Endocrine Pathology — Flashcards

Flashcard 21: Thyroid follicular carcinoma is characterized by a malignant proliferation of follicles surrounded by a _____ with invasion through the capsule

Answer: fibrous capsule

Flashcard 22: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to _____ of pancreatic beta cells; associated with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

Answer: autoimmune (T-cell mediated) destruction

Flashcard 23: Somatotroph adenomas are characterized by the expression of the pituitary-specific transcription factor _____

Answer: PIT-1

Flashcard 24: Calcitonin and serotonins are responsible for _____ in Medullary thyroid cancer

Answer: diarrhea

Flashcard 25: Defect in the thyroid hormone transport gene _____ leads to Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.

Answer: MCT8 (SLC16A2)

Extra: Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the MCT8 gene. It is characterized by impaired thyroid hormone transport into the brain, leading to psychomotor retardation and abnormal thyroid function tests (characteristically ↑ T3, ↓ T4, and normal/slightly ↑ TSH). It is a transport defect, not primary hypothyroidism.

Flashcard 26: The _____ variant of papillary thyroid cancer is characterised by diffuse fibrosis throughout the gland with absent BRAF mutations

Answer: diffuse sclerosing

Flashcard 27: Pituitary tumors showing pleomorphism and atypical mitosis were historically termed _____

Answer: atypical adenomas

Flashcard 28: Depletion of cortical cell _____ is seen in adrenal gland in shock

Answer: lipids

Flashcard 29: Can FNAC be used to diagnose Riedel's thyroiditis?

Answer: No (usually non-diagnostic)

Extra: FNAC is typically insufficient or non-diagnostic in Riedel thyroiditis because the dense fibrosis (which makes the gland "stony hard") prevents adequate cell aspiration. A surgical (wedge) biopsy is usually required for definitive diagnosis and to rule out malignancy.

Flashcard 30: _____ thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy in iodine-sufficient areas

Answer: Papillary