FMGE 2019 - Community Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: At what altitude is kala azar unlikely to occur?

600 meters. ***600 meters*** - Kala-azar, or **visceral leishmaniasis**, is primarily found in **low-lying areas** and is rarely reported at altitudes above 600 meters due to the specific ecological requirements of its **sand fly vector**. - The **Phlebotomus argentipes sand fly**, the main vector in the Indian subcontinent, prefers warm, humid climates and **lower altitudes**. *400 meters* - This altitude is within the **typical endemic range** for kala-azar, especially in regions like the Indian subcontinent. - The environmental conditions at 400 meters are generally conducive for the **survival and breeding** of the sand fly vector. *500 meters* - Similar to 400 meters, 500 meters is still considered within the **favorable altitude range** for kala-azar transmission. - The **sand fly vector** can thrive in the climate often found at this elevation. *200 meters* - This altitude represents a **highly endemic zone** for kala-azar, as it provides optimal conditions for the sand fly vector. - Lower altitudes are typically associated with increased **humidity and warmth**, favoring vector density and parasite transmission. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: In a disease with 100% mortality, what is the relationship between incidence and prevalence?

Prevalence is less than incidence (P < I). ***Prevalence is less than incidence (P < I)*** - In a disease with 100% mortality, all affected individuals will eventually die, meaning their contribution to the **prevalent pool is temporary** or non-existent in the long run. - While new cases (incidence) continue to arise, the rapid removal of cases due to death prevents the buildup of prevalent cases, thus keeping prevalence lower than incidence. *Prevalence equals incidence (P = I)* - This scenario would imply that every new case immediately disappears or that the disease has no duration, which contradicts the concept of **disease progression** and death. - **Prevalence** is influenced by both the incidence rate and the duration of the disease; if duration is effectively zero due to immediate death, the relationship still leans towards prevalence being lower. *There is no relationship between prevalence and incidence* - This statement is incorrect as **incidence and prevalence are fundamentally linked**. Prevalence is a function of incidence and disease duration. - Changes in incidence directly affect **prevalence**, although the extent of this effect is modulated by factors like disease duration, recovery, or mortality. *Prevalence is greater than incidence (P > I)* - Prevalence being greater than incidence typically occurs in **chronic diseases** where individuals live with the condition for a long time, allowing prevalent cases to accumulate. - With **100% mortality**, individuals do not survive long enough to contribute significantly to the prevalent pool, making it impossible for prevalence to exceed incidence in this context. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which of the following is a direct health impact of climate change?

Heat-related illnesses. ***Heat-related illnesses*** - Heat-related illnesses such as **heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps** are direct health impacts of climate change resulting from increased frequency and intensity of **heat waves**. - Rising global temperatures directly increase the risk of **hyperthermia**, particularly among vulnerable populations including the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and those with chronic diseases. - This is considered a **primary direct health impact** as it results immediately from temperature changes without intermediate pathways. *Increased vector-borne diseases* - While vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya) do increase with climate change due to expanded geographic range and breeding seasons of vectors, this is considered an **indirect health impact**. - Climate change affects vector ecology through temperature, rainfall, and humidity changes, which then influences disease transmission - involving an intermediate biological pathway. *Food insecurity and malnutrition* - Food insecurity and malnutrition are significant health consequences of climate change but are classified as **indirect impacts**. - They result from climate change effects on **agricultural productivity**, crop yields, food distribution systems, and water availability - multiple intermediate pathways exist between climate change and the health outcome. *Injuries from extreme weather events* - While injuries and deaths from extreme weather events (floods, cyclones, droughts) are important health impacts of climate change, they are often categorized differently from heat-related illnesses. - Heat-related illnesses represent the most **direct physiological response** to the primary manifestation of climate change (rising temperatures), making it the best answer for a "direct" health impact. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: NITI Aayog stands for:

