Immunology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: father of immunology is

Answer: Edward Jenner louis pasteur is the father of bacteriology

Extra: 

Flashcard 2: _____ is used as marker for the identification of memory T cells.

Answer: CD45RO

Flashcard 3: The enzymes responsible for gene recombination in heavy and light chains are encoded by the genes _____ and RAG2

Answer: RAG1

Flashcard 4: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is induced by IFN- and IL-12

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 5: _____ is used as marker for the identification of virgin helper T cells.

Answer: CD45RA

Flashcard 6: _____ are antigens that cross-link the region of T-cell receptors to MHC II on APCs outside the normal peptide-binding groove

Answer: Superantigens

Flashcard 7: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is induced by TGF- and IL-2; inhibited by IL-6

Answer: Treg

Flashcard 8: The antigen receptors of B lymphocytes have two _____ and light chains (bivalent)

Answer: heavy

Flashcard 9: Mast cells can bind the _____ portion of IgE

Answer: Fc

Flashcard 10: Ig_____ exists as a pentamer held by a J chain when secreted

Answer: M

Flashcard 11: Natural killer cells may kill cells via binding between _____ (NK cells) and the Fc region of IgG-bound antigen

Answer: CD16

Flashcard 12: T cell _____ antigens activate immature and mature B cells, polyclonally

Answer: independent

Flashcard 13: Isotype switching is induced by cytokines, including _____ and IL-4.

Answer: IFN-

Flashcard 14: Generation of antibody specificity occurs via _____ with affinity maturation

Answer: somatic hypermutation

Flashcard 15: T cell _____ antigens activate only mature B cells, monoclonally

Answer: dependent

Flashcard 16: IFN-Y is primarily produced by _____ cells and primarily activates Macrophages and NK cells, along with CD8 CTLs

Answer: TH1

Flashcard 17: Type I interferons (IFN-/IFN-B) work by _____ cells to the products of viral replication

Answer: presensitizing

Flashcard 18: _____ cells are induced to kill cells that have an absence of MHC I on their cell surface

Answer: Natural killer

Flashcard 19: Complement may be activated via the _____ pathway, which is mediated by mannose on microbial surfaces

Answer: lectin

Flashcard 20: Each B-cell expresses a light chain that is either a _____ or lambda isoform

Answer: kappa

Flashcard 21: The _____-type of an antibody is determined by the Fab region (Fc or Fab)

Answer: idio

Flashcard 22: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is inhibited by IFN- and IL-4 (from Th1 and Th2 cells)

Answer: Th17

Flashcard 23: MHC _____ presents exogenously synthesized antigens to CD4+ helper T cells

Answer: II

Flashcard 24: _____ fully attach to an antigen present cell's (APC) MHC II and a T-cell's TCR, stimulating a large T-cell response

Answer: Superantigens

Flashcard 25: Toll-like receptor (TLR) _____ binds to the gram positive bacteria

Answer: 2

Flashcard 26: The second signal for T-cell activation is a costimulatory signal via interaction between _____ (APC) and CD28 (T cell)

Answer: B7

Flashcard 27: Antigen-independent antibody diversity in _____ chains is generated by VJ gene recombination

Answer: light

Flashcard 28: Class switching to Ig_____ is promoted by IL-5 and TGF-

Answer: A

Flashcard 29: Natural killer cells may induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumors cells via release of _____ and granzymes

Answer: perforins

Flashcard 30: Toll-like receptor (TLR) _____ binds to Tuberculosis

Answer: 1

Flashcard 31: Class _____ MHC encodes for tumour necrosis factor*also encodes for?

Answer: III

Flashcard 32: Nasal secretions contain muramidase (lysozyme), immunoglobulins Ig_____ and IgE, and interferon and thus have antibacterial properties.

Answer: A

Flashcard 33: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is inhibited by IFN- (from Th1 cells)

Answer: Th2

Flashcard 34: Th1 cells secrete _____ and IL-2

Answer: IFN-

Flashcard 35: Toll-like receptor (TLR) _____ binds to the viral RNA.

Answer: 3

Flashcard 36: Toll-like receptor (TLR) _____ binds to flagella

Answer: 5

Flashcard 37: Ig_____ exists as a dimer held by a J chain when secreted

Answer: A

Flashcard 38: MHC _____ binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD-8

Answer: I

Flashcard 39: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is inhibited by IL-4 and IL-10 (from Th2 cells)

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 40: Schick test which is done for _____ of diphtheria toxin by antitoxin, is an example of neutralization test

Answer: neutralization

Flashcard 41: Antigen loading onto MHC II occurs following release of the _____ in an acidified endosome

Answer: invariant chain

Flashcard 42: The antigen receptors of _____ lymphocytes have a hinge region, which allows for flexibility

Answer: B

Flashcard 43: The first signal for T-cell activation is binding between the _____ and MHC/peptide complex

Answer: TCR

Flashcard 44: The signal transduction region of B lymphocytes includes a heterodimer of _____ and Ig-

Answer: Ig-

Flashcard 45: _____ on cells of the immune system are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are commonly shared by microbes

Answer: Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Flashcard 46: Differentiation of helper T cells to _____ is induced by IL-2 and IL-4

Answer: Th2

Flashcard 47: Different types of immunodiffusions:_____ diffusion in two dimension - Ouchterlony procedure

Answer: Double

Flashcard 48: _____ is a protein found in secretory fluids and neutrophils that inhibits microbial growth via iron chelation

Answer: Lactoferrin

Flashcard 49: IL-12 stimulates polarization of naive TH0 cells towards a TH_____ phenotype and away from a TH2 phenotype

Answer: 1

Flashcard 50: The _____-type of an antibody is determined by the Fc region (Fc or Fab)

Answer: iso

Flashcard 51: _____ are the two primary opsonins in bacterial defense, which enhances phagocytosis

Answer: C3b and IgG

Flashcard 52: _____ is a protein secreted by Neisseria spp. that functions to cleave secreted host IgA at its hinge region.

Answer: IgA Protease

Flashcard 53: Class switching to Ig_____ is promoted by IL-4 and IL-13

Answer: E

Flashcard 54: Ig_____ antibodies bind to the bacteria's capsule, resulting in either phagocytosis (Fc receptors) or binding of complement

Answer: G

Flashcard 55: Different types of immunodiffusions:_____ diffusion in one dimension - Oudin procedure

Answer: Single

Flashcard 56: _____ -cells can secrete capsular antibodies (IgG) against bacteria who secrete a capsule

Answer: B

Flashcard 57: _____zone phenomenon has excessive antibody in the test system, leading to weak or even absent precipitation.

Answer: Pro

Flashcard 58: Different types of immunodiffusions:_____ diffusion in one dimension - Oakley-Fulthorpe procedure

Answer: Double

Flashcard 59: Complement may be activated via the _____ pathway, which is mediated by IgM and IgG (immunoglobulins)

Answer: classic

Flashcard 60: MHC _____ presents endogenously synthesized antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Answer: I

Flashcard 61: Different types of immunodiffusions:_____ diffusion in two dimension - Radial immunodiffusion procedure

Answer: Single

Flashcard 62: _____ leprosy is associated with a strong Th1-cell response, allowing for cell-mediated immunity

Answer: Tuberculoid

Flashcard 63: _____ and - are glycoproteins synthesized by virus-infected cells that act locally on uninfected cells, "priming" them for viral defense

Answer: Interferon-

Flashcard 64: MHC _____ binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD-4

Answer: II

Flashcard 65: Antigen loading onto MHC I occurs in the RER after breakdown of endogenous antigen by the _____ in the cytosol, and delivery to the RER via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)

Answer: proteasome

Flashcard 66: Antigen-independent antibody diversity in _____ chains is generated by V(D)J gene recombination

Answer: heavy

Flashcard 67: _____ binds factor H and breaks down C3-convertase

Answer: M protein

Flashcard 68: Interferon-_____ is produced by leukocyte

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 69: Individuals with _____ disease are susceptible to Candida and Aspergilluscolonization due to them both being catalase-positive organisms

Answer: chronic granulomatous

Flashcard 70: _____ are exotoxins that cause a massive amount of T-cell activation

Answer: Superantigens

Flashcard 71: Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide of Gram Negative Bacteria can activate the _____ system, resulting in release of C3a and C5a

Answer: complement

Flashcard 72: The antigen receptors of T lymphocytes have one _____ and beta chain (monovalent)

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 73: _____ Lymphoid Cell Function B & T cells - Found in bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, submucosa, and epithelia B cells: contain markers CD19, CD20, CD21 - Mature into plasma cells - Function is to produce antibodies TH cells: contain markers CD3 and CD4 - Function is to regulate immune responses Cytotoxic T cells: contain markers CD3 and CD8 - Function is to kill infected cells NK cells - Contain markers CD16 and CD56 - Function is to kill tumor/virus cell targets or antibody-coated target cells - T cells can only bind peptides that have been processed and presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

Answer: Basic

Flashcard 74: V(D)J recombination in heavy chains begins with _____ joining, followed by V-D/J joining

Answer: D-J

Flashcard 75: Which T-helper cells are active against extracellular bacteria and fungi?_____

Answer: Th17

Flashcard 76: Which two B-cell receptor complexes are essential for signal transduction through the antigen receptor?_____

Answer: CD79a, CD79b

Flashcard 77: Which interleukins activate basophils?_____

Answer: IL-3 and IL-5

Flashcard 78: _____ immunity occurs when transfer factor is given.

Answer: Adoptive

Flashcard 79: Which interleukins stimulate proliferation of natural killer cells?_____

Answer: IL-2 and IL-15

Flashcard 80: The part of the antigen associated with MHC molecule on the antigen-presenting cell is called as _____

Answer: aggretope

Flashcard 81: Who established the concept of humoral immunity?_____

Answer: Paul Ehrlich

Flashcard 82: Which is the only heat labile antibody?_____

Answer: IgE

Flashcard 83: The antigenic part of contact with the T-cell receptor is called _____.

Answer: epitope

Flashcard 84: Which T-cells are important defense mechanisms against microorganisms like Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis?_____

Answer: NK-T cells

Flashcard 85: What is the only heat labile antibody?_____

Answer: IgE

Flashcard 86: An immune ring (Wesseley) may be seen around the fungal  ulcer due to deposition of the _____

Answer: immune complexes

Flashcard 87: _____ TCR recognize different type of antigens without the requirement of MHC

Answer:

Flashcard 88: Which antibody is mainly responsible for precipitation?_____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 89: Which antibody serves as recognition receptor for antigens?_____

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 90: Polysaccharides and lipids stimulate the secretion of mainly _____ antibody.

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 91: _____ T cells migrate preferentially to respiratory organs, skin, and peritoneal cavity

Answer: Gamma-delta

Flashcard 92: Which antibody is mainly responsible for agglutination?_____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 93: Which B-cell receptor recognizes complement products during innate immune response?_____

Answer: CD21

Flashcard 94: Who is known as the "father of natural immunity"?_____

Answer: Mechnikov

Flashcard 95: Who established the concept of cell mediated immunity?_____

Answer: Mechnikov

Flashcard 96: The earliest antibody to appear in blood following HIV infection is against _____

Answer: p41

Flashcard 97: Which immune receptor is the only soluble pattern-recognition receptor?_____

Answer: Mannose receptor

Flashcard 98: _____ receptors are cytosolic receptors that recognize viral nucleic acid

Answer: RIG-like

Flashcard 99: _____ receptors are pattern-recognition receptors expressed on the plasma membrane of macrophages and dendritic cells that detect fungal glycans

Answer: C-type lectin

Flashcard 100: _____ is an example of a C-X-C or alpha chemokine

Answer: Interleukin 8

Flashcard 101: Deficiency of IgG2 causes repeated infections with _____ organisms

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 102: CD79a and CD79b are present on _____ cells essential for signal transduction through the antigen receptor.

Answer: B

Flashcard 103: _____ chemokines include lymphotactin

Answer: C

Flashcard 104: Antibodies causing the prozone phenomenon (blocking antibodies) are mainly of Ig_____ type

Answer: A

Flashcard 105: _____ chemokines include monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP1), eotaxin, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP1), and regulated and normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)

Answer: C-C

Flashcard 106: Which immunoglobulins cannot fix complement?_____

Answer: IgG4, IgA, IgD and IgE

Flashcard 107: Autoimmunity in HIV and EBV infection is the result of _____clonal B cell activation.

Answer: poly

Flashcard 108: Which cells are the most potent stimulators of naive T cells?_____

Answer: Mature dendritic cells

Flashcard 109: TSST-1 is a superantigen that binds to the _____ region on the T-cell receptor (TCR).

Answer: variable beta (V�)

Flashcard 110: Neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) are mainly effective against bacteria and _____.

Answer: fungi

Flashcard 111: Bare lymphocyte disease occurs due to mutations in transcription factors required for class _____ MHC gene expression.

Answer: II