FMGE 2019 Practice Questions

Q: Components of Kuppuswamy scale include:

Income, Occupation, Education. ***Income, Occupation, Education*** - The **Kuppuswamy scale** is a widely used tool in India for classifying the socioeconomic status of families. - It considers **income**, **occupation**, and **education** levels to assign a score. *Income, Housing, Education* - While income and education are components, **housing** is not a primary factor in the original Kuppuswamy scale. - Housing quality and type can be indicators of socioeconomic status, but they are not directly integrated into this specific scale. *Housing, Livestock, land* - None of these are direct components of the **Kuppuswamy scale** for socioeconomic classification. - These factors might be relevant for rural socioeconomic status but are not part of this specific urban-focused scale. *Income, Livestock, Housing* - While income is a component, **livestock** and **housing** are not included in the original Kuppuswamy scale. - This combination of factors would likely be more appropriate for assessing socioeconomic status in agricultural or rural settings.

Q: Anthracosis is caused by:

Coal dust. ***Coal dust*** - **Anthracosis** is a lung condition resulting from the accumulation of **coal dust** particles in the lungs. - It is a common finding in coal miners, hence the term **coal worker's pneumoconiosis**. *Sugar cane waste* - Inhalation of **sugar cane waste** can lead to **bagassosis**, a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. - Bagassosis is caused by an immunological reaction to organic dust, not inert particle build-up like anthracosis. *Asbestos* - Exposure to **asbestos** fibers causes **asbestosis**, a severe fibrotic lung disease. - Asbestosis is also linked to an increased risk of lung cancer and **mesothelioma**. *Silica* - Inhalation of **crystalline silica** dust results in **silicosis**, characterized by lung nodule formation and fibrosis. - Occupations involving mining, quarrying, and construction are at high risk for silicosis.

Q: The causative agent for duodenal ulcer is:

H. Pylori. ***H. pylori*** - ***H. pylori*** is a **Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium** that colonizes the stomach and duodenum, causing inflammation and increasing the risk of peptic ulcers, including duodenal ulcers. - It produces **urease**, which neutralizes stomach acid by converting urea to ammonia, protecting the bacteria and contributing to mucosal damage. *Lactobacilli* - **Lactobacilli** are **Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria** commonly found in the digestive tract and fermented foods. - They are generally considered **beneficial probiotics** and do not cause duodenal ulcers. *E. coli* - ***E. coli*** is a **Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium** typically found in the intestines of humans and animals. - While some strains can cause **gastrointestinal infections** (e.g., traveler's diarrhea), *E. coli* is not a known cause of duodenal ulcers. *Shigella* - **Shigella** is a **Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium** that causes **shigellosis**, an intestinal infection characterized by severe diarrhea (dysentery). - It primarily affects the **large intestine** and does not cause duodenal ulcers.

Q: Bacillus anthracis is:

Gram positive rods with square ends. ***Gram positive rods with square ends*** - *Bacillus anthracis* is a **gram-positive bacterium**, meaning it retains the crystal violet stain due to its thick peptidoglycan layer. - Microscopically, it appears as **large, rod-shaped bacteria** (bacilli) with characteristic **square-cut ends**, often arranged in chains. *Gram negative cocci in cluster* - This describes organisms like **Neisseria gonorrhoeae** or **meningitidis**, which are spherical (cocci) and appear pink/red after Gram staining. - *Bacillus anthracis* is a **rod-shaped bacterium** that stains Gram-positive. *Gram positive cocci in cluster* - This morphology is characteristic of **Staphylococcus species**, which are spherical bacteria that stain purple and arrange in grape-like clusters. - *Bacillus anthracis* is a **rod-shaped bacterium**, not a coccus. *Gram positive bacilli with spherical ends* - While *Bacillus anthracis* is a **gram-positive bacillus**, its ends are distinctly **square-cut**, not spherical. - Bacteria with spherical or rounded ends would include some other *Bacillus* species or members of the **Clostridium** genus.

Q: Lady presents with infertility and diagnosed with bilateral cornual block on hysterosalpingography. What is the next step?

Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. ***Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy*** - A **laparoscopy** allows for direct visualization of the fallopian tubes to confirm the tubal obstruction and assess for other pelvic pathology like **endometriosis** or **adhesions**. - A **hysteroscopy** can be performed concurrently to inspect the uterine cavity and the tubal ostia for any intracavitary abnormalities or to attempt **canalization of the cornual block**. *Tuboplasty* - **Tuboplasty** is a corrective surgical procedure for tubal obstruction, but it is typically considered *after* a definitive diagnosis and assessment of the block's extent have been made via diagnostic procedures. - Its success rate varies depending on the location and nature of the block, and it is not the immediate next step for diagnosis. *USG* - **Transvaginal ultrasonography (USG)** is a useful tool for evaluating uterine and ovarian morphology but is generally *not definitive* for diagnosing tubal patency or specific locations of tubal blockage. - While it can identify some pathologies, it cannot visualize the fallopian tubes with sufficient clarity to determine cornual obstruction. *IVF* - **In vitro fertilization (IVF)** is an *assisted reproductive technology* used to bypass tubal factor infertility, but it is a treatment option, not a diagnostic step. - It would be considered *after* a full diagnostic workup has confirmed the tubal blockage and other fertility factors, and after counseling regarding prognosis and success rates.

Q: What is the dose of mifepristone in emergency contraception?

10 mg. ***10 mg*** - **10 mg is the WHO-recommended dose** of mifepristone for emergency contraception. - This single dose is **equally effective** as higher doses (25-50 mg) and works primarily by **delaying or inhibiting ovulation**. - It has been validated through **multiple international clinical trials** and is the standard regimen used globally. - When taken within **72-120 hours** of unprotected intercourse, it significantly reduces pregnancy risk. *25 mg* - While 25 mg of mifepristone has been studied for emergency contraception and shows efficacy, it is **not the standard recommended dose**. - The **10 mg dose is preferred** as it achieves similar efficacy with potentially fewer side effects and lower cost. - Some countries may use 25 mg, but **WHO guidelines recommend 10 mg** as the optimal dose. *200 mg* - A 200 mg dose of mifepristone is typically utilized for **medical abortion regimens**, often in combination with a prostaglandin analog (misoprostol). - This dosage achieves a different pharmacological effect, leading to **detachment of the embryo** and uterine contractions. - This is **far higher than needed** for emergency contraception purposes. *200 mcg* - **Mifepristone is not dosed in micrograms** (mcg) for emergency contraception or medical abortion; it is measured in milligrams (mg). - This unit and dosage are more commonly associated with other medications, such as **misoprostol** when used for obstetric indications. - 200 mcg would be 0.2 mg, which is **subtherapeutic** for any mifepristone indication.

Q: Which of the following is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor?

Dabigatran. ***Dabigatran*** - **Dabigatran** is the correct answer because it is an **oral direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI)**, meaning it directly inhibits thrombin (factor IIa) to prevent clot formation. - It is one of the **novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs)**, used for conditions like atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. *Lepirudin* - **Lepirudin** is a **direct thrombin inhibitor**, but it is administered **intravenously**, not orally. - It is typically used for **heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)** when heparin is contraindicated. *Rivaroxaban* - **Rivaroxaban** is an **oral anticoagulant**, but it is a **direct factor Xa inhibitor**, not a direct thrombin inhibitor. - This drug prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by inhibiting factor Xa. *Warfarin* - **Warfarin** is an **oral anticoagulant**, but it acts as a **vitamin K antagonist (VKA)**, inhibiting the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. - It does not directly inhibit thrombin, but rather reduces the production of thrombin precursors.

Q: A patient presented with complaints of dyspnoea. The shown X-ray is suggestive of:

Pleural effusion. ***Pleural effusion*** - The X-ray shows a significant **right-sided pleural effusion** with blunting of the costophrenic angle and a meniscus sign characteristic of fluid accumulation in the pleural space. - Key radiological features include: **homogeneous opacity** in the lower zone, **obliteration of the costophrenic angle**, and the typical **concave upper border (meniscus sign)** of fluid layering. - The presence of dyspnea with these radiological findings is consistent with pleural effusion. **Note:** While the X-ray confirms pleural effusion, **differentiating between exudative and transudative effusion requires pleural fluid analysis** (Light's criteria), not imaging alone. *Pneumothorax* - A pneumothorax would appear as a **dark, air-filled space** with a visible **visceral pleural line** where the lung has collapsed away from the chest wall. - The image clearly shows **fluid opacity** (white/grey) in the right hemithorax, not air (black). *Hydropneumothorax* - This condition involves both **fluid and air** in the pleural space, typically presenting with a **straight horizontal air-fluid level** on an erect chest X-ray. - The X-ray here shows a **curved meniscus** rather than a straight air-fluid level, indicating pure fluid without air. *Consolidation* - Consolidation (as seen in pneumonia) appears as a **homogenous opacity within the lung parenchyma**, often with **air bronchograms**. - The image shows fluid in the **pleural space** (outside the lung), **displacing the lung medially**, rather than an opacity within the lung tissue itself.

Question 1

Components of Kuppuswamy scale include:

Accepted Answer

Income, Occupation, Education

Answer

Income, Housing, Education

Answer

Housing, Livestock, land

Answer

Income, Livestock, Housing

Question 2

Anthracosis is caused by:

Accepted Answer

Coal dust

Answer

Sugar cane waste

Answer

Asbestos

Answer

Silica

Question 3

Following statement are true about tremors except:

Accepted Answer

Essential tremor is an uncommon movement disorder affecting 5%of population

Answer

Normal individuals can have physiologic tremor that manifest as mild high frequency, postural or action tremors.

Answer

PD is characterised by resting tremor

Answer

Tremor consist of alternate contraction of agonist and antagonist muscle in oscillating rhythmic manner

Question 4

The causative agent for duodenal ulcer is:

Accepted Answer

H. Pylori

Answer

Lactobacilli

Answer

E. coli

Answer

Shigella

Question 5

Bacillus anthracis is:

Accepted Answer

Gram positive rods with square ends

Answer

Gram negative cocci in cluster

Answer

Gram positive cocci in cluster

Answer

Gram positive bacilli with spherical ends

Question 6

Lady presents with infertility and diagnosed with bilateral cornual block on hysterosalpingography. What is the next step?

Accepted Answer

Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy

Answer

Tuboplasty

Answer

USG

Answer

IVF

Question 7

What is the dose of mifepristone in emergency contraception?

Accepted Answer

10 mg

Answer

25 mg

Answer

200 mcg

Answer

200 mg

Question 8

Which patient has the best prognosis in breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Luminal A

Answer

Luminal B

Answer

Triple negative breast cancer

Answer

HER2-positive breast cancer

Question 9

Which of the following is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

Dabigatran

Answer

Lepirudin

Answer

Rivaroxaban

Answer

Warfarin

Question 10

A patient presented with complaints of dyspnoea. The shown X-ray is suggestive of:

Accepted Answer

Pleural effusion

Answer

Pneumothorax

Answer

Hydropneumothorax

Answer

Consolidation

FMGE 2019

Community Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pathology

Pharmacology

Radiology