FMGE 2019 Previous Year Questions Practice Questions

Q: At what altitude is kala azar unlikely to occur?

600 meters. ***600 meters*** - Kala-azar, or **visceral leishmaniasis**, is primarily found in **low-lying areas** and is rarely reported at altitudes above 600 meters due to the specific ecological requirements of its **sand fly vector**. - The **Phlebotomus argentipes sand fly**, the main vector in the Indian subcontinent, prefers warm, humid climates and **lower altitudes**. *400 meters* - This altitude is within the **typical endemic range** for kala-azar, especially in regions like the Indian subcontinent. - The environmental conditions at 400 meters are generally conducive for the **survival and breeding** of the sand fly vector. *500 meters* - Similar to 400 meters, 500 meters is still considered within the **favorable altitude range** for kala-azar transmission. - The **sand fly vector** can thrive in the climate often found at this elevation. *200 meters* - This altitude represents a **highly endemic zone** for kala-azar, as it provides optimal conditions for the sand fly vector. - Lower altitudes are typically associated with increased **humidity and warmth**, favoring vector density and parasite transmission. [Practice more FMGE 2019 questions on OnCourse]

Q: What type of poisoning is associated with the retention of lead bullets in the body?

Lead. ***Lead*** - **Lead bullets** are primarily composed of lead, and if retained in the body, lead can leach into the bloodstream causing **lead poisoning**. - This is a well-documented risk, especially when bullets are lodged in areas rich in bodily fluids or bone. *Phosphorus* - Phosphorus poisoning is typically associated with exposure to compounds like **white phosphorus**, often found in fireworks or industrial chemicals, not lead bullets. - Symptoms include severe gastrointestinal distress, multiorgan failure, and a characteristic **garlic-like odor**. *Nitro cellulose* - **Nitrocellulose** is a component of gun propellants (gunpowder), not the bullet itself. - Exposure would primarily be from inhalation of fumes during firing or accidental ingestion of powder, not retention of the bullet. *Iron* - **Iron poisoning** usually results from acute overdose of iron supplements, particularly in children. - While bullets contain trace amounts of iron, the primary toxic component of a retained bullet is **lead**, not iron. [Practice more FMGE 2019 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Which of these conditions is classified as a nephritic syndrome?

Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis. ***Post infectious Glomerulonephritis*** - Characterized by **hematuria, hypertension, and edema**, typically following an infection, such as streptococcal pharyngitis [2]. - Immune-mediated response leads to **decreased GFR** and signs of nephritic syndrome [1][2]. *Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis* - Primarily causes **nephrotic syndrome**, characterized by proteinuria and edema rather than hematuria [2]. - Often associated with **secondary causes** like obesity or HIV, not typically post-infectious. *Membranous Glomerulopathy* - Results in significant **proteinuria** and is classified as a **nephrotic syndrome** rather than a nephritic one [2][3]. - It presents with **edema and hypoalbuminemia**, lacking the hallmark features of hematuria. *Minimal change disease* - Predominantly causes **nephrotic syndrome** with heavy proteinuria and little to no hematuria [2]. - Young children are commonly affected, and it responds well to **corticosteroid therapy** [1]. [Practice more FMGE 2019 questions on OnCourse]

Q: A 20-year-old male presented with fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Acute myeloid leukemia. ***Acute myeloid leukemia*** - Presents with **fatigue** and **weakness** due to bone marrow infiltration and resultant cytopenias, typical in this age group [1]. - Often shows **myeloblasts** on peripheral blood smear, confirming the diagnosis [2]. *Chronic myeloid leukemia* - Usually occurs in **older adults** and characterized by **elevated white blood cell counts** with a predominance of mature neutrophils. - Symptoms like fatigue may arise, but there are distinct **Philadelphia chromosome** findings and typically a **longer symptom duration**. *Acute lymphoblastic leukemia* - More common in **younger children** and often associated with **lymphadenopathy** and **thrombocytopenia**, rather than fatigue alone. - Characteristically shows **lymphoblasts** in the blood, which are not mentioned in this patient's presentation. *Chronic lymphocytic leukemia* - Typically presents in adults over **50 years** and is characterized by **lymphocytosis** and often asymptomatic in early stages. - Fatigue may occur but lacks the acute presentation and findings seen in **acute leukemias**. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Blood And Bone Marrow Disease, pp. 607-608. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus, pp. 621-622. [Practice more FMGE 2019 questions on OnCourse]

Q: A bacterium that can thrive at temperatures around 60-70 degrees Celsius is classified as

Thermophilic. ***Thermophilic*** - **Thermophilic** bacteria are heat-loving organisms that thrive at high temperatures, typically in the range of **45°C to 80°C**, with optimal growth around 50-70°C - These organisms are commonly found in hot springs, compost heaps, and industrial processes - **Note**: Extreme thermophiles (hyperthermophiles) can grow at temperatures exceeding 80-100°C, found in hydrothermal vents and geothermal environments *Mesophilic* - **Mesophilic** bacteria grow best at moderate temperatures, typically between **20°C and 45°C** - This includes most human pathogens and bacteria found in normal body temperature environments - These organisms cannot survive the high temperatures characteristic of thermophiles *Cryophilic* - **Cryophilic** (or psychrophilic) bacteria are cold-loving organisms that thrive at low temperatures, typically **below 20°C** - These organisms are adapted to cold environments like polar regions, deep oceans, and refrigerated foods - They would be rapidly killed at thermophilic temperature ranges *Halophilic* - **Halophilic** bacteria require high concentrations of salt (NaCl) for growth - This classification is based on **salt tolerance**, not temperature preference - Halophiles can be mesophilic, thermophilic, or psychrophilic depending on their temperature requirements [Practice more FMGE 2019 questions on OnCourse]

Question 1

At what altitude is kala azar unlikely to occur?

Accepted Answer

600 meters

Answer

400 meters

Answer

500 meters

Answer

200 meters

Question 2

What type of poisoning is associated with the retention of lead bullets in the body?

Accepted Answer

Lead

Answer

Phosphorus

Answer

Nitro cellulose

Answer

Iron

Question 3

Which of these conditions is classified as a nephritic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Minimal Change Disease

Answer

Membranous Glomerulopathy

Answer

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Question 4

A 20-year-old male presented with fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Acute myeloid leukemia

Answer

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Answer

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Question 5

A bacterium that can thrive at temperatures around 60-70 degrees Celsius is classified as

Accepted Answer

Thermophilic

Answer

Mesophilic

Answer

Cryophilic

Answer

Halophilic

Question 6

A 32-year-old pregnant woman presents with mild bleeding and pain. On examination, the uterus is tender, and fetal heart sounds are absent. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Abruptio placenta

Answer

Uterine rupture

Answer

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer

Placenta previa

Question 7

What is the dose of mifepristone in medical abortion?

Accepted Answer

200 mg

Answer

400 mg

Answer

100 mg

Answer

600 mg

Question 8

A person with a visual acuity of 6/60 in the right eye and 3/60 in the left eye would be categorized into which type of blindness?

Accepted Answer

Moderate visual impairment

Answer

Legal blindness

Answer

Normal vision

Answer

Low vision

Question 9

Which type of necrosis is seen in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Liquefactive

Answer

Coagulative

Answer

Fat

Answer

Fibrinoid

Question 10

Which finding is assigned 2 points in the Alvarado scoring system for appendicitis assessment?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Answer

Low-grade fever

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Rebound tenderness

FMGE 2019

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Ophthalmology

Pathology

Surgery