Phencyclidine. ***Correct: Phencyclidine*** - **Phencyclidine (PCP)** is commonly known by the street name **"angel dust"** - It is a **dissociative anesthetic** with hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects - Acts primarily as an **NMDA receptor antagonist** *Incorrect: LSD* - **LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)** is a classic hallucinogen with the street name "acid," not angel dust - It primarily affects **serotonin receptors (5-HT2A)** and causes profound alterations in perception and thought - Chemically and pharmacologically distinct from PCP *Incorrect: Cannabis* - **Cannabis** is a psychoactive drug derived from the *Cannabis* plant, commonly known as marijuana or weed - Its active compound **THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)** produces euphoric and relaxing effects through cannabinoid receptors - Not related to the street name "angel dust" *Incorrect: Morphine* - **Morphine** is a potent **opioid analgesic** used for pain relief - Acts as a **CNS depressant** through mu-opioid receptors - Unlike PCP's dissociative and stimulant effects, morphine produces sedation and analgesia

NEET-PG 2013 — Pharmacology

Q: Which is not used in status epilepticus?

Metformin. ***Metformin*** - **Metformin** is an **oral hypoglycemic agent** used to treat **type 2 diabetes mellitus** and has no role in the management of seizures or status epilepticus. - Its primary mechanism involves decreasing **hepatic glucose production** and improving **insulin sensitivity**. *Lorazepam* - **Lorazepam** is a first-line treatment for **status epilepticus** due to its rapid onset of action and efficacy in terminating seizures. - It enhances the effect of **GABA** (gamma-aminobutyric acid) at the GABA-A receptor, leading to neuronal hyperpolarization and reduced excitability. *Phenytoin* - **Phenytoin** is a common second-line agent used in status epilepticus, administered after benzodiazepines, to maintain seizure control. - It works by blocking **voltage-gated sodium channels**, thereby stabilizing neuronal membranes and preventing repetitive firing. *Phenobarbitone* - **Phenobarbitone** (phenobarbital) is an effective antiepileptic drug, often considered as a second or third-line agent in status epilepticus, especially when other treatments fail. - It acts primarily by enhancing the activity of **GABA** at the GABA-A receptor, similar to benzodiazepines, but with a longer duration of action.

Q: Inactivated SA 14-14-2 vaccine is an example of which type of vaccine?

Live attenuated vaccine. ***Live attenuated vaccine*** - The **SA 14-14-2 vaccine** is a **live attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccine** developed through serial passage and attenuation of the wild-type SA 14 strain. - The designation "14-14-2" refers to the specific **attenuated strain** after multiple passages, not to an inactivation process. - This vaccine uses **weakened (attenuated) virus** that can replicate minimally, providing robust and long-lasting immunity similar to natural infection. - It is widely used in **China, India, and other Asian countries** in national immunization programs. *Inactivated vaccine* - While there is also an **inactivated version** of the SA 14-14-2 strain (vero cell-derived inactivated JE vaccine), the term "SA 14-14-2 vaccine" by itself typically refers to the **live attenuated formulation**. - Inactivated vaccines contain killed viral particles that cannot replicate. *Toxoid vaccine* - **Toxoid vaccines** are based on inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids), not viral antigens. - Examples include vaccines for **tetanus** and **diphtheria**, which target toxins produced by bacteria. - This type does not apply to viral vaccines like Japanese Encephalitis. *Subunit vaccine* - **Subunit vaccines** contain only specific purified antigenic components (proteins, polysaccharides) rather than whole organisms. - Examples include **Hepatitis B vaccine** (HBsAg) and **HPV vaccine**. - The SA 14-14-2 vaccine uses the whole attenuated virus, not subunits.

143 Questions — Page 15 of 15

Q141

Angel dust is:

Q142

Which is not used in status epilepticus?

Q143

Inactivated SA 14-14-2 vaccine is an example of which type of vaccine?