NEET-PG 2013 - Community Medicine Practice Questions

Q: All of the following are anthropozoonosis except

Schistosomiasis. ***Schistosomiasis*** - This is a **human-to-human** disease, even though it involves an intermediate **snail host**. - Its life cycle does not involve transmission of pathogens from vertebrate animals to humans. *Rabies* - Rabies is a classic **anthropozoonosis**, transmitted to humans primarily through the saliva of infected animals, most commonly **dogs** and **bats**. - It involves a pathogen (rabies virus) that cycles between animals and can be transmitted to humans. *Plague* - Plague is an **anthropozoonosis** caused by *Yersinia pestis*, typically transmitted from **rodents** (e.g., rats) to humans via flea bites. - The disease maintains a natural reservoir in wild rodent populations, making it a prime example of animal-to-human transmission. *Anthrax* - Anthrax is an **anthropozoonosis** caused by *Bacillus anthracis*, transmitted to humans from infected **livestock** (e.g., cattle, sheep). - Humans usually acquire the infection through contact with infected animals or their products, or by inhaling spores.

Q: What is a limitation of the case fatality rate?

Time period not specified. ***Time period not specified*** - The **case fatality rate (CFR)** is sometimes presented without a clear time frame, making it difficult to compare across different studies or diseases. - A CFR calculated over **24 hours** is vastly different from one calculated over **30 days** or **one year**, yet both could be presented simply as "CFR" *Not useful in acute infectious disease* - The CFR is highly **useful** in acute infectious diseases, as it directly measures the **severity** and immediate impact of an outbreak. - It helps public health officials understand the **lethality** of an infectious agent and aids in resource allocation and intervention strategies. *Not related to virulence* - **Case fatality rate** is directly related to **virulence**, as it reflects the proportion of affected individuals who die from the disease. - A higher CFR indicates a more **virulent pathogen** or a more severe disease process. *It is not related to survival rate* - The **case fatality rate** is inherently linked to the **survival rate**; they are complementary measures. - If the CFR is X%, then the associated survival rate is (100 - X)%, representing the proportion of cases that do not die from the disease.

Q: In a developing country, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an annual rate of 1.8%. Using epidemiological principles similar to the Rule of 70, approximately how many years will it take for the diabetes prevalence to double, and what are the primary healthcare planning implications of this growth rate?

35-46 years. ***35-46 years*** - Using the **Rule of 70**, divide 70 by the annual growth rate (1.8%): 70 / 1.8 ≈ **38.89 years**. This value falls within the 35-46 year range. - The doubling of diabetes prevalence within this timeframe necessitates significant **healthcare planning implications**, including increased demand for diagnostic services, medications, and specialized care, as well as focused preventative measures. *30-35 years* - This range is too low, as the calculated doubling time of approximately **38.89 years** is longer than this range. While close, this timeframe underestimates the actual time needed for prevalence to double. *25-30 years* - This range is significantly lower than the calculated doubling time of approximately **38.89 years**, meaning it underestimates the time required for diabetes prevalence to double by about 9-14 years. *20-25 years* - This range is far too low, as the calculated doubling time of approximately **38.89 years** is much longer. This timeframe would suggest a much higher annual growth rate than the stated 1.8%.

Q: What is the annual infection rate of tuberculosis?

Percentage of new patients positive for tuberculin test. ***Percentage of new patients positive for tuberculin test*** - The **annual infection rate of tuberculosis (AIRT)** is defined as the percentage of individuals (typically children aged 1-9 years) who show **tuberculin conversion** (from negative to positive) in a given year. - Among the given options, this is the **closest representation** as it focuses on **newly infected individuals** rather than prevalent cases. - AIRT is a key epidemiological indicator reflecting **ongoing transmission** and the **annual risk of tuberculous infection** in a community. - This measure helps assess TB control program effectiveness and disease burden. *Percentage of total patients positive for tuberculin test* - This represents the **prevalence of tuberculosis infection** in the population, including both old and new infections. - It does not specifically measure the **annual rate of acquiring new infections**, which is what AIRT captures. *Percentage of sputum positive total patients* - This indicates the **prevalence of active, infectious pulmonary tuberculosis** in a population. - It refers to individuals with **active TB disease** who are shedding bacteria in sputum, not latent infection detected by tuberculin testing. *Percentage of sputum positive new patients* - This represents the **incidence of new, active, infectious tuberculosis cases** (case detection rate). - While important for TB surveillance, it measures **active disease** rather than **infection rate** detected by tuberculin skin test.

Q: If a claw hand develops in a patient with Leprosy, what is the classification of the deformity?

Grade II. A **claw hand** deformity, characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints, indicates a significant and **visible disability** but the affected part is still functional to a limited degree. In the context of leprosy, this observable and permanent deformity falls under **Grade II** on the WHO disability grading scale, signifying a clear and established disability. This grade indicates **no disability** or deformity related to leprosy. A patient with a claw hand has an obvious physical deformity and functional impairment, thus not fitting this classification. This grade refers to a **detectable impairment** but **no visible deformity**. A claw hand is a clearly visible deformity, making Grade I an inappropriate classification. While Grades are typically 0, I, and II in the WHO disability grading for leprosy, some classifications might refer to severe, non-functional deformities as higher grades. However, Grade II adequately captures **visible and significant deformities** like a claw hand, and a Grade III is not a standard or commonly used classification for a claw hand in leprosy in the WHO system.

Q: Which of the following viral diseases is least commonly reported in India?

Lassa fever. ***Lassa fever*** - **Lassa fever** is endemic to West Africa, with the **multimammate rat** being its primary reservoir. - Cases of Lassa fever are **extremely rare** in India, primarily limited to travel-related instances due to the geographical distribution of the disease and its vector. *Japanese B encephalitis* - **Japanese B encephalitis (JBE)** is a significant public health concern in India, particularly in endemic regions. - It is a mosquito-borne viral disease, and **vaccination programs** are ongoing to control its spread. *KFD* - **Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)** is an endemic viral hemorrhagic fever primarily found in the **Karnataka state of India**. - It is transmitted by **ticks**, making it a regionally significant but recognized viral disease within India. *Dengue* - **Dengue** is one of the most commonly reported and widespread viral diseases in India. - It is a **mosquito-borne** illness with frequent outbreaks occurring across various parts of the country.

Q: The international quarantine period for yellow fever as approved by the Government of India is ?

6 days. ***6 days*** - The **incubation period** for yellow fever is typically 3-6 days, and the 6-day quarantine period is internationally accepted to cover this range. - This period is established to prevent the importation and spread of the disease by ensuring that individuals arriving from endemic areas do not develop symptoms after arrival. *9 days* - This duration is **longer than the internationally recognized incubation period** for yellow fever and is not the standard quarantine period. - Implementing a 9-day quarantine would be excessive and not based on the typical disease progression. *10 days* - A 10-day quarantine period is also **not the standard** for yellow fever as approved by international health regulations or by the Government of India. - While some diseases may require a 10-day quarantine, yellow fever's incubation period makes 6 days sufficient. *12 days* - A 12-day quarantine is **significantly longer** than necessary for yellow fever, as virtually all cases would manifest symptoms within the first 6 days. - This period is typically associated with diseases with much longer incubation periods, which is not the case for yellow fever.

Q: In the context of demographic studies, how is 'population explosion' defined in terms of growth rate?

> 2%. ***> 2%*** - A **population explosion** is generally defined as a rapid and significant increase in population size, typically characterized by an annual growth rate exceeding **2%**. - This rate indicates a **doubling time** of approximately 35 years or less, leading to substantial demographic changes. - In the context of Indian demographics, this definition is particularly relevant to the period of rapid population growth experienced in the mid-20th century. *0.5% - 1.0%* - A growth rate in this range is considered **moderate** or even **low** for many developing countries and would not be indicative of a "population explosion." - This rate represents a relatively **stable** or slowly increasing population, not the rapid surge implied by the term. *1.5% - 2.0%* - While a 1.5% to 2.0% growth rate is significant, it often falls short of the threshold typically associated with a "population explosion," which implies a more **accelerated** and **unsustainable** rate of increase. - Many countries with this growth rate face challenges, but it's generally not classified as an "explosion" unless other contextual factors are extreme. *1.0% - 1.5%* - A growth rate between 1.0% and 1.5% is considered a **moderate** rate of population increase. - This range does not signify the rapid and often unmanageable growth implied by the term **population explosion**.

Question 1

All of the following are anthropozoonosis except

Accepted Answer

Schistosomiasis

Answer

Rabies

Answer

Plague

Answer

Anthrax

Question 2

What is a limitation of the case fatality rate?

Accepted Answer

Time period not specified

Answer

Not useful in acute infectious disease

Answer

Not related to virulence

Answer

It is not related to survival rate

Question 3

In a developing country, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing at an annual rate of 1.8%. Using epidemiological principles similar to the Rule of 70, approximately how many years will it take for the diabetes prevalence to double, and what are the primary healthcare planning implications of this growth rate?

Accepted Answer

35-46 years

Answer

30-35 years

Answer

25-30 years

Answer

20-25 years

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes the operational definition of onchocerciasis elimination?

Accepted Answer

Transmission of O. volvulus has been reduced to a level where it cannot sustain itself in the population.

Answer

All interventions have been successfully implemented.

Answer

There is no recrudescence of the disease after a defined period.

Answer

All of the options are true.

Question 5

What is the annual infection rate of tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

Percentage of new patients positive for tuberculin test

Answer

Percentage of total patients positive for tuberculin test

Answer

Percentage of sputum positive total patients

Answer

Percentage of sputum positive new patients

Question 6

All are features of yellow fever except?

Accepted Answer

Validity of vaccination begins immediately after vaccination

Answer

Caused by vector aedes

Answer

IP 3-6 days

Answer

1 attack gives life long immunity

Question 7

If a claw hand develops in a patient with Leprosy, what is the classification of the deformity?

Accepted Answer

Grade II

Answer

Grade 0

Answer

Grade I

Answer

Grade III

Question 8

Which of the following viral diseases is least commonly reported in India?

Accepted Answer

Lassa fever

Answer

Japanese B encephalitis

Answer

KFD

Answer

Dengue

Question 9

The international quarantine period for yellow fever as approved by the Government of India is ?

Accepted Answer

6 days

Answer

9 days

Answer

10 days

Answer

12 days

Question 10

In the context of demographic studies, how is 'population explosion' defined in terms of growth rate?

Accepted Answer

> 2%

Answer

0.5% - 1.0%

Answer

1.5% - 2.0%

Answer

1.0% - 1.5%

NEET-PG 2013 — Community Medicine