Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 65 Cards
Flashcard 1: _____ is the most commonly used indicator for iron in low anemic areas
Answer: serum ferritin
Extra:
Flashcard 2: iron absorption inhibitors are
_____
Answer: physates
oxalates
calcium
tannins
Extra:
Flashcard 3: total body iron is _____ gm
Answer: 3-5
Extra:
Flashcard 4: 1 gm of Hb contains _____ mg iron
Answer: 3.5
Extra:
Flashcard 5: -aminolevulinic acid is converted to _____ via the enzyme -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (heme synthesis)
Answer: porphobilinogen
Flashcard 6: Uroporphyrinogen III is converted to _____ via the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (heme synthesis)
Answer: coproporphyrinogen III
Flashcard 7: _____, probably acting through an aporepressor molecule, acts as a negative regulator of the synthesis of ALA Synthase-1 in the hepatic biosynthesis of Heme
Answer: Heme
Flashcard 8: Porphobilinogen is converted to _____ via the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (heme synthesis)
Answer: hydroxymethylbilane
Flashcard 9: _____ binds to the ferroportin transporter on intestinal mucosal cells and macrophages, thus inhibiting iron absorption
Answer: Hepcidin
Flashcard 10: In splenic macrophages, heme is metabolized to _____ by the enzyme heme oxygenase
Answer: biliverdin
Flashcard 11: Some of the iron absorbed in the duodenum is taken up by _____ for storage as ferritin
Answer: hepatocytes
Flashcard 12: _____ iron (vegetable-derived) must be converted to Fe2+ in the duodenum / proximal jejunum by cytochrome B and/or Vitamin C for absorption
Answer: Non-heme (Fe3+)
Flashcard 13: In _____ porphyria, the teeth have a reddish discoloration, due to accumulation of Uroporphyrin I or Coproporphyrin I
Answer: congenital erythropoetic
Flashcard 14: -aminolevulinic acid synthase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and heme
Answer: glucose
Flashcard 15: _____ and Fe2+ combine to form heme via the enzyme ferrochelatase
Answer: Protoporphyrin
Flashcard 16: Primary _____ is due to mutations in the HFE gene on chromosome 6, leading to increased expression of DMT1 and decreased synthesis of Hepcidin
Answer: hemochromatosis
Flashcard 17: -thalassemia due to a _____ gene deletion is characterized by formation of 4 tetramers, known as Hb Barts
Answer: four
Flashcard 18: The two embryonic globins are _____ and epsilon ()
Answer: zeta ()
Flashcard 19: In the first step of heme synthesis, _____ and succinyl-CoA are combined to form -aminolevulinic acid via the enzyme -aminolevulinic acid synthase (with vitamin B6 as a cofactor)
Answer: glycine
Flashcard 20: The _____ form of hemoglobin has a high affinity for O2
Answer: relaxed
Flashcard 21: _____ iron (meat-derived) is readily absorbed and enters the duodenal cell via the heme transporter
Answer: Heme
Flashcard 22: _____ is a measure of transferrin molecules in the blood
Answer: Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
Flashcard 23: Gower-II has two _____ and two epsilon () chains
Answer: alpha ()
Flashcard 24: Heme is composed of _____ and protoporphyrin
Answer: iron
Flashcard 25: The catabolism of heme from all heme proteins is carried out in the _____ fraction of cells by heme oxygenase.
Answer: microsomal
Flashcard 26: Each subunit of hemoglobin contains a _____ moiety, which is an iron-binding porphyrin, and a polypeptide chain
Answer: heme
Flashcard 27: Disorders of fibrinolysis are due to _____ overactivity, resulting in excessive cleavage of serum fibrinogen
Answer: plasmin
Flashcard 28: Hb _____ results from globin chain mutations that stabilize iron in the ferric state, leading to congenital methemoglobinemia.
