ENT
1 questionsWhat are the potential causes of myringosclerosis?
NEET-PG 2013 - ENT NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 741: What are the potential causes of myringosclerosis?
- A. Genetic predisposition
- B. Chronic inflammation from recurrent infections (Correct Answer)
- C. Otosclerosis
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Chronic inflammation from recurrent infections*** - **Myringosclerosis** is often a consequence of **chronic inflammation** and repair processes in the tympanic membrane (eardrum), commonly triggered by **recurrent otitis media** (middle ear infections). - The inflammatory exudates and subsequent healing lead to the deposition of **calcium and phosphate crystals** within the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane, causing it to become stiff and opaque. *Genetic predisposition* - While genetics can play a role in some ear conditions, **myringosclerosis** is primarily an **acquired condition** rather than one solely determined by genetic factors. - No specific strong genetic link has been identified as a primary cause compared to environmental triggers. *Otosclerosis* - **Otosclerosis** is a condition affecting the **ossicles** (typically the stapes) in the middle ear, leading to conductive hearing loss due to abnormal bone growth, not directly affecting the tympanic membrane. - Myringosclerosis involves the eardrum itself, characterized by **calcification of the tympanic membrane**, which is distinct from the pathology of otosclerosis. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **chronic inflammation from recurrent infections** is a well-established cause of myringosclerosis. - The presence of a correct answer negates this choice.
Forensic Medicine
4 questionsWhat does Gettler's test detect?
What is the most common type of drowning in India?
What is the diagnostic sign of antemortem drowning?
What is the term for sexual intercourse between closely related individuals?
NEET-PG 2013 - Forensic Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 741: What does Gettler's test detect?
- A. Chloride content of blood in drowning (Correct Answer)
- B. Diatoms in drowning
- C. Weight in drowning
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Chloride content of blood in drowning*** - Gettler's test is a classical forensic test used to determine whether a death occurred by **drowning** in fresh or saltwater. - It specifically measures the **difference in chloride concentrations** between the left and right sides of the heart; the principle being that water entering the lungs during drowning will alter electrolyte balance, especially chloride, in the blood of the left ventricle relative to the right. *Diatoms in drowning* - The presence of **diatoms** (microscopic algae) in tissues and organs is another indicator of drowning, but it is detected through specific microscopic examination and not Gettler's test. - Diatom testing aims to prove that the deceased was alive and breathing in the water, allowing the inhalation of diatoms into the systemic circulation. *Weight in drowning* - **Weight** measurements are not directly related to Gettler's test or used as a primary diagnostic tool for drowning itself. - While fluid absorption may slightly increase body weight, it's not a reliable or specific indicator. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because Gettler's test specifically targets the **chloride content of blood** in potential drowning cases. - The test leverages the physiological changes in electrolyte distribution that occur when a person aspirates water.
Question 742: What is the most common type of drowning in India?
- A. Suicidal
- B. Homicidal
- C. Accidental (Correct Answer)
- D. Infanticide
Explanation: ***Accidental*** - Accidental drowning is the most common type because it can occur in various situations, such as during **bathing**, **swimming**, **boating**, or falling into bodies of water due to **unforeseen circumstances** or **lack of supervision**. - This category encompasses a wide range of scenarios, including **children falling into wells** or other water sources, and adults being swept away by **flooding rivers** or **tsunamis**. *Suicidal* - While suicidal drownings do occur, they are **statistically less common** than accidental drownings in the general population. - Suicide by drowning generally involves an **intentional act** to end one's life, which is less frequent than unintentional water-related deaths. *Homicidal* - Homicidal drowning, where an individual is drowned by another person, is **rare** compared to accidental deaths. - This type of drowning often involves **evidence of struggle** or other injuries, making it a distinct but uncommon cause of death. *Infanticide* - Infanticide by drowning refers to the **intentional killing of an infant** through submersion in water. - While a tragic act, incidents of infanticide by drowning are **very low in number** compared to overall accidental drownings involving all age groups.
Question 743: What is the diagnostic sign of antemortem drowning?
- A. Emphysema aquosum
- B. Water in esophagus
- C. Weeds and grass in clenched hands
- D. Paltauf's hemorrhage (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Paltauf's hemorrhage*** - These are **subpleural ecchymoses** (petechial hemorrhages) found on the surface of the lungs that represent the **definitive diagnostic sign** of antemortem drowning. - They result from rapid changes in **pulmonary pressure** and vascular permeability due to active breathing efforts and water aspiration during the drowning process. *Emphysema aquosum* - This refers to **overdistention of lungs** with frothy fluid in airways, commonly seen in drowning cases. - It represents a **morphological change** rather than a specific diagnostic sign and can occur in various types of asphyxial deaths. *Water in esophagus* - Water presence in the esophagus occurs due to **swallowing during immersion** or passive post-mortem water entry. - This finding **cannot differentiate** between antemortem and post-mortem drowning as water can enter passively after death. *Weeds and grass in clenched hands* - While **cadaveric spasm** with vegetation indicates the person was alive during immersion and actively struggling, it is **not the diagnostic sign** of antemortem drowning. - This finding confirms **vital reaction** at the time of immersion but does not specifically diagnose the drowning mechanism itself.
Question 744: What is the term for sexual intercourse between closely related individuals?
- A. Incest (Correct Answer)
- B. Extramarital affair
- C. Bestiality
- D. Tribadism
Explanation: ***Incest*** - This term refers to **sexual activity** between individuals who are considered **too closely related** to marry or have sexual relations within a particular society's laws or customs. - The definition of closeness can vary culturally and legally, but it generally includes immediate family members like parents, children, and siblings. - Under Indian law (IPC Section 376), incestuous relationships are prohibited and can constitute sexual offenses. *Extramarital affair* - This describes sexual relations between a **married person** and someone who is **not their spouse**. - It does not necessarily involve closely related individuals; the key aspect is the breach of marital fidelity. - This is a social/moral term rather than specifically a forensic classification. *Bestiality* - This refers to sexual activity between a **human and an animal**, also known as **zoophilia**. - This is distinct from incest, which specifically concerns human-to-human sexual relations within a family. - Under IPC Section 377, this was considered an unnatural offense. *Tribadism* - This describes various forms of **sexual intimacy between women**, particularly non-penetrative activity. - This term does not involve familial relationships or biological closeness as defined by incest. - It is a descriptive term for a type of sexual behavior, not a classification of prohibited relationships.
Internal Medicine
2 questionsMost common cause of death in diphtheria is due to
Which of the following conditions is least commonly associated with Pneumocystis carinii in AIDS?
NEET-PG 2013 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 741: Most common cause of death in diphtheria is due to
- A. Airway obstruction
- B. Septic shock
- C. Toxic cardiomyopathy (Correct Answer)
- D. Descending polyneuropathy (rare)
Explanation: ***Toxic cardiomyopathy*** - Diphtheria toxin primarily targets and damages the **myocardium**, leading to heart failure, arrhythmias, and ultimately death. - Myocardial damage can occur even in mild cases and is the most frequent cause of **fatality** in both treated and untreated diphtheria. *Airway obstruction* - While significant **pharyngeal and laryngeal pseudomembrane formation** can cause severe respiratory distress and obstruction, it is not the most common cause of death overall. - Prompt medical intervention, such as **tracheostomy** or antitoxin administration, can often alleviate acute airway issues. *Septic shock* - Diphtheria itself is a **toxin-mediated disease**, not typically characterized by overwhelming bacterial sepsis leading to septic shock as the primary cause of death. - While secondary infections can occur, direct **toxin-induced organ damage** is the main concern. *Descending polyneuropathy (rare)* - **Neurological complications**, such as polyneuropathy, can occur later in the course of diphtheria due to toxin effects. - However, these are generally less common and less immediately life-threatening than **cardiac complications**, and rarely the direct cause of death.
Question 742: Which of the following conditions is least commonly associated with Pneumocystis carinii in AIDS?
- A. Meningitis
- B. Otic polypoid mass (Correct Answer)
- C. Pneumonia
- D. Ophthalmic choroid lesion
Explanation: ***Otic polypoid mass*** - While *Pneumocystis jirovecii* (formerly *carinii*) can cause **extrapulmonary disease** in immunocompromised patients, an **otic polypoid mass** is an extremely rare and atypical presentation. - Extrapulmonary manifestations usually involve organs with rich vascular supply, but ear involvement in this form is not a characteristic feature. *Pneumonia* - **Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)** is the **most common opportunistic infection** and AIDS-defining illness caused by *Pneumocystis jirovecii* in individuals with AIDS [1]. - It typically manifests as **fever, cough, and dyspnea** with characteristic imaging findings [1]. *Ophthalmic choroid lesion* - **Choroid lesions** due to *Pneumocystis jirovecii* are a recognized, albeit less common, **extrapulmonary manifestation** in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. - These lesions are usually **asymptomatic** and discovered incidentally on funduscopic examination. *Meningitis* - Although *Pneumocystis jirovecii* causing **meningitis** is rare, it has been reported in severely immunocompromised individuals with AIDS, often as part of disseminated disease. - Central nervous system involvement signifies **widespread dissemination** and advanced immunosuppression.
Microbiology
1 questionsThe outer covering of diatoms is made of?
NEET-PG 2013 - Microbiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 741: The outer covering of diatoms is made of?
- A. Magnesium
- B. Silica (Correct Answer)
- C. Hydrocarbons
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Correct: Silica*** - The cell walls of diatoms are primarily composed of **hydrated amorphous silica (SiO2·nH2O)**. - This rigid, intricate outer covering is known as a **frustule**, which provides structural support and protection. - Diatoms are uniquely characterized by their intricate silica cell walls, making them easily identifiable under microscopy. *Incorrect: Magnesium* - **Magnesium (Mg)** is an important metal and a component of chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. - While diatoms do contain magnesium for metabolic processes, it is not the primary structural component of their outer covering. *Incorrect: Hydrocarbons* - **Hydrocarbons** are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon, commonly found in fossil fuels. - Diatom cell walls are inorganic (mineral-based), not organic hydrocarbon structures. *Incorrect: None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **silica** is listed among the options and is the correct answer. - Diatom frustules are definitively composed of silica.
Pediatrics
2 questions2 months old child having birth weight 2kg, with poor feeding, very sleepy and wheezing. The diagnosis is?
A 3-month-old infant with no chest indrawing and a respiratory rate of 52/minute. The diagnosis is:
NEET-PG 2013 - Pediatrics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 741: 2 months old child having birth weight 2kg, with poor feeding, very sleepy and wheezing. The diagnosis is?
- A. Very severe disease (Correct Answer)
- B. No evidence of pneumonia
- C. Severe respiratory infection
- D. No diagnosis
Explanation: ***Very severe disease*** - According to **WHO/IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness) classification** for young infants (0-2 months), the presence of **danger signs** automatically classifies the condition as "Very severe disease" - This infant presents with two critical danger signs: **poor feeding** and **lethargy (very sleepy)**, along with respiratory symptoms (wheezing) - In young infants, any danger sign (poor feeding, lethargic/unconscious, convulsions, severe chest indrawing, central cyanosis) requires immediate classification as "Very severe disease" and **urgent referral** to higher center - This is a specific diagnostic classification used in pediatric emergency protocols, not a general term *Severe respiratory infection* - While the child has respiratory symptoms (wheezing), this classification would only be appropriate if respiratory distress was present **without danger signs** - The presence of danger signs (poor feeding, lethargy) escalates the classification to "Very severe disease" in the WHO/IMNCI protocol - In young infants (0-2 months), the classification system prioritizes danger signs over organ-specific diagnoses *No evidence of pneumonia* - This is incorrect as the infant clearly presents with respiratory symptoms (wheezing) and systemic signs of illness - The presence of wheezing, poor feeding, and lethargy indicates serious illness requiring urgent evaluation and treatment - This option contradicts the clinical presentation *No diagnosis* - This is incorrect as the WHO/IMNCI classification provides a clear diagnostic framework - The presence of danger signs in a young infant mandates classification as "Very severe disease" - A working diagnosis is essential for guiding appropriate management and urgent referral
Question 742: A 3-month-old infant with no chest indrawing and a respiratory rate of 52/minute. The diagnosis is:
- A. Severe pneumonia
- B. Pneumonia (Correct Answer)
- C. No pneumonia
- D. Very severe disease
Explanation: ***Pneumonia*** - A respiratory rate of 52/minute in a 3-month-old infant **meets the age-specific threshold for tachypnea** (respiratory rate ≥ 50 breaths/minute for infants 2-12 months according to IMCI guidelines). - In the **absence of chest indrawing**, the presence of fast breathing (tachypnea) alone classifies this as **pneumonia** per IMCI classification. - This requires **outpatient management with oral antibiotics** and close follow-up. *No pneumonia* - This diagnosis would apply if the respiratory rate was **< 50 breaths/minute** for this age group with no chest indrawing. - Since the respiratory rate is 52/minute (≥ 50/minute), this rules out "no pneumonia." *Severe pneumonia* - This diagnosis requires the presence of **chest indrawing** in addition to fast breathing. - The question explicitly states **"no chest indrawing,"** which excludes severe pneumonia. - Severe pneumonia would require **hospitalization and parenteral antibiotics**. *Very severe disease* - This diagnosis involves **danger signs** such as inability to drink or breastfeed, persistent vomiting, convulsions, lethargy, unconsciousness, or severe malnutrition. - None of these critical signs are mentioned in the clinical scenario. - Very severe disease requires **urgent hospitalization and injectable antibiotics**.