NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Which muscle is not part of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL). **Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)** - The **FPL** is located in the **deep anterior compartment** of the forearm, differentiating it from the superficial muscles [1]. - Its primary function is **flexion of the thumb's interphalangeal joint**, requiring a deeper anatomical position for mechanical advantage [1]. *FDS* - The **Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)** is a key muscle of the superficial anterior compartment, visible just beneath the skin and fascia. - It is responsible for **flexing the middle phalanges** of the medial four digits. *FCR* - The **Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)** is situated in the superficial anterior compartment, running obliquely across the forearm. - It functions in **flexion and abduction of the wrist**. *Palmaris longus* - The **Palmaris longus** is a superficial anterior compartment muscle, though it is absent in a significant portion of the population. - When present, its main action is **flexion of the wrist** and tightening of the palmar aponeurosis.

Q: Which of the following statements is false about the right bronchus?

More horizontal. ***More horizontal*** - The right bronchus is traditionally described as **more vertical** or **more directly in line with the trachea** compared to the left bronchus. - This anatomical orientation makes it more susceptible to the aspiration of foreign bodies. *Shorter* - The **right main bronchus** is indeed shorter than the left main bronchus. - Its length is typically 2-3 cm, while the left main bronchus is about 5 cm long. *Wider* - The **right main bronchus** has a larger diameter than the left main bronchus. - This wider lumen contributes to the ease with which foreign bodies can enter it. *In the line of trachea* - The right main bronchus diverges from the trachea at a **less acute angle** (approximately 25 degrees) compared to the left (approximately 45 degrees). - This makes it appear more as a **direct continuation of the trachea**, facilitating aspiration into the right lung.

Q: Which of the following is not a tributary of the cavernous sinus?

Inferior cerebral vein. Detailed anatomical knowledge of the dural venous sinuses is required to answer this question. Venous drainage from the brain by way of the deep veins and dural sinuses typically empties principally into the internal jugular veins, though blood also drains via the ophthalmic and pterygoid venous plexuses [1]. ***Inferior cerebral vein*** - The **inferior cerebral veins** drain the inferior surface of the cerebral hemispheres and typically empty into the **basal vein of Rosenthal**, **transverse sinus**, or other dural sinuses. - They do **not directly drain** into the cavernous sinus, making this the correct answer. - While some small inferior cerebral veins may occasionally communicate with the cavernous sinus, they are not considered standard tributaries. *Central vein of retina* - The **central vein of retina** drains the retina and exits the eye through the optic nerve. - It drains into the **superior ophthalmic vein**, which then empties into the cavernous sinus. - It is an **indirect tributary** via the superior ophthalmic vein, not a direct tributary itself. *Sphenoparietal sinus* - The **sphenoparietal sinus** is a dural venous sinus that runs along the posterior edge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. - It is a **direct tributary** that drains anteriorly into the cavernous sinus. - This is one of the standard tributaries listed in anatomical texts. *Superior ophthalmic vein* - The **superior ophthalmic vein** is the **major tributary** draining orbital structures including the eyeball, extraocular muscles, and eyelids. - It passes posteriorly through the **superior orbital fissure** to drain directly into the cavernous sinus. - This is the most clinically significant tributary, as infections can spread from the face to the cavernous sinus via this route.

Q: Which of the following is a non- modifiable risk factor for CHD -

Old age. Old age - Age is a **non-modifiable risk factor** for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) because it is an inherent biological process that cannot be changed [3]. - The risk of developing CHD **increases with age** due to cumulative exposure to other risk factors and natural wear and tear on the cardiovascular system [3]. *Diabetes* - Diabetes is a **modifiable risk factor** for CHD because it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring [2]. - **Poorly controlled diabetes** significantly increases the risk of heart disease by damaging blood vessels and promoting atherosclerosis. *Smoking* - Smoking is a highly **modifiable risk factor** for CHD as it can be completely stopped [1], [2]. - **Cessation of smoking** significantly reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke over time [1]. *Hypertension* - Hypertension is a **modifiable risk factor** for CHD because blood pressure can be lowered through lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, and pharmacotherapy [2]. - **Uncontrolled high blood pressure** places increased stress on the heart and blood vessels, accelerating the development of atherosclerosis [1].

