Pharmacology
1 questionsWhich of the following medications is not typically used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
NEET-PG 2013 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1331: Which of the following medications is not typically used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
- A. Beta blockers (Correct Answer)
- B. Papaverine
- C. Sildenafil
- D. PG-E
Explanation: ***Beta blockers*** - **Beta blockers** are primarily used to treat conditions like **hypertension** and **heart disease**. - While they can cause ED as a side effect, they are **not used for its treatment**. *Sildenafil* - **Sildenafil** is a **PDE5 inhibitor** that works by increasing **blood flow to the penis**, facilitating an erection. - It is a **first-line oral medication** widely prescribed for erectile dysfunction. *PG-E* - **PG-E** refers to **Prostaglandin E1** (alprostadil), which can be administered via **intracavernosal injection** or **urethral suppository**. - It directly causes **vasodilation** in the penis, leading to an erection, and is used when oral medications are ineffective or contraindicated. *Papaverine* - **Papaverine** is a **non-specific vasodilator** that can be used as an **intracavernosal injection** for ED. - It works by relaxing **smooth muscle** in the penile arteries, increasing blood flow and inducing an erection, often used in combination with phentolamine.
Psychiatry
9 questionsWhat is the core feature required for diagnosing a manic episode?
According to DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of brief psychotic disorder must resolve within what time period to differentiate it from longer-term psychotic conditions like schizophreniform disorder?
Which of the following disorders is classified under somatic symptom and related disorders in the DSM-5?
What is the drug of choice for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
A student unable to deliver speech before an audience is suffering from?
Astasia-abasia is associated with which of the following conditions?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT included in the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV-TR somatization disorder?
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of personality disorders?
Which personality disorder is characterized by suspiciousness?
NEET-PG 2013 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1331: What is the core feature required for diagnosing a manic episode?
- A. Decreased appetite
- B. Increased sleep
- C. Grandiosity
- D. Elevated mood (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Elevated mood*** - The **DSM-5 criteria** for a manic episode explicitly state that an abnormally and persistently **elevated, expansive, or irritable mood** must be present for at least one week. - This core mood disturbance is what differentiates mania from other psychiatric conditions and is a prerequisite for diagnosis. *Grandiosity* - While **grandiosity** (inflated self-esteem or sense of importance) is a common associated symptom of a manic episode, it is not the sole diagnostic requirement. - It is one of several symptom criteria that must be present in addition to the mood disturbance for a diagnosis of mania. *Decreased appetite* - **Decreased appetite** is generally not a feature of a manic episode; in fact, individuals in a manic state often have an **increased appetite** or engage in impulsive eating due to lack of inhibition. - A decreased appetite is more commonly associated with depressive episodes. *Increased sleep* - **Increased sleep** is contrary to the typical presentation of a manic episode, where individuals often experience a **decreased need for sleep** and can function on very little sleep, feeling energized. - A significant reduction in the need for sleep is a characteristic symptom of mania, not an increase.
Question 1332: According to DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of brief psychotic disorder must resolve within what time period to differentiate it from longer-term psychotic conditions like schizophreniform disorder?
- A. 1 week
- B. 3 weeks
- C. 2 weeks
- D. 1 month (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1 month*** - According to **DSM-5 criteria**, brief psychotic disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting more than **1 day** but less than **1 month**. - If psychotic symptoms persist for **1 month or longer**, it indicates a different diagnosis, such as schizophreniform disorder or schizophrenia, requiring further evaluation. *1 week* - While psychotic symptoms may be present for 1 week in brief psychotic disorder, this duration is within the disorder's diagnostic window but not its defining upper limit. - The key differentiator for brief psychotic disorