Community Medicine
1 questionsWhich one of the following statements is correct regarding diabetes epidemiology?
UPSC-CMS 2014 - Community Medicine UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 111: Which one of the following statements is correct regarding diabetes epidemiology?
- A. Females are 2.5 times more at risk.
- B. Its prevalence is not affected by age.
- C. Central obesity is not linked with diabetes.
- D. Maternal diabetes increases the risk of subsequent diabetes. (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Maternal diabetes increases the risk of subsequent diabetes.*** - Women who develop **gestational diabetes** have a significantly increased risk of developing **type 2 diabetes** later in life, often within 5-10 years postpartum. - This is due to underlying insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction that becomes evident during pregnancy. *Females are 2.5 times more at risk.* - The prevalence of diabetes typically shows **no significant difference** between genders or is slightly higher in males in some populations. - Gender differences in diabetes risk are generally not that pronounced and vary by type and ethnicity. *Its prevalence is not affected by age.* - The **prevalence of type 2 diabetes significantly increases with age**, particularly after 45 years, due to factors like decreased physical activity, weight gain, and declining pancreatic beta-cell function. - While type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, its incidence also peaks in childhood and adolescence. *Central obesity is not linked with diabetes.* - **Central obesity**, characterized by excess **abdominal fat**, is a strong risk factor for **insulin resistance** and type 2 diabetes. - Visceral fat is metabolically active and releases inflammatory mediators and free fatty acids that impair insulin sensitivity.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsWhich of the following statements is not true regarding HIV infection?
UPSC-CMS 2014 - Internal Medicine UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 111: Which of the following statements is not true regarding HIV infection?
- A. All HIV positive mothers transmit infection to their newborn children. (Correct Answer)
- B. Infected blood transfusion leads to 100% transmission among recipients.
- C. Every HIV infected person would require antiretroviral treatment during lifetime.
- D. HIV does not transmit through fomites.
Explanation: ***All HIV positive mothers transmit infection to their newborn children*** - While **vertical transmission** from mother to child is a significant risk, it is not 100% [1]. With proper antenatal care, **antiretroviral therapy (ART)**, and interventions like elective C-sections or avoiding breastfeeding, the transmission rate can be reduced to less than 1% [1]. - This statement is **false** because various preventative measures can significantly lower the risk of transmission. *Infected blood transfusion leads to 100% transmission among recipients* - This statement is **true**. Although rare due to improved screening, if blood containing HIV is transfused, the recipient will almost certainly become infected due to the direct route of entry of a high viral load directly into the bloodstream [1]. - The high viral load and direct intravascular inoculation bypass natural barriers, making transmission virtually guaranteed. *Every HIV infected person would require antiretroviral treatment during lifetime* - This statement is **true**. Current guidelines recommend that all individuals diagnosed with **HIV infection** should start antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4 count, to preserve immune function, prevent opportunistic infections, and reduce transmission [2]. - **ART** is a lifelong commitment, as stopping treatment typically leads to viral rebound and disease progression. *HIV does not transmit through fomites* - This statement is **true**. HIV is a fragile virus that cannot survive long outside the human body and is not transmitted via casual contact or inanimate objects (**fomites**) like doorknoobs, toilet seats, or shared utensils. - Transmission primarily occurs through **blood, semen, pre-ejaculate, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk** [1].
Pharmacology
1 questionsThe primary route of administration of measles vaccination is:
UPSC-CMS 2014 - Pharmacology UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 111: The primary route of administration of measles vaccination is:
- A. Subcutaneous (Correct Answer)
- B. Intravenous
- C. Intranasal
- D. Intradermal
Explanation: ***Subcutaneous*** - The **measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine** is a live attenuated vaccine typically administered via the **subcutaneous route**. - Subcutaneous injection ensures the vaccine is delivered into the fatty tissue just below the skin, allowing for gradual absorption and an effective immune response. *Intravenous* - **Intravenous administration** delivers substances directly into the bloodstream, which is generally avoided for vaccines due to the risk of systemic reactions and rapid clearance. - This route is typically reserved for emergency medications or those requiring immediate systemic distribution. *Intranasal* - **Intranasal vaccines** are administered through the nasal passages and are designed to stimulate mucosal immunity, particularly against respiratory pathogens. - While some flu vaccines use this route, the standard measles vaccine does not. *Intradermal* - **Intradermal administration** involves injecting into the dermis layer of the skin, often used for sensitivity testing or certain vaccines like BCG. - This route requires a smaller volume and specific technique, which is not the primary method for routine measles vaccination.