Answer: Iwata
Flashcard 29: Methemoglobin has an _____ affinity for cyanide relative to hemoglobin
Answer: increased
Flashcard 30: The clotting factor with the shortest half life is Factor _____, whereas the factor with the longest half life is Factor II (thrombin)
Answer: VII
Flashcard 31: Gower-I has two _____ and two epsilon () chains
Answer: zeta ()
Flashcard 32: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with a(n) _____ free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)
Answer: increased
Flashcard 33: The increased O2 binding affinity of fetal hemoglobin results from _____ affinity of HbF for 2,3-BPG
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 34: There are _____ total -globin alleles present on chromosome 11
Answer: two
Flashcard 35: _____ seen with carbon monoxide poisoning is due to binding of CO to myoglobin
Answer: 'Rebound effect'
Flashcard 36: Hemoglobin C disease occurs due to a point mutation that substitutes _____ with lysine
Answer: glutamic acid
Flashcard 37: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting _____ molecules, which augment antithrombin III (ATIII)
Answer: heparin-like
Flashcard 38: _____ is an iron-dependent pathway of cell death induced by lipid peroxidation.
Answer: Ferroptosis
Flashcard 39: _____ is associated with dark urine due to increased urine urobilinogen
Answer: Hemolysis
Flashcard 40: Portland Hb has two _____ and two gamma() chains
Answer: zeta ()
Flashcard 41: Hemoglobin exists in two forms: _____ (deoxygenated) and relaxed (oxygenated)
Answer: taut
Flashcard 42: The heme within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is further broken down into _____ and protoporphyrin
Answer: iron
Flashcard 43: _____ is due to deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Answer: Porphyria cutanea tarda
Flashcard 44: One normal type of hemoglobin is _____ which is composed of two alpha and two delta chains
Answer: HbA2
Flashcard 45: One normal type of hemoglobin is _____ which is composed of two alpha and two gamma chains
Answer: HbF
Flashcard 46: Lead (Pb) poisoning leads to inhibition of the enzymes _____ and ferrochelatase (heme synthesis)
Answer: -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Flashcard 47: The enzyme deficient in hereditary coproporphyria is _____.
Answer: coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX)
Flashcard 48: Which enzyme is defective in X-linked porphyria?_____
Answer: ALA Synthase-2
Flashcard 49: The normal daily iron loss from the body is _____ mg.
Answer: 1 to 2
Flashcard 50: What is the by-product of the reaction catalyzed by cytosolic hydroxymethylbilane synthase in heme synthesis?_____
Answer: NH3
Flashcard 51: ALA synthase-2 is expressed in the _____ cells.
Answer: erythrocyte precursor
Flashcard 52: What is the byproduct of conversion of heme to biliverdin?_____
Answer: CO
Flashcard 53: Most of the functional iron in the body is found in _____
Answer: Hemoglobin
Flashcard 54: HbF is resistant to _____ denaturation, and this property is the principle of Kleihauer Betke test
Answer: alkali
Flashcard 55: Which test is used to determine urinary and fecal urobilinogen?_____
Answer: Ehrlich test
Flashcard 56: At birth, HbF constitutes _____% of total Hb at birth
Answer: 70
Flashcard 57: Which 3 hemoglobins are also known as embryonic hemoglobins?_____
Answer: Gower-I, Gower-II, and Hb Portland
Flashcard 58: The greenish-black color of the first stool in the newborn is due to _____.
Answer: biliverdin
Flashcard 59: Chromosome 11, apart form the -globin chain also synthesizes the _____ chain of embryonic Hb
Answer: epsilon () and gamma()
Flashcard 60: 1g of hemoglobin produces _____ mg of bilirubin.
Answer: 35
Flashcard 61: Which hemoglobin is the major Hb from 9 weeks to birth?_____
Answer: Fetal Hb
Flashcard 62: Chromosome 16, apart form the -globin chain also synthesizes the _____ chain of embryonic Hb
Answer: zeta ()
Flashcard 63: The blood stored in CPDA has _____ 2,3 DPG concentration
Answer: higher
Flashcard 64: Hb _____ is a low-affinity hemoglobin causing pseudoanemia.
Answer: Kansas
Flashcard 65: _____ binds with heme, particularly for heme recycling.
Answer: Hemopexin
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