UPSC-CMS 2014 — Ophthalmology

Q: In diabetes mellitus the following findings are seen in ophthalmoscopy except:

Wet sponge haemorrhage. ***Wet sponge haemorrhage*** - **Wet sponge haemorrhage** is not a term typically used in the description of diabetic retinopathy or other retinal conditions found during ophthalmoscopy. - The appearance it suggests (diffuse, sponge-like bleeding) does not correlate with the characteristic hemorrhage types seen in diabetic retinopathy. - This is **not a recognized ophthalmologic finding** in diabetes mellitus. *Flame shaped haemorrhage* - **Flame-shaped haemorrhages** are superficial retinal hemorrhages in the nerve fiber layer, commonly seen in diabetic retinopathy as well as hypertensive retinopathy. - Their characteristic shape reflects the arrangement of nerve fibers in the retina. - These are seen in both non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. *Dot haemorrhage* - **Dot haemorrhages** are small, round hemorrhages located deeper in the retina (inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers). - These are a common early finding in diabetic retinopathy, often representing microaneurysms that have ruptured or deep intraretinal hemorrhages. - They indicate damage to retinal capillaries. *Microaneurysm* - **Microaneurysms** are the earliest and most characteristic clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy, appearing as small, red dots on the retina. - They represent focal outpouchings of retinal capillaries due to weakened vessel walls and pericyte loss. - Best visualized with fluorescein angiography but visible on ophthalmoscopy. [Practice more Ophthalmology PYQs on OnCourse]

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In diabetes mellitus the following findings are seen in ophthalmoscopy except: