UPSC-CMS 2014 - Community Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: Consider the following: 1. Literacy rate 2. Life expectancy at birth 3. Life expectancy at the age of one year 4. Infant mortality Which of the above are the components of Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I.)?

1, 2 and 4. ***1, 2 and 4*** - The **Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)** developed by Morris David Morris includes three core components: 1. **Literacy rate** (basic literacy at age 15+) 2. **Infant mortality rate** (per 1000 live births) 3. **Life expectancy at age one year** (not at birth) - While the question lists "life expectancy at birth" (option 2), the PQLI technically uses **life expectancy at age one**. However, since option 3 (life expectancy at age one) is not included in this answer choice and both are closely related measures of population health, this option represents the three domains covered by PQLI: **education (literacy), health outcomes (infant mortality), and longevity (life expectancy)**. - Components **1, 2, and 4** together capture the multidimensional aspects of quality of life. *2 and 4* - This option is incomplete as it excludes **literacy rate**, which is a fundamental component of PQLI. - Education is a critical dimension of quality of life measurement. *1 and 2* - This option excludes **infant mortality rate**, which is one of the three core components of PQLI. - Infant mortality is essential for measuring health status in the population. *1 and 4 only* - While this includes two correct components (**literacy rate** and **infant mortality**), it excludes the life expectancy measure entirely. - PQLI requires all three dimensions: education, mortality, and longevity. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which one of the following is included in Indian Public Health Standards for a Primary Health Centre?

Safe abortion services. ***Safe abortion services*** - **Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS)** for Primary Health Centres (PHCs) include the provision of safe abortion services, particularly for early pregnancies, to ensure women's reproductive health. - This is part of the comprehensive reproductive and child health services expected at the PHC level to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. *Surgery for hydrocele* - **Surgical procedures** like hydrocelectomy are generally performed at **Community Health Centres (CHCs)** or district hospitals. - While basic outpatient care is provided at PHCs, major surgical interventions are beyond their typical scope and infrastructure. *Blood storage facility* - **Blood storage and transfusion facilities** require specialized equipment, personnel, and infrastructure. - These services are usually available at **higher-level facilities** like CHCs, district hospitals, or specialized blood banks, not typically at PHCs. *Manual removal of placenta* - While the **manual removal of the placenta (MRP)** is an emergency obstetric procedure, it is typically performed at facilities with better equipped **delivery rooms** and access to anesthesia, such as CHCs. - PHCs focus on basic emergency obstetric care and referral, but more complex procedures like MRP often require greater resources. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The pattern of disease in a community described in terms of the important factors which influence its occurrence is known as:

Community diagnosis. ***Community diagnosis*** - This term refers to the process of identifying and characterizing the health problems and needs of a **defined population** or community, considering influencing factors. - It involves analyzing health status, risk factors, and available resources to plan effective interventions. *Experimental epidemiology* - This involves conducting **randomized controlled trials** and other intervention studies to test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships in disease. - It focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of interventions, rather than describing the entire pattern of disease occurrence. *Confounding* - **Confounding** occurs when a third variable distorts the observed association between an exposure and an outcome. - It is a bias that can mislead conclusions in observational studies, not a description of the disease pattern itself. *Iceberg phenomenon* - The **iceberg phenomenon** illustrates that only a fraction of severe cases of a disease (the "tip of the iceberg") are clinically apparent, while a larger proportion of subclinical or asymptomatic cases remain hidden. - It describes the hidden burden of disease, not the overall pattern or influencing factors. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The term “disease control” describes the ongoing operations aimed at reducing all of the following, except:

Virulence of the disease agent. - ***Virulence of the disease agent*** - Disease control measures *do not aim* to reduce the **inherent virulence** of a pathogen itself; rather, they focus on preventing its transmission and mitigating its effects on individuals and populations. - Pathogen virulence is a characteristic of the organism, not a direct target of public health control strategies, which instead focus on **host protection** and **environmental control**. - *The financial burden to the community* - **Reducing the financial burden** of diseases is a key goal of disease control, as widespread illness can severely impact healthcare costs, productivity, and economic stability. - Effective control measures often lead to significant economic savings by preventing illness and reducing the need for costly treatments and long-term care. - *The incidence of disease* - A primary objective of disease control is to **lower the incidence** (new cases) of a disease within a population through various interventions like vaccination, sanitation, and behavioral changes. - Reducing incidence directly prevents suffering and limits the spread of the disease. - *Prevention of complications* - Disease control strategies often include interventions aimed at **preventing complications** in affected individuals, such as early diagnosis, effective treatment, and secondary prevention measures. - Minimizing complications helps improve patient outcomes, reduces the severity of illness, and lowers long-term healthcare costs. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

The example of de-professionalization of medicine is widely seen in India in the form of:

Accepted Answer

Irrational use of antibiotics by doctors

Answer

Providing Primary Health Care

Answer

Medical malpractice by doctors

Answer

Rural internship by doctors

Question 2

Consider the following:

1. Literacy rate
2. Life expectancy at birth
3. Life expectancy at the age of one year
4. Infant mortality
Which of the above are the components of Physical Quality of Life Index (P.Q.L.I.)?

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 4

Answer

2 and 4

Answer

1 and 2

Answer

1 and 4 only

Question 3

Which one of the following is included in Indian Public Health Standards for a Primary Health Centre?

Accepted Answer

Safe abortion services

Answer

Surgery for hydrocele

Answer

Blood storage facility

Answer

Manual removal of placenta

Question 4

The pattern of disease in a community described in terms of the important factors which influence its occurrence is known as:

Accepted Answer

Community diagnosis

Answer

Experimental epidemiology

Answer

Confounding

Answer

Iceberg phenomenon

Question 5

The term “disease control” describes the ongoing operations aimed at reducing all of the following, except:

Accepted Answer

Virulence of the disease agent

Answer

The financial burden to the community

Answer

The incidence of disease

Answer

Prevention of complications

Question 6

The relationship between birth rate and maternal hemoglobin is best studied by:

Accepted Answer

Correlation and regression.

Answer

Sensitivity and specificity.

Answer

Standard error of difference between two means.

Answer

Standard error of difference between two proportions.

Question 7

Due to which of the following does seasonal trend of a disease occur?

1. Vector variation
2. Environmental factors
3. Change in herd immunity

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

2 and 3 only

Answer

1 and 3 only

Answer

1 only

Question 8

Excessive nitrates in drinking water can produce:

Accepted Answer

Methaemoglobinaemia

Answer

Polycythemia vera

Answer

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Answer

Hemophilia

Question 9

The following statements are correct for healthful school environment except:

Accepted Answer

In the classroom, desks should be of minus type.

Answer

Combined window and door area should be 25% of the floor space.

Answer

Per capita space for each student should be 6 sq. feet.

Answer

One urinal should be provided for 60 students.

Question 10

The following are the indicators for assessing the sensitivity of surveillance of polio except:

Accepted Answer

A minimum of one case of AFP per 100,000 children under 5 years of age detected per year

Answer

At least 80% of the reporting sites should report each month even in the absence of cases

Answer

A minimum of one case of AFP per 100,000 children under 15 years of age detected per year

Answer

Percentage of AFP cases with 2 stools taken within 2 weeks after paralysis onset

UPSC-CMS 2014 — Community Medicine