Q: Which subtype of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is most commonly associated with gum hypertrophy?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M4. ***M4*** - **Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) M4** is associated with **monocytic differentiation**, leading to gum hypertrophy due to infiltration of the gums by leukemic cells [1]. - Patients may present with **gingival bleeding**, pain, and swelling in addition to other systemic symptoms of leukemia. *M3* - Known as **acute promyelocytic leukemia**, it typically presents with **coagulopathy** and not gum hypertrophy [1]. - Characterized by **promyelocytes** with heavy granulation and the presence of **faggot cells** (auer rods) [1]. *M2* - Represents a **myeloblastic type** of acute leukemia but is less commonly associated with **gingival hyperplasia**. - Associated with **more typical myeloid features** and presents with **anemia** and **thrombocytopenia**. *M1* - This is a **minimally differentiated type** of acute myeloid leukemia with **myeloblasts** and no significant differentiating features like gum hypertrophy. - Often presents with **rapid onset of symptoms** related to bone marrow failure, rather than localized gum issues. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus, pp. 620-622.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?

Autosomal recessive inheritance. ***High risk of malignancy*** - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is primarily associated with **benign hamartomatous polyps**, not a **high risk of malignancy**, which distinguishes it from other syndromes. - Although patients may develop cancers [1], the syndrome itself does not inherently denote a high malignancy risk like other syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis. *Autosomal dominant* - This syndrome is indeed **autosomal dominant**, caused by mutations in the STK11 gene. - Families with this condition typically show **vertical transmission**, characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance. *Hamartomatous polyp* - Individuals with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome develop **hamartomatous polyps**, which are a hallmark feature of the condition [1]. - These polyps can occur in the gastrointestinal tract and are benign lesions rather than adenomatous type seen in other syndromes [1]. *Mucocutaneous pigmentation* - Mucocutaneous pigmentation, such as **freckling around the lips and buccal mucosa**, is a key clinical feature of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. - This pigmentation usually appears in childhood and is often a distinguishing sign of the syndrome.

Q: What is the complete classic triad of findings that defines Young's syndrome?

Azoospermia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis. ***Azoospermia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis*** - Young's syndrome is characterized by the triad of **azoospermia** (due to obstructive epididymal dysfunction), **bronchiectasis**, and **chronic sinusitis** [1]. - This syndrome primarily affects **middle-aged men** and is often mistaken for cystic fibrosis due to similar respiratory symptoms. *Azoospermia, asthma, and chronic rhinitis* - This option incorrectly lists **asthma** and **chronic rhinitis** instead of bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis. - While respiratory symptoms are part of Young's syndrome, specifically **bronchiectasis** and **sinusitis** are key [1]. *Oligospermia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis* - This option is incorrect because Young's syndrome is defined by **azoospermia** (complete absence of sperm), not just **oligospermia** (low sperm count). - The obstructive nature of the epididymal dysfunction in Young's syndrome leads to a complete lack of sperm. *Azoospermia, chronic bronchitis, and nasal polyps* - This option incorrectly identifies **chronic bronchitis** and **nasal polyps** as part of the classic triad. - The correct respiratory components are **bronchiectasis** and **chronic sinusitis**, which signify persistent inflammation and structural lung changes rather than simply bronchitis.

Q: In which condition are Pseudo-Pelger-Huët cells typically seen?

Myelodysplastic syndrome. ***Mylodysplastic syndrome*** - Pseudo-Pelger-Huet cells are characteristic and often observed in myelodysplastic syndromes, indicating an ineffective hematopoiesis [1]. - These cells appear as **hyposegmented neutrophils** and are associated with dysplastic changes in the bone marrow [1]. *Hairy cell leukemia* - Typically presents with **hairy cells** in peripheral blood and often involves splenomegaly; pseudo-Pelger-Huet cells are not usual in this condition. - Associated with **PANCYTOPENIA** and reticulin fibrosis, differing from myelodysplastic syndrome. *Hodgkin's lymphoma* - Characterized by the presence of **Reed-Sternberg cells** and typically involves lymphadenopathy. - Peripheral blood findings generally do not include pseudo-Pelger-Huet cells; the focus is on lymphatic tissue. *Multiple myeloma* - Commonly presents with **plasma cells** and related symptoms like bone pain and renal failure, not associated with pseudo-Pelger-Huet cells. - It primarily causes an increase in monoclonal proteins rather than dysplastic changes seen in myelodysplastic syndrome. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Blood And Bone Marrow Disease, pp. 613-614.

Q: Which of the following is not an obstructive lung disease?

Interstitial fibrosis. ***Interstitial fibrosis*** - **Interstitial fibrosis** is a **restrictive lung disease**, characterized by **reduced lung elasticity** and lung volumes, rather than airway obstruction [1]. - In this condition, the **lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff**, making it difficult to expand fully during inspiration [1]. *Emphysema* - **Emphysema** is a classic **obstructive lung disease** caused by the destruction of the **alveolar walls**, leading to enlarged air spaces and loss of elastic recoil [3]. - This destruction results in **airflow limitation**, particularly during exhalation, as airways collapse prematurely. *Asthma* - **Asthma** is an **obstructive lung disease** characterized by **reversible airway inflammation**, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production [2]. - These factors lead to **episodic airflow obstruction**, making it difficult to breathe, especially during exacerbations [2]. *Bronchitis* - **Bronchitis**, particularly **chronic bronchitis**, is an **obstructive lung disease** defined by chronic inflammation of the bronchi. - This inflammation causes **mucus hypersecretion** and narrowing of the airways, leading to persistent cough and airflow limitation.

Question 1

Which muscle is not part of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

Accepted Answer

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)

Answer

FDS

Answer

FCR

Answer

Palmaris longus

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false about the right bronchus?

Accepted Answer

More horizontal

Answer

Shorter

Answer

In the line of trachea

Answer

Wider

Question 3

Which of the following is not a tributary of the cavernous sinus?

Accepted Answer

Inferior cerebral vein

Answer

Central vein of retina

Answer

Sphenoparietal sinus

Answer

Superior ophthalmic vein

Question 4

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin consists of two alpha and two beta subunits, each capable of binding one O2 molecule.

Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to six O2 molecules.

Answer

Each hemoglobin subunit contains two heme groups, which bind oxygen.

Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule is made of 6 polypeptide chains.

Question 5

Which of the following is a non- modifiable risk factor for CHD -

Accepted Answer

Old age

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Hypertension

Question 6

Which subtype of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is most commonly associated with gum hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M4

Answer

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M2

Answer

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M3

Answer

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M1

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer

Mucocutaneous pigmentation

Answer

Autosomal dominant

Answer

Hamartomatous polyp

Question 8

What is the complete classic triad of findings that defines Young's syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Azoospermia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis

Answer

Oligospermia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis

Answer

Azoospermia, asthma, and chronic rhinitis

Answer

Azoospermia, chronic bronchitis, and nasal polyps

Question 9

In which condition are Pseudo-Pelger-Huët cells typically seen?

Accepted Answer

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer

Hairy cell leukemia

Answer

Multiple myeloma

Answer

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 10

Which of the following is not an obstructive lung disease?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fibrosis

Answer

Emphysema

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Bronchitis

NEET-PG 2013

Anatomy

Biochemistry

Community Medicine

Dental

Internal Medicine

Pathology