NEET-PG 2012 - Anatomy Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following is a traction epiphysis ?

Coracoid process of scapula. ***Coracoid process of scapula*** - A **traction epiphysis** (also called atavistic epiphysis) serves as an attachment site for muscles and tendons, transferring muscle force to the bone without bearing significant weight or forming articular surfaces. - The **coracoid process** is a classic example, anchoring the **pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps brachii**, as well as important ligaments (coracoclavicular and coracoacromial). - It develops from a separate ossification center purely for muscle and ligament attachment, not for articulation or weight-bearing. *Tibial condyles* - The **tibial condyles** are **pressure epiphyses** (articular epiphyses) that form the superior articular surface of the tibia. - They articulate with the femoral condyles to form the knee joint and bear significant weight during standing and movement. - Their primary function is joint formation and contribution to longitudinal bone growth. *Trochanter of femur* - The **greater and lesser trochanters** are large bony prominences that serve as muscle attachment sites, but they are better classified as **apophyses** rather than true traction epiphyses. - An **apophysis** is a secondary ossification center that does not contribute to longitudinal bone growth and serves primarily for muscle attachment. - While functionally similar to traction epiphyses, the term "traction epiphysis" is more specifically applied to structures like the coracoid process, tibial tuberosity, and calcaneal tuberosity. *Head of femur* - The **head of femur** is a classic **pressure epiphysis** that articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. - It bears significant body weight and contributes to the longitudinal growth of the femur. - Its primary functions are joint formation and weight transmission, not muscle attachment.

Q: All the following are characteristics of the oculomotor nerve except:

Enters orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. ***Enters orbit through the inferior orbital fissure*** - The oculomotor nerve **does not** enter the orbit through the **inferior orbital fissure**; it enters via the **superior orbital fissure**. - The **inferior orbital fissure** transmits structures like the **maxillary nerve (V2)**, **zygomatic nerve**, and **inferior ophthalmic vein**. *Carries parasympathetic nerve fibres* - The oculomotor nerve contains **parasympathetic preganglionic fibers** that synapse in the **ciliary ganglion** [1]. - These fibers control **pupillary constriction** (via the **sphincter pupillae**) and **accommodation** (via the **ciliary muscle**) [1]. *Supplies inferior oblique muscle* - The **inferior oblique muscle** is one of the **extraocular muscles** innervated by the **oculomotor nerve (CN III)** [2]. - This muscle works to **elevate** and **externally rotate** the eye [2]. *Enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure* - The oculomotor nerve indeed passes through the **superior orbital fissure** to enter the orbit. - This fissure serves as the passage for several cranial nerves and vessels, including the **oculomotor (III)**, **trochlear (IV)**, **abducens (VI)**, and branches of the **ophthalmic nerve (V1)**.

Q: Ovarian fossa is formed by all except?

Round ligament of ovary. ***Round ligament of ovary*** - The **round ligament of ovary** (ovarian ligament) connects the ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus and does NOT form any boundary of the ovarian fossa [1]. - It lies medial to the ovary and is not involved in forming the depression of the ovarian fossa [1]. - This ligament anchors the ovary but is separate from the peritoneal boundaries defining the fossa [1]. *Obliterated umbilical artery* - The **obliterated umbilical artery** (medial umbilical ligament) forms the **anterior boundary** of the ovarian fossa [2]. - This is a key anatomical landmark running along the lateral pelvic wall anterior to the ovary [2]. *Internal iliac artery* - The **internal iliac artery** forms the **posterior boundary** of the ovarian fossa [2]. - It lies on the lateral pelvic wall, deep and posterior to the ovarian fossa [2]. - This is one of the main structures defining the fossa's posterior limit [2]. *Ureter* - The **ureter** runs along the lateral pelvic wall and forms part of the **posterior/floor boundary** of the ovarian fossa [2]. - It passes posteroinferior to the ovary, contributing to the fossa's posterior limits [2].

Q: In bladder injury, pain is referred to which of the following areas?

Lower abdominal wall. ***Correct Option: Lower abdominal wall*** - **Referred pain** from the bladder is typically felt in the **suprapubic region** of the lower abdominal wall due to shared visceral and somatic afferent innervation. - The **parietal peritoneum** overlying the bladder is innervated by somatic nerves that also supply the abdominal wall. - This convergence of visceral afferents from the bladder and somatic afferents from the abdominal wall at the spinal cord level (particularly S2-S4) results in referred pain to the suprapubic area. *Incorrect Option: Upper part of thigh* - Pain in the upper thigh is more commonly associated with conditions affecting the **hip joint**, **femoral nerve**, or **inguinal region**. - Bladder innervation does not primarily refer pain to the upper thigh. *Incorrect Option: Flank* - Flank pain is typically associated with conditions of the **kidneys** or **ureters**, such as **nephrolithiasis** or **pyelonephritis**. - The bladder's referred pain pattern does not usually extend to the flank. *Incorrect Option: Penis* - While bladder irritation can sometimes cause sensations in the penis, it is more often associated with conditions like **urethritis**, **cystitis**, or **prostatitis**. - Direct referred pain from bladder injury to the penis is less common than to the lower abdominal wall.

Q: All are lateral branches of the abdominal aorta, EXCEPT which of the following?

Celiac trunk. ***Celiac trunk*** - The **celiac trunk** is an anterior branch of the abdominal aorta, supplying the foregut derivatives. - It arises from the ventral aspect of the aorta, distinguishing it from lateral branches. *Right testicular artery* - The **testicular arteries** (gonadal arteries) are paired lateral branches of the abdominal aorta. - They arise inferior to the renal arteries and descend to supply the testes in males. *Left renal artery* - The **renal arteries** [1] [3] are large paired lateral branches of the abdominal aorta. - They supply the kidneys [2] and typically arise just inferior to the superior mesenteric artery. *Middle suprarenal artery* - The **middle suprarenal arteries** are paired lateral branches, typically arising directly from the abdominal aorta. - They supply the suprarenal (adrenal) glands [2].

Q: Risorius is a muscle of?

Facial expression. Facial expression - The **risorius muscle** retracts the **corner of the mouth** laterally, contributing to smiling or grimacing. - It falls under the category of **mimetic muscles**, all of which are innervated by the **facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)**. *Mastication* - Muscles of mastication, such as the **masseter**, **temporalis**, and **pterygoids**, are primarily involved in **chewing** and moving the mandible. - These muscles are innervated by the **trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)**, not the facial nerve. *Deglutition* - Deglutition refers to the process of **swallowing**, involving muscles of the **pharynx** and **larynx**. - Examples include the **palatoglossus**, **stylopharyngeus**, and **superior pharyngeal constrictor**. *Eye movement* - Muscles responsible for eye movement are the **extrinsic ocular muscles**, such as the **recti** and **oblique muscles** [1]. - These muscles are innervated by the **oculomotor (III)**, **trochlear (IV)**, and **abducens (VI)** cranial nerves. *Note: No provided references mention the risorius muscle, mimetic muscles, or muscles of mastication; citations are applied only to supported sub-topics.*

Q: Which of the following cell types is neuroectodermal in origin?

Smooth muscle cells. ***Smooth muscle cells*** - This is the **correct answer** based on a **specific exception**: smooth muscle cells of the **iris dilator and sphincter muscles** and the **ciliary muscle** in the eye are derived from **neuroectoderm** (specifically from the **optic cup**, an outgrowth of the neural tube). - **Important note:** The vast majority of smooth muscle in the body is of **mesodermal origin** (e.g., in blood vessels, GI tract, respiratory tract). This question tests knowledge of this **notable embryological exception**. - In the context of the given options, this is the only cell type with any neuroectodermal component. *Skeletal muscle cells* - Skeletal muscle cells are entirely derived from the **paraxial mesoderm**, specifically from **somites** (myotome portion). - They form the voluntary muscles of the body and are **never** of neuroectodermal origin. *Endothelial cells* - Endothelial cells lining blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are derived from the **mesoderm** (specifically from **angioblasts**). - They are part of the cardiovascular system and are **entirely mesodermal** in origin. *Cardiac muscle cells* - Cardiac muscle cells are derived from the **splanchnic mesoderm** (lateral plate mesoderm). - The heart musculature is **entirely mesodermal** with no neuroectodermal contribution. **Clinical Pearl:** Classic neuroectodermal derivatives include neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes), ependymal cells, and neural crest derivatives (Schwann cells, melanocytes, chromaffin cells). The smooth muscle of the iris represents an important exception to the general rule that smooth muscle is mesodermal.

Q: Which of these best describes the renal angle?

The angle between the 12th rib and the erector spinae. ***The angle between the 12th rib and the erector spinae*** - The **renal angle** (also known as the costovertebral angle) is the space formed by the junction of the **12th rib** and the **erector spinae muscles** laterally. - This anatomical landmark is clinically significant for assessing **kidney pain** or inflammation (e.g., in pyelonephritis) through percussion. *The angle between the latissimus dorsi and the 12th rib* - While the **latissimus dorsi** is a significant back muscle, it is not the primary anatomical landmark that defines the renal angle. - The renal angle specifically refers to the relationship between the rib cage and the deeper spinal muscles. *The angle between the erector spinae and the iliac crest* - This description refers to a region lower down on the back, closer to the **pelvis**, and not directly related to the position of the kidneys. - The **iliac crest** defines the upper border of the pelvis, far from the kidney's typical location relative to the 12th rib. *The angle between the 12th rib and the rectus abdominis* - The **rectus abdominis** muscle is located on the anterior (front) aspect of the abdomen, involved in trunk flexion. - This muscle is anatomically distinct and separate from the posterior flank region where the kidneys are located and where the renal angle is assessed.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a branch of 1st part of maxillary artery?

Greater palatine artery. ***Greater palatine artery*** - This artery is a branch of the **third part** of the maxillary artery, which supplies the palate. - The third part of the maxillary artery (also known as the pterygopalatine part) gives off branches that pass through the pterygopalatine fossa. *Middle meningeal artery* - This is a significant branch of the **first part** of the maxillary artery, entering the cranial cavity via the **foramen spinosum** to supply the dura mater. - It is often injured in head trauma, leading to an **epidural hematoma**. *Accessory meningeal artery* - This artery also arises from the **first part** of the maxillary artery and enters the skull through the **foramen ovale** to supply the dura mater. - It is a smaller branch compared to the middle meningeal artery. *Inferior alveolar artery* - It is a branch of the **first part** of the maxillary artery, descending to enter the mandible via the **mandibular foramen** to supply the teeth and bone of the mandible. - It gives off the **mylohyoid branch** before entering the mandibular foramen.

Q: Primordial germ cells are derived from:

Yolk sac. ***Yolk sac*** - **Primordial germ cells (PGCs)** arise from **epiblast** cells but are first identifiable in the wall of the **yolk sac** during the **3rd week** of development. - From the yolk sac, they migrate during the **4th-6th week** through the dorsal mesentery to reach the developing **genital ridges** (gonads) where they form **gametes** [2]. - The yolk sac is considered the site where PGCs are recognized and begin their journey to the gonads. *Neural crest* - Neural crest cells are multipotent cells that migrate to various locations and differentiate into structures like **neurons**, **glial cells**, **melanocytes**, and **facial cartilage**, not germ cells. - They arise from the dorsal part of the **neural tube** during neurulation. *Genital ridge* - The genital ridge is the embryonic structure that develops into the **gonads** (testes or ovaries) [1]. - Primordial germ cells migrate *to* the genital ridge, but they do not originate *from* it — it is their destination, not their source. *Somatopleuritic mesoderm* - **Somatopleuritic mesoderm** (somatic mesoderm) forms the **parietal layer** of serous membranes, the dermis of the body wall, and the skeletal elements of the limbs. - It does not give rise to **primordial germ cells**.

Question 1

Which of the following is a traction epiphysis ?

Accepted Answer

Coracoid process of scapula

Answer

Tibial condyles

Answer

Head of femur

Answer

Trochanter of femur

Question 2

All the following are characteristics of the oculomotor nerve except:

Accepted Answer

Enters orbit through the inferior orbital fissure

Answer

Carries parasympathetic nerve fibres

Answer

Supplies inferior oblique muscle

Answer

Enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure

Question 3

Ovarian fossa is formed by all except?

Accepted Answer

Round ligament of ovary

Answer

Internal iliac artery

Answer

Ureter

Answer

Obliterated umbilical artery

Question 4

In bladder injury, pain is referred to which of the following areas?

Accepted Answer

Lower abdominal wall

Answer

Flank

Answer

Upper part of thigh

Answer

Penis

Question 5

All are lateral branches of the abdominal aorta, EXCEPT which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Celiac trunk

Answer

Right testicular artery

Answer

Left renal artery

Answer

Middle suprarenal artery

Question 6

Risorius is a muscle of?

Accepted Answer

Facial expression

Answer

Mastication

Answer

Deglutition

Answer

Eye movement

Question 7

Which of the following cell types is neuroectodermal in origin?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle cells

Answer

Skeletal muscle cells

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Cardiac muscle cells

Question 8

Which of these best describes the renal angle?

Accepted Answer

The angle between the 12th rib and the erector spinae

Answer

The angle between the latissimus dorsi and the 12th rib

Answer

The angle between the erector spinae and the iliac crest

Answer

The angle between the 12th rib and the rectus abdominis

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a branch of 1st part of maxillary artery?

Accepted Answer

Greater palatine artery

Answer

Accessory meningeal artery

Answer

Inferior alveolar artery

Answer

Middle meningeal artery

Question 10

Primordial germ cells are derived from:

Accepted Answer

Yolk sac

Answer

Neural crest

Answer

Genital ridge

Answer

Somatopleuritic mesoderm

NEET-PG 2012 — Anatomy