NEET-PG 2018 Practice Questions

Q: What is the primary function of the deltoid muscle?

Abduction of the shoulder. ***Abduction of the shoulder*** - The **deltoid muscle** is the major muscle responsible for **abducting the arm** at the shoulder joint, particularly after the initial 15-20 degrees. - Its different parts (anterior, middle, posterior) also contribute to flexion, extension, and rotation, but **abduction** is its primary and most powerful action. *Adduction of the shoulder* - **Adduction of the shoulder** involves moving the arm towards the midline of the body, which is primarily performed by muscles such as the **latissimus dorsi** and **pectoralis major**. - While some fibers of the deltoid can assist in adduction from certain positions, it is not its primary function. *Flexion of the elbow* - **Flexion of the elbow** involves bending the arm at the elbow joint and is primarily performed by muscles like the **biceps brachii**, **brachialis**, and **brachioradialis**. - The deltoid muscle is located at the shoulder and has no direct action on the elbow joint. *Extension of the wrist* - **Extension of the wrist** involves bending the hand backward at the wrist joint and is primarily performed by muscles in the forearm such as the **extensor carpi radialis** and **extensor digitorum**. - The deltoid muscle is a shoulder muscle and does not act on the wrist joint.

Q: Identify the skin lesion shown in the image.

Becker nevus. ***Becker nevus*** - This image clearly shows a large, **hyperpigmented patch with overlying coarse terminal hairs**, characteristic of a Becker nevus. - Becker nevi typically develop in adolescence and are often found on the shoulder or upper trunk, as seen here. *Hypopigmented macule* - A **hypopigmented macule** would appear as an area of skin with **reduced pigmentation** (lighter than the surrounding skin), which is contrary to the darker lesion shown. - There would also be no indication of **increased hair growth** within a typical hypopigmented macule. *Spitz nevus* - A Spitz nevus is a benign melanocytic nevus often appearing as a **dome-shaped, pink or red papule or nodule**, commonly on the face or limbs. - It does not present as a large, hairy, **hyperpigmented patch** as depicted in the image. *Epidermal nevus* - An epidermal nevus is a **congenital lesion** formed by an overgrowth of epidermal cells, but its appearance is typically a **verrucous (wart-like) plaque** or linearly arranged papules. - While it can be hyperpigmented, it generally **lacks the prominent hypertrichosis** (excessive hair growth) seen in the image.

Q: Which of the following is the MOST characteristic feature of ataxia telangiectasia?

Increases the risk of lymphoid malignancies. ***Increases the risk of lymphoid malignancies*** - Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by a high predisposition to **lymphoid malignancies**, particularly lymphomas and leukemias, due to defective DNA repair mechanisms. - The **ATM gene mutation** in A-T leads to chromosomal instability, making cells more susceptible to uncontrolled proliferation associated with cancer. *Increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels* - While elevated serum **alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)** is a biochemical hallmark of Ataxia-telangiectasia, it is a laboratory finding, not a direct clinical feature or primary characteristic of the disease pathology itself. - AFP elevation in A-T is thought to be related to **hepatic dysfunction** or impaired clearance, but not as directly defining as the increased malignancy risk. *Genetic inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive* - The **autosomal recessive** inheritance pattern describes how the disease is passed down through families, specifically requiring two copies of the mutated gene. - While fundamental to the genetics of A-T, it is a mode of inheritance and not a *characteristic clinical feature* or direct pathophysiological consequence of the disease. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the increased risk of lymphoid malignancies is indeed a highly characteristic and clinically significant feature of Ataxia-telangiectasia.

Q: Which drug regimen is given to a pregnant woman with HIV infection?

