammation**. *C3 Convertase* - **C3 convertase** is an enzyme complex formed later in the complement cascade, responsible for cleaving C3 into C3a and C3b. - While essential for all complement pathways, it is a **downstream effector** and not the initial activator of the classical pathway. *C1* - **C1** is a complex protein that includes C1q, C1r, and C1s. While C1 plays a crucial role in the classical pathway, it is **activated by** the antigen-antibody complex, not an independent activator. - The activation sequence is: **Ag-Ab complex → C1q binding → C1 activation → cascade initiation**. Thus, the Ag-Ab complex is the primary trigger, and C1 is the responder. *IgA* - **IgA** primarily functions in mucosal immunity and is generally **not an activator** of the classical complement pathway. - Instead, IgA can activate the **alternative complement pathway** under specific circumstances, but not the classical pathway through direct binding to C1q.

1213 Questions — Page 122 of 122

Community Medicine

1 questions

Q1211

Ujjawala scheme is for prevention of

Forensic Medicine

1 questions

Q1211

Ochronosis is seen in poisoning with:

Microbiology

1 questions

Q1211

Classical complement is activated by: