Question 1: Which one of the following substances induces no dependence?
- A. LSD (Correct Answer)
- B. Barbiturates
- C. Heroin
- D. Cannabis
Explanation: ***LSD***
- **LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)** is a hallucinogen with the **lowest dependence potential** among the given options.
- It does **not cause physical dependence** - there is no withdrawal syndrome when use is stopped.
- **Psychological dependence** is extremely rare, as rapid tolerance develops (within days) and dissipates quickly, making continuous use unrewarding.
- Users do **not experience compulsive drug-seeking behavior** or physical withdrawal symptoms characteristic of addictive substances.
- In the context of this question, LSD is considered to have **negligible dependence potential** compared to other substances.
*Barbiturates*
- **Barbiturates** are CNS depressants with **high potential** for both physical and psychological dependence.
- Chronic use leads to tolerance requiring higher doses, and **withdrawal can be life-threatening** (seizures, delirium tremens, cardiovascular collapse).
- Classified as Schedule II-IV controlled substances due to high abuse potential.
*Heroin*
- **Heroin** (diacetylmorphine) is an opioid with **extremely high potential** for both physical and psychological dependence.
- Rapid onset and intense euphoria create powerful reinforcement of drug-seeking behavior.
- **Withdrawal syndrome** includes severe dysphoria, muscle aches, sweating, nausea, and intense cravings, driving continued use.
*Cannabis*
- **Cannabis** has **moderate dependence potential**, particularly with chronic high-potency use.
- **Cannabis Use Disorder** is recognized in DSM-5, with about 9% of users developing dependence (30% for daily users).
- **Withdrawal syndrome** includes irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, restlessness, and cravings.
- Physical dependence is less severe than opioids or sedatives but is clinically significant.