National Institution for Transforming India. ***National Institute for Transforming India*** - NITI Aayog is the abbreviation for **National Institution for Transforming India**, a policy think tank of the Indian government. - It replaced the **Planning Commission** in 2015, aiming to foster cooperative federalism and bottom-up planning. *Newer Initiative transforming India* - This option is **descriptive** of NITI Aayog's function but not its official full form. - While NITI Aayog is indeed a newer initiative for transformation, this is not the **accurate expansion** of the acronym. *Nutritional institute for transforming India* - This option incorrectly specifies "Nutritional institute," limiting the scope of NITI Aayog's work. - NITI Aayog's mandate is **broader** than just nutrition; it covers various socio-economic development aspects. *Nutrition Intake to India* - This option is syntactically awkward and **does not align** with the established full form of NITI Aayog. - It also drastically **misrepresents** the organization's overarching purpose and functions. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The primary function of NIH (National Institutes of Health) is

Medical research. ***Medical research*** - The **National Institutes of Health (NIH)** is the primary biomedical research agency of the United States, comprising 27 institutes and centers - Its stated mission is to seek fundamental knowledge about living systems and apply that knowledge to **enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability** - The NIH conducts and funds **medical research** across virtually all areas of medicine and public health, making this its core primary function - It is the world's largest public funder of biomedical research, with a budget primarily dedicated to research grants and intramural research programs *Disease surveillance* - Disease surveillance is primarily the responsibility of the **CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)**, not the NIH - While NIH research may inform surveillance strategies, **monitoring and tracking disease patterns** is not the NIH's primary organizational function - The NIH focuses on understanding disease mechanisms and developing interventions through research *Public health policy* - The NIH provides **evidence-based research** that informs public health policy but does not primarily create or enforce policy - Policy-making authority rests with the **Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)** and other regulatory agencies like the FDA - The NIH's role is to generate the scientific knowledge base that guides policy decisions *Clinical trials* - The NIH conducts and funds extensive **clinical trials** through its Clinical Center and grant mechanisms - However, clinical trials are a **methodology of medical research**, not a separate primary function - Clinical trials serve the broader mission of medical research by testing hypotheses and interventions developed through basic and translational research [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

At what altitude is kala azar unlikely to occur?

Accepted Answer

600 meters

Answer

400 meters

Answer

500 meters

Answer

200 meters

Question 2

In a disease with 100% mortality, what is the relationship between incidence and prevalence?

Accepted Answer

Prevalence is less than incidence (P < I)

Answer

Prevalence equals incidence (P = I)

Answer

There is no relationship between prevalence and incidence

Answer

Prevalence is greater than incidence (P > I)

Question 3

Which of the following is a direct health impact of climate change?

Accepted Answer

Heat-related illnesses

Answer

Food insecurity and malnutrition

Answer

Injuries from extreme weather events

Answer

Increased vector-borne diseases

Question 4

NITI Aayog stands for:

Accepted Answer

National Institution for Transforming India

Answer

Newer Initiative transforming India

Answer

Nutritional institute for transforming India

Answer

Nutrition Intake to India

Question 5

The primary function of NIH (National Institutes of Health) is

Accepted Answer

Medical research

Answer

Public health policy

Answer

Clinical trials

Answer

Disease surveillance

Question 6

Yellow fever vaccine is valid for?

Accepted Answer

Lifelong

Answer

20 years

Answer

5 years

Answer

10 years

Question 7

Contaminated tubing and catheters will be disposed in which bag according to biomedical waste management?

Accepted Answer

Red

Answer

Yellow

Answer

Blue

Answer

White

Question 8

What is a target couple?

Accepted Answer

Currently married couple where the wife is in reproductive age (15-49 years)

Answer

Couple using contraception

Answer

Couple with 3 children

Answer

Couple that is eligible for practicing family planning

Question 9

Main focus of UNICEF is on?

Accepted Answer

Child health

Answer

Social health

Answer

Mental health

Answer

Nutritional health

Question 10

Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Range

Answer

Variance

Answer

Standard error

FMGE 2019 — Community Medicine