All of the options. ***All of the options*** - All listed regimens—**Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) with emtricitabine (FTC)**, **TDF with lamivudine (3TC)**, and **Abacavir (ABC) with lamivudine (3TC)**—are commonly used and generally safe combinations of **nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)** in pregnant women with HIV. - The choice of regimen depends on factors such as individual patient characteristics, viral resistance patterns, and potential side effects, but all mentioned regimens are considered **first-line options** in various guidelines for preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). *Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with emtricitabine* - This combination is a common and effective **NRTI backbone** for HIV treatment, including in pregnancy, offering good efficacy and a generally favorable safety profile. - It is frequently paired with a third agent (e.g., a **non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)** or an **integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)**) as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. *Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with lamivudine* - This is another widely used and effective **NRTI combination** and is also a recommended backbone for pregnant women with HIV. - While similar to TDF/FTC, some guidelines might prefer one over the other based on specific regional recommendations or drug availability. *Abacavir with lamivudine* - **Abacavir/lamivudine** is a well-established NRTI combination that is safe and effective in pregnancy, provided the mother is **HLA-B*5701 negative** to avoid hypersensitivity reactions. - It is considered a suitable alternative to TDF-containing regimens, especially when there are contraindications or intolerances to TDF.

Q: Based on the provided image, which of the following is the correct diagnosis?

Unicornuate Uterus. ***Unicornuate Uterus*** - The image distinctly shows **only one fallopian tube and one rudimentary uterine horn** on the right side, indicating a unicornuate uterus. - This malformation results from the **incomplete development of one Müllerian duct**, leading to a single, banana-shaped uterine cavity. *Uterus didelphys* - This condition involves **two completely separate uteri**, each with its own cervix and vagina. - The image does not show evidence of two distinct uterine bodies or cervices. *Bicornuate Uterus* - A bicornuate uterus is characterized by **two uterine horns that fuse caudally**, creating a heart-shaped appearance with a shared cervix. - The image clearly lacks the characteristic heart shape and shows only one functional horn. *Septate uterus* - A septate uterus has a **fibrous or muscular septum** dividing the uterine cavity, while the external uterine contour remains normal. - The image does not show a septum or a normal external uterine contour with an internal division; instead, it presents with a single underdeveloped horn.

Q: Which of the following statements about the placenta is correct?

The placenta produces estrogen.. ***The placenta produces estrogen.*** - The **placenta** is an important endocrine organ, producing various hormones including **estrogen** (specifically estriol) and progesterone. - These hormones are crucial for maintaining the pregnancy and supporting fetal development. *The placental artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.* - This statement is incorrect as the **umbilical arteries** (not placental arteries) carry **deoxygenated blood and waste products** from the fetus to the placenta. - The **umbilical vein** carries **oxygenated blood and nutrients** from the placenta to the fetus. *The placenta has 2 arteries and 1 vein.* - This describes the typical composition of the **umbilical cord**, not the placenta itself. - The **placenta** is a distinct organ that connects the mother and fetus, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange. *Wharton's jelly is found in the umbilical cord.* - This statement is correct, but the question asks about the **placenta**, not the umbilical cord. - **Wharton's jelly** is a gelatinous substance that protects and supports the blood vessels within the umbilical cord.

Q: What condition is shown in the MR angiogram of the skull?

Vein of Galen malformation. ***Vein of Galen malformation*** - The image provided is an **MR angiogram (MRA)**, which clearly shows a **large, dilated vein of Galen**. This is the characteristic appearance of a Vein of Galen malformation. - This congenital vascular malformation involves a direct artery-to-vein shunt, leading to the characteristic aneurysmal dilatation of the vein. *Dandy-Walker malformation* - This is a congenital brain malformation characterized by **agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis** and cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle. - While it affects brain structures, it does not involve the type of vascular abnormality seen in the image. *Pneumocephalus* - **Pneumocephalus** refers to the presence of **air within the intracranial cavity**, often due to trauma or surgery. - It would appear as dark areas on imaging, representing air, not the bright, dilated vascular structures seen here. *Crouzon syndrome* - **Crouzon syndrome** is a genetic disorder characterized by **craniosynostosis**, which is the premature fusion of skull sutures. - This condition primarily affects bone growth and skull shape, with no direct involvement of the cerebral vasculature as depicted in the MRA.

Q: Which is the best investigation for carcinoma of the head of pancreas?

EUS. ***EUS*** - **Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)** provides the highest resolution imaging of the pancreas and allows for **fine-needle aspiration (FNA)** of suspicious lesions, offering definitive tissue diagnosis. - Its ability to visualize small, early-stage tumors and regional lymph nodes makes it the **most accurate method for diagnosis and staging** of pancreatic head carcinoma. *Guided biopsy* - While a biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis, 'guided biopsy' is a broad term that doesn't specify the highly effective EUS guidance. - Other biopsy methods that are not guided by EUS may be less accurate and carry higher risks for pancreatic lesions. *ERCP* - **Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)** is primarily a therapeutic procedure used for **biliary drainage** in cases of obstruction caused by pancreatic head tumors. - Although it can visualize ductal abnormalities and allow brush cytology, it is **less sensitive for direct tumor visualization** and tissue acquisition compared to EUS-FNA. *Transduodenal/transperitoneal sampling* - These are **invasive surgical approaches** for obtaining tissue samples, typically reserved when less invasive methods like EUS-FNA are unsuccessful or when intraoperative confirmation is needed. - They carry **higher risks** and are not considered the "best investigation" for initial diagnosis due to their invasiveness and potential for complications.

Q: Site for placing an electrode in auditory brain stem implant is?

Recess of fourth ventricle. ***Recess of fourth ventricle*** - The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) electrode arrays are typically placed on the surface of the **cochlear nucleus**, which lies in the **lateral recess of the fourth ventricle and cerebellopontine angle**. - This placement allows direct stimulation of the central auditory pathways, bypassing a damaged or absent auditory nerve. *Round window* - The round window is the site for electrode placement in a **cochlear implant**, not an auditory brainstem implant. - A cochlear implant stimulates the **auditory nerve terminals** within the cochlea. *Sinus tympani* - The sinus tympani is an **anatomical space** within the middle ear. - It is not a site for implant electrode placement for either cochlear or brainstem implants. *Lateral ventricle* - The lateral ventricles are spaces within the brain that contain **cerebrospinal fluid** and are not directly involved in the auditory pathway for implant stimulation. - Implants for hearing are generally directed towards the auditory neural structures.

Question 1

What is the primary function of the deltoid muscle?

Accepted Answer

Abduction of the shoulder

Answer

Adduction of the shoulder

Answer

Flexion of the elbow

Answer

Extension of the wrist

Question 2

Identify the skin lesion shown in the image.

Accepted Answer

Becker nevus

Answer

Hypopigmented macule

Answer

Spitz nevus

Answer

Epidermal nevus

Question 3

Which of the following is the MOST characteristic feature of ataxia telangiectasia?

Accepted Answer

Increases the risk of lymphoid malignancies

Answer

Increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels

Answer

Genetic inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive

Answer

None of the options

Question 4

Which drug regimen is given to a pregnant woman with HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

All of the options

Answer

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with emtricitabine

Answer

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with lamivudine

Answer

Abacavir with lamivudine

Question 5

Based on the provided image, which of the following is the correct diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Unicornuate Uterus

Answer

Uterus didelphys

Answer

Bicornuate Uterus

Answer

Septate uterus

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the placenta is correct?

Accepted Answer

The placenta produces estrogen.

Answer

The placenta has 2 arteries and 1 vein.

Answer

The placental artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

Answer

Wharton's jelly is found in the umbilical cord.

Question 7

The following statement about keloid is true:

Accepted Answer

It will have more collagen and vascularity

Answer

Extended excision is the treatment of choice

Answer

Elevated levels of growth factor is not seen

Answer

They do not extend beyond the wound

Question 8

What condition is shown in the MR angiogram of the skull?

Accepted Answer

Vein of Galen malformation

Answer

Dandy-Walker malformation

Answer

Pneumocephalus

Answer

Crouzon syndrome

Question 9

Which is the best investigation for carcinoma of the head of pancreas?

Accepted Answer

EUS

Answer

Transduodenal/transperitoneal sampling

Answer

Guided biopsy

Answer

ERCP

Question 10

Site for placing an electrode in auditory brain stem implant is?

Accepted Answer

Recess of fourth ventricle

Answer

Round window

Answer

Sinus tympani

Answer

Lateral ventricle

NEET-PG 2018

Anatomy

Dermatology

Internal Medicine

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pathology

Radiology

Surgery