NEET-PG 2013 Practice Questions

Q: Collecting part of kidney develops from ?

Ureteric bud. ***Ureteric bud*** - The **ureteric bud** (also known as the metanephric diverticulum) is an outgrowth of the **mesonephric duct** that develops into the collecting system of the kidney. - It gives rise to the **ureter**, **renal pelvis**, major and minor calyces, and all collecting ducts. *Pronephros* - **Pronephros** is the earliest, most rudimentary, and transient excretory structure that appears in human embryos. - It is non-functional in humans and **degenerates completely** by the fourth week of gestation. *Mesonephros* - The **mesonephros** develops after the pronephros and functions as a temporary kidney during the early fetal period (weeks 4-8). - Its tubules primarily contribute to the **male reproductive system** (e.g., epididymis, ductus deferens) and **degenerate** in females. *Metanephros* - The **metanephros** is the definitive kidney in mammals and gives rise to the **nephrons** (glomeruli, Bowman's capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle). - While it's crucial for kidney development, the **collecting part** specifically originates from the ureteric bud, which interacts with the metanephric mesenchyme.

Q: Double inferior vena cava is formed due to?

Persistence of supracardinal veins. ***Persistence of supracardinal veins*** - A double inferior vena cava (IVC) results from the **persistence of the left supracardinal vein**, which normally regresses. - This malformation causes the IVC to be duplicated below the level of the renal veins, creating two parallel venous channels ascending to join the normal IVC or renal veins. *Persistence of sacrocardinal veins* - The sacrocardinal veins are involved in the development of the **iliac veins** and the distal part of the IVC, but their independent persistence does not lead to a double IVC. - Abnormalities in sacrocardinal vein development are more commonly associated with conditions like **agenesis of the infrarenal IVC**. *Persistence of subcardinal veins* - The subcardinal veins mainly contribute to the formation of the **renal segment** of the IVC and the gonadal veins. - Their persistence or malformation can lead to a **retrocaval ureter** or other venous anomalies, but not a double IVC. *Persistence of both supracardinal and subcardinal veins* - While both supracardinal and subcardinal veins are crucial for IVC development, their **simultaneous persistence** in a way that creates a double IVC is not the direct mechanism [1]. - A double IVC is specifically attributed to the **persistence of the left supracardinal vein**, with the right supracardinal vein forming the normal right IVC [1].

Q: The cardiac jelly formed around the heart tube during early development contributes to the formation of:

Endocardium. Endocardium (Endocardial Cushions/Valves/Septa) - The **cardiac jelly** is an acellular, gelatinous matrix rich in **hyaluronic acid** that lies between the endocardium and the primordial myocardium during early heart development. - It undergoes **endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)** to form the **endocardial cushions** [1]. - These cushions are critical for forming: - **Atrioventricular (AV) valves** (mitral and tricuspid) [1] - **Semilunar valves** (aortic and pulmonary) [1] - **Cardiac septa** (portions of atrial, ventricular, and AV septa) [1] - While cardiac jelly doesn't form the endocardial lining itself (which is already present as endothelium), it forms the endocardial cushions that are essential endocardial derivatives. *Pericardium* - The **pericardium** develops from the **pleuropericardial folds** and **somatic and splanchnic mesoderm**, forming the fibrous and serous outer coverings of the heart. - It is completely distinct from cardiac jelly, which is an intra-cardiac structure. *Mesocardium* - The **dorsal mesocardium** is a transient mesentery that temporarily connects the developing heart tube to the dorsal wall of the pericardial cavity. - It rapidly degenerates by **day 22-23** to form the **transverse pericardial sinus**. - It does not contribute to cardiac jelly or any heart wall structures. *Myocardium* - The **myocardium** differentiates directly from the **splanchnic mesoderm** surrounding the endocardial tube. - It forms the muscular contractile layer of the heart wall. - Cardiac jelly lies between the endocardium and myocardium but does not form myocardial tissue.

Q: Pubic symphysis is which type of joint?

Secondary cartilaginous. ***Secondary cartilaginous*** - The **pubic symphysis** is a classic example of a **secondary cartilaginous joint**, also known as a **symphysis**. - These joints are characterized by a plate of **fibrocartilage** sandwiched between two layers of hyaline cartilage, uniting two bones and allowing for limited movement. *Gomphosis* - A **gomphosis** is a type of **fibrous joint** where a peg-like process fits into a socket, primarily found in the attachment of teeth to their sockets in the jaw. - It is distinct from the cartilaginous structure of the pubic symphysis. *Fibrous joint* - While fibrous joints are characterized by fibrous connective tissue connecting bones, this category is too broad, and doesn't specify the unique cartilaginous nature of the pubic symphysis. - Examples include sutures in the skull, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, none of which fit the structure of the pubic symphysis. *Primary cartilaginous* - A **primary cartilaginous joint**, or **synchondrosis**, involves bones united by **hyaline cartilage**, like the epiphyseal plates of growing bones. - These joints are typically temporary and eventually ossify, or they allow for very restricted movement, unlike the fibrocartilage and slight movement of the pubic symphysis.

Q: Which muscle is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

Stylopharyngeus. ***Stylopharyngeus*** - The **stylopharyngeus muscle** is uniquely derived from the **third pharyngeal arch**. - It is innervated by the **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)** and plays a role in elevating the pharynx and larynx during swallowing. - This is the **only muscle** derived from the third pharyngeal arch, making it a key anatomical landmark. *Tensor tympani* - The **tensor tympani muscle** is derived from the **first pharyngeal arch**. - It is innervated by the **mandibular nerve (V3)** and dampens sound by tensing the tympanic membrane. *Cricothyroid* - The **cricothyroid muscle** is derived from the **fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches**. - It is innervated by the **external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)** and tenses the vocal cords. *Stapedius* - The **stapedius muscle** is derived from the **second pharyngeal arch**. - It is innervated by the **facial nerve (CN VII)** and dampens sound by stabilizing the stapes bone.

Q: Sinus venosus receives blood from all EXCEPT:

Subcardinal vein. Sinus venosus receives blood from all EXCEPT: ***Subcardinal vein*** - The **subcardinal vein** is primarily involved in draining the developing **kidneys** and gonads during embryonic development. - While it contributes to the formation of the **inferior vena cava**, it does not directly empty into the sinus venosus. - The subcardinal veins are part of a different venous drainage system that develops independently from the sinus venosus tributaries. *Vitelline vein* - The **vitelline veins** drain blood from the **yolk sac**, which is the primary site of early hematopoiesis. - These veins directly empty into the **sinus venosus** in the early embryo. - They eventually give rise to the **hepatic portal system** and hepatic sinusoids. *Umbilical vein* - The **umbilical vein** carries **oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood** from the placenta to the fetus [1]. - In the early embryo, the umbilical veins drain directly into the **sinus venosus**. - Later in development, the left umbilical vein bypasses the liver via the **ductus venosus** to enter the inferior vena cava [1], [2]. *Common cardinal vein* - The **common cardinal veins** collect blood from the entire embryo, draining both the anterior (from the cephalic region) and posterior (from the trunk and lower limbs) parts. - These veins represent the main drainage system of the developing embryo and directly empty into the sinus venosus. - They are the primary tributaries of the sinus venosus during early cardiac development.

Q: Mastoid process is which type of epiphysis?

Traction epiphysis. Traction epiphysis - A traction epiphysis is an apophysis that does not contribute to the longitudinal growth of the bone but is located at the site of muscle attachment, serving to provide leverage for the muscle. - The mastoid process serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and longissimus capitis, making it a classic example of a traction epiphysis. Pressure epiphysis - A pressure epiphysis is primarily responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone and is found at the ends of long bones, such as the femoral head or humeral head [1]. - The mastoid process does not contribute to longitudinal bone growth. Atavistic epiphysis - Atavistic epiphyses are those that are phylogenetically separate bones but become fused with the main bone during development, like the coracoid process of the scapula. - The mastoid process is an integral part of the temporal bone and is not considered a separate, phylogenetically distinct bone. Aberrant epiphysis - Aberrant epiphyses are variations that appear irregularly, are not always present, and do not have a consistent physiological role. - The mastoid process is a constant anatomical feature of the temporal bone in humans.

Q: What term describes the accepted behaviors and practices within a society?

Customs. ***Customs*** - **Customs** refer to the established, accepted behaviors and practices within a society that are widely recognized and followed by its members. - They are more enduring and deeply entrenched than informal folkways, representing institutionalized or significant social practices that guide social conduct. - Customs encompass the general norms, traditions, and behaviors that define "the way things are done" in a particular society. *Folkways* - **Folkways** are informal everyday customs, manners, and practices learned through observation and imitation (e.g., table manners, greetings). - They are a **subset** of customs, specifically referring to minor, informal norms with mild social disapproval for violations. - While folkways are accepted behaviors, they are too narrow to describe all "accepted behaviors and practices" in society. *Traditions* - **Traditions** are customs or beliefs passed down through generations with historical or symbolic significance. - They emphasize **intergenerational transmission** and continuity over time, making them more specific than the general concept of "accepted behaviors." *Cultural Practices* - **Cultural practices** is an umbrella term encompassing all ways a group behaves, thinks, and interacts, including beliefs, values, rituals, and institutions. - While accurate, it is **too broad** a term—customs is the more precise sociological term for accepted behaviors and practices.

Q: What is the Chandler's Index for Hookworm that indicates a significant health problem?

> 50. ***> 50*** - A Chandler's Index of **> 50** indicates a significant public health problem due to **hookworm infection**. - **Chandler's Index** is calculated as the **average egg count per person in a community** (total hookworm eggs counted ÷ number of persons examined), used to assess the population-level burden of hookworm infection. - A value **> 50** suggests that the community has a significant hookworm problem requiring public health intervention. *> 300* - This value is significantly higher than the threshold for a significant public health problem and would indicate an **extremely severe burden of infection**. - While this represents a very high Chandler's Index, it's not the standard cut-off for defining a "significant" health problem (which is the lower threshold of >50). *> 200* - A Chandler's Index of **> 200** would denote a very high intensity of hookworm infection in the community. - However, this is not the standard threshold used to define when hookworm becomes a "significant" public health issue - the threshold is lower at >50. *> 100* - A Chandler's Index of **> 100** represents a substantial level of hookworm infection within a population. - However, the widely recognized cutoff for a "significant health problem" is **> 50**, indicating public health concern even at this moderate level of community infection burden.

Q: Muttering delirium is seen with: NEET 13

Datura. ***Datura*** - **Datura poisoning** is characterized by an **anticholinergic toxidrome**, which includes central nervous system effects like **muttering delirium, hallucinations**, and disorientation. - The patient exhibits features like **dilated pupils, dry mouth, flushed skin**, and **tachycardia** due to the blockage of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. *Castor oil plant* - The **castor oil plant** contains **ricin**, a potent toxin that causes **gastrointestinal symptoms** (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea) and eventually multi-organ failure. - It does not typically cause the central nervous system effects like **muttering delirium** seen with Datura poisoning. *Cocaine (stimulant)* - **Cocaine** is a central nervous system stimulant that causes **euphoria, agitation, paranoia, dilated pupils**, and **tachycardia**. - While it can cause psychosis, the specific **muttering delirium** is not its hallmark presentation; instead, it is associated with a hyperadrenergic state. *Monkshood (Aconitum)* - **Monkshood** contains **aconitine**, a neurotoxin that primarily affects cardiac and neurological function, causing **paresthesias, muscle weakness, bradycardia**, and potentially fatal arrhythmias. - It does not typically cause the **muttering delirium** with features of an anticholinergic syndrome.

Question 1

Collecting part of kidney develops from ?

Accepted Answer

Ureteric bud

Answer

Mesonephros

Answer

Metanephros

Answer

Pronephros

Question 2

Double inferior vena cava is formed due to?

Accepted Answer

Persistence of supracardinal veins

Answer

Persistence of both supracardinal and subcardinal veins

Answer

Persistence of sacrocardinal veins

Answer

Persistence of subcardinal veins

Question 3

The cardiac jelly formed around the heart tube during early development contributes to the formation of:

Accepted Answer

Endocardium

Answer

Pericardium

Answer

Mesocardium

Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

Pubic symphysis is which type of joint?

Accepted Answer

Secondary cartilaginous

Answer

Gomphosis

Answer

Fibrous joint

Answer

Primary cartilaginous

Question 5

Which muscle is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

Accepted Answer

Stylopharyngeus

Answer

Tensor tympani

Answer

Cricothyroid

Answer

Stapedius

Question 6

Sinus venosus receives blood from all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Subcardinal vein

Answer

Vitelline vein

Answer

Umbilical vein

Answer

Common cardinal vein

Question 7

Mastoid process is which type of epiphysis?

Accepted Answer

Traction epiphysis

Answer

Pressure epiphysis

Answer

Atavistic epiphysis

Answer

Aberrant epiphysis

Question 8

What term describes the accepted behaviors and practices within a society?

Accepted Answer

Customs

Answer

Traditions

Answer

Cultural Practices

Answer

Folkways

Question 9

What is the Chandler's Index for Hookworm that indicates a significant health problem?

Accepted Answer

> 50

Answer

> 200

Answer

> 100

Answer

> 300

Question 10

Muttering delirium is seen with: NEET 13

Accepted Answer

Datura

Answer

Castor oil plant

Answer

Cocaine (stimulant)

Answer

Monkshood (Aconitum)

NEET-PG 2013

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine