FMGE 2019 - Radiology PYQs Practice Questions

Q: A man presents to the emergency department with a head injury following a vehicular accident. What is the investigation of choice?

NCCT. ***NCCT*** - **Non-contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT)** of the head is the **investigation of choice** for acute head trauma due to its rapid acquisition, wide availability, and excellent sensitivity for detecting acute hemorrhage, fractures, and mass effects. - It rapidly identifies life-threatening conditions such as **epidural, subdural, and intracerebral hemorrhages**, which require immediate intervention. *MRI* - **MRI** is superior for detecting subtle brain tissue injuries, diffuse axonal injury, and non-hemorrhagic lesions but is generally **not the first-line investigation** in acute trauma due to longer scan times, limited availability in the emergency setting, and inability to detect acute hemorrhage as clearly as CT. - Its use is typically reserved for follow-up studies or when CT findings are inconclusive or specific soft tissue detail is required. *CECT* - **Contrast-enhanced CT (CECT)** of the head is reserved for specific indications like evaluating vascular lesions (e.g., aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations) or tumors, which are generally **not the primary concern** in the initial assessment of acute head trauma. - Administering contrast agents can delay imaging, may pose risks to patients with renal impairment or allergies, and does not significantly improve the detection of acute traumatic hemorrhage compared to NCCT. *X-ray* - **X-rays** of the skull are useful for detecting **skull fractures**, but they provide **limited information** regarding intracranial injuries or soft tissue damage, which are critical in head trauma. - They have largely been superseded by CT scans, which offer a more comprehensive view of both bony structures and intracranial contents. [Practice more Radiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: A patient presented with complaints of dyspnoea. The shown X-ray is suggestive of:

Pleural effusion. ***Pleural effusion*** - The X-ray shows a significant **right-sided pleural effusion** with blunting of the costophrenic angle and a meniscus sign characteristic of fluid accumulation in the pleural space. - Key radiological features include: **homogeneous opacity** in the lower zone, **obliteration of the costophrenic angle**, and the typical **concave upper border (meniscus sign)** of fluid layering. - The presence of dyspnea with these radiological findings is consistent with pleural effusion. **Note:** While the X-ray confirms pleural effusion, **differentiating between exudative and transudative effusion requires pleural fluid analysis** (Light's criteria), not imaging alone. *Pneumothorax* - A pneumothorax would appear as a **dark, air-filled space** with a visible **visceral pleural line** where the lung has collapsed away from the chest wall. - The image clearly shows **fluid opacity** (white/grey) in the right hemithorax, not air (black). *Hydropneumothorax* - This condition involves both **fluid and air** in the pleural space, typically presenting with a **straight horizontal air-fluid level** on an erect chest X-ray. - The X-ray here shows a **curved meniscus** rather than a straight air-fluid level, indicating pure fluid without air. *Consolidation* - Consolidation (as seen in pneumonia) appears as a **homogenous opacity within the lung parenchyma**, often with **air bronchograms**. - The image shows fluid in the **pleural space** (outside the lung), **displacing the lung medially**, rather than an opacity within the lung tissue itself. [Practice more Radiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which of the following is best assessed by FAST USG?

Pericardium. ***Pericardium*** - FAST USG is **most clinically significant** for detecting **pericardial effusions** and **cardiac tamponade** in trauma patients. - The **subxiphoid view** provides **excellent direct visualization** of the heart and pericardial space with minimal interference. - **Small volumes** of pericardial fluid (as little as 50-100 mL) are **clinically significant** and potentially life-threatening, requiring immediate intervention. - Cardiac tamponade is an **immediately reversible cause of shock** that demands urgent diagnosis and pericardiocentesis. - **Sensitivity >90%** for clinically significant pericardial effusions in the trauma setting. *Liver* - FAST assesses the **hepatorenal space (Morison's pouch)** for free fluid, not the liver parenchyma itself. - Requires **larger volumes of free fluid** (>200-500 mL) to be reliably detected in the peritoneal cavity. - Detailed assessment of actual liver injury requires **contrast-enhanced CT imaging**. *Spleen* - FAST evaluates the **splenorenal recess** for free fluid surrounding the spleen, not splenic parenchymal injury. - Detection depends on adequate volume of free fluid being present. - **CT scanning** is superior for defining splenic lacerations, hematomas, and grading injury severity. *Pleural cavity* - While Extended FAST (eFAST) can assess **pleural spaces** for effusion or pneumothorax, this is an **extension** of the standard 4-view FAST protocol. - Standard FAST focuses on the **four primary windows**: pericardial, perihepatic, perisplenic, and pelvic. - **Chest X-ray** and **CT** remain primary modalities for comprehensive thoracic assessment. [Practice more Radiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which of the following typically results in the maximum radiation exposure?

PET CT. ***PET CT*** - **PET CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography)** combines the radiation from both a PET scan (using radiotracers like FDG) and a CT scan, resulting in the highest typical radiation exposure among the listed options. - The integration of functional (PET) and anatomical (CT) imaging, while providing comprehensive diagnostic information, significantly increases the total absorbed dose (~20-30 mSv). *Chest X-ray* - A **chest X-ray** involves a very low dose of radiation (~0.1 mSv), making it one of the imaging modalities with the least radiation exposure. - Due to its low dose and widespread use, the benefits of chest X-rays in diagnosing pulmonary and cardiac conditions far outweigh the minimal radiation risk. *IV pyelography* - **Intravenous pyelography (IVP)**, or intravenous urography, uses X-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary tract, delivering a moderate radiation dose (~3-5 mSv). - While higher than a standard X-ray, its dose is significantly lower than that of complex combined imaging like PET-CT. *Barium Enema* - A **barium enema** involves multiple X-ray images of the large intestine after administering barium contrast, leading to a moderate to high radiation dose (~8-15 mSv). - The series of exposures required to adequately visualize the entire colon contributes to a higher cumulative dose compared to single-shot X-rays. [Practice more Radiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Initial radiological finding seen in knee TB

Increase in joint space. ***Increase in joint space*** - Early **tuberculous synovitis** leads to synovial hypertrophy and effusion, causing an **increase in joint space** due to fluid accumulation on imaging. - This is the **initial radiological finding** before significant cartilage destruction or bone erosion occurs. - Part of **Phemister's triad** (juxta-articular osteoporosis, peripheral erosions, and gradual joint space reduction in later stages). *Reduction of joint space* - **Joint space narrowing** typically occurs later in the disease as the **cartilage is destroyed**. - This finding is more characteristic of advanced tuberculous arthritis, not the initial stages of knee TB. *Bone resorption* - **Bone resorption (osteolysis)** is a later manifestation of knee TB, often seen with **caseous necrosis** and subchondral bone involvement. - It does not represent the very initial radiological changes, which are primarily synovial-based. *Degeneration of cartilage* - While cartilage is eventually affected by knee TB, **cartilage degeneration** leading to significant changes visualized on imaging is a later event. - The initial presentation is more about synovial inflammation and fluid buildup causing increased joint space. [Practice more Radiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

A man presents to the emergency department with a head injury following a vehicular accident. What is the investigation of choice?

Accepted Answer

NCCT

Answer

MRI

Answer

CECT

Answer

X-ray

Question 2

A patient presented with complaints of dyspnoea. The shown X-ray is suggestive of:

Accepted Answer

Pleural effusion

Answer

Pneumothorax

Answer

Hydropneumothorax

Answer

Consolidation

Question 3

Which of the following is best assessed by FAST USG?

Accepted Answer

Pericardium

Answer

Liver

Answer

Spleen

Answer

Pleural cavity

Question 4

Which of the following typically results in the maximum radiation exposure?

Accepted Answer

PET CT

Answer

Chest X ray

Answer

IV pyelography

Answer

Barium Enema

Answer

X-ray abdomen

Question 5

Initial radiological finding seen in knee TB

Accepted Answer

Increase in joint space

Answer

Reduction of joint space

Answer

Bone resorption

Answer

Degeneration of cartilage

Question 6

PA view of chest X-ray is given here. What is the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Right Pneumothorax with left tracheal shift

Answer

Left Pneumothorax with right tracheal shift

Answer

Left Pneumothorax with left tracheal shift

Answer

Right Pneumothorax with right tracheal shift

FMGE 2019 — Radiology