NEET-PG 2022 - Community Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: Based on healthcare utility values and life expectancy, which of the following measures can be calculated? Consider a scenario where the average life expectancy for a woman in Japan is 87 years, and there is an increase in life expectancy due to healthcare advancements.

QALY. ***QALY*** - **Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)** combine the length of life with the **quality of life** lived, taking into account healthcare utility values (e.g., from 0 for dead to 1 for perfect health). - An increase in life expectancy due to healthcare advancements, coupled with assumed utility values, directly enables the calculation of QALYs gained or lost. *HALE* - **Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)** is a measure of the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "**full health**" by adjusting for years lived in less than full health due to disease or injury. - While it incorporates health status, it specifically focuses on time lived in full health rather than the utility-weighted quality of life over the entire lifespan as QALYs do. *DALY* - **Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)** measure the total number of healthy years lost due to disease, disability, or premature death. - DALYs are a measure of disease burden, quantifying years lost, whereas QALYs are a measure of health gains or health states. *DFLE* - **Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE)** measures the expected number of years an individual will live without disability. - While it considers the absence of disability, it does not incorporate the concept of "utility values" or varying degrees of health-related quality of life beyond a binary disabled/non-disabled state, as QALYs do. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: A male patient diagnosed with tuberculosis took complete treatment. Sputum examination was done after the completion of the intensive and the continuation phases. It was found to be negative. What is the status of the patient?

Cured. ***Cured*** - A patient is declared **cured** if they have completed the full course of treatment and have achieved **two negative sputum smear results**, with one at the end of the intensive phase and another at the completion of the treatment [1]. - This indicates that the **infection has been eradicated**, and the patient is no longer infectious. *Treatment completed* - This status applies when a patient has **completed the full treatment course** but does not have documented sputum smear results that meet the criteria for "cured." - While treatment was completed, the **bacteriological status is not confirmed** in the same way as for a cured patient. *Lost to follow up* - This term describes a patient who was **enrolled in treatment but was interrupted** for a specific period (e.g., two consecutive months or more) and their outcome cannot be determined. - They **ceased to attend follow-up appointments** and their treatment completion or success is unknown. *Treatment failed* - This status is assigned when a patient remains **sputum smear-positive at the end of the intensive phase** or at the end of the treatment, or if they initially converted to negative but later became positive again [1]. - It signifies that the **treatment regimen was ineffective** in eradicating the infection. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Considering that dogs are the most common carriers of rabies and that the disease predominantly affects children in developing countries, what is the most effective and direct method to significantly reduce the incidence of rabies?

Control the stray dog population and vaccinate all dogs. ***Control the stray dog population and vaccinate all dogs*** - As dogs are the primary reservoirs of rabies, controlling their population, coupled with widespread **dog vaccination**, is the most direct and effective strategy to break the transmission cycle to humans. - This approach tackles the root cause of the disease in areas where dog-mediated transmission is endemic, leading to a significant reduction in human rabies cases. *Conduct rabies testing for all dogs* - While testing identifies infected animals, it is **resource-intensive** and impractical for large dog populations, especially in low-resource settings, and does not prevent future infections. - This strategy is reactive rather than **proactive** in preventing the spread of rabies. *Enhance laboratory testing capabilities* - Improving laboratory testing capabilities is crucial for **surveillance** and accurate diagnosis but does not directly prevent rabies transmission at the source. - It's a supportive measure that helps monitor disease burden but isn't the most effective **primary intervention** for incidence reduction. *Improve healthcare worker training for disease surveillance* - Training healthcare workers enhances case detection and reporting, which is vital for **epidemiological monitoring** and timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). - However, it does not address the fundamental issue of rabies transmission from dogs to humans and is not a direct prevention method for reducing disease incidence. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

What is the true statement regarding an 'at-risk baby'?

Accepted Answer

Socioeconomic risk due to high birth order (more than 3).

Answer

Mild malnutrition with weight slightly below expected norms.

Answer

Normal birth weight above the critical threshold of 2.5 kg.

Answer

Severe malnutrition with weight significantly below expected norms.

Question 2

Based on healthcare utility values and life expectancy, which of the following measures can be calculated? Consider a scenario where the average life expectancy for a woman in Japan is 87 years, and there is an increase in life expectancy due to healthcare advancements.

Accepted Answer

QALY

Answer

HALE

Answer

DALY

Answer

DFLE

Question 3

A male patient diagnosed with tuberculosis took complete treatment. Sputum examination was done after the completion of the intensive and the continuation phases. It was found to be negative. What is the status of the patient?

Accepted Answer

Cured

Answer

Treatment completed

Answer

Lost to follow up

Answer

Treatment failed

Question 4

You are working in a primary health center (PHC) situated in a high seismic zone. Which of the following actions should you take as part of preparedness for an emergency?

Accepted Answer

Conduct a simulation for the disaster and assess the response.

Answer

Ensure all financial and other resources are available for disaster preparedness.

Answer

Increase public awareness through campaigns and loudspeakers.

Answer

Follow instructions given over the phone or radio by higher officials.

Question 5

Considering that dogs are the most common carriers of rabies and that the disease predominantly affects children in developing countries, what is the most effective and direct method to significantly reduce the incidence of rabies?

Accepted Answer

Control the stray dog population and vaccinate all dogs

Answer

Conduct rabies testing for all dogs

Answer

Enhance laboratory testing capabilities

Answer

Improve healthcare worker training for disease surveillance

Question 6

In triage, which category of patients is classified as green?

Accepted Answer

Minor injury patients

Answer

Medium risk patients

Answer

High-risk patients

Answer

Dead patients

Question 7

Which of the following agencies is primarily responsible for supporting school feeding programs globally?

Accepted Answer

WFP

Answer

UNDP

Answer

UNICEF

Answer

WHO

Question 8

Which statement best describes the criteria for starting an urban community health center?

Accepted Answer

Caters to a population of 1-1.5 lakh

Answer

Referral center for 2-3 primary health centers

Answer

Should have a 100-bed facility in metro cities

Answer

No sub-district and district hospitals present in the area

Question 9

STEPwise approach to surveillance for Non-Communicable diseases step 2 is

Accepted Answer

Physical measurement

Answer

Biochemical Measurement

Answer

Behavioral measurement

Answer

Emotional Assessment

Question 10

Contaminated tubing and catheters will be disposed in which bag according to biomedical waste management?

Accepted Answer

Red

Answer

Yellow

Answer

Blue

Answer

White

NEET-PG 2022 — Community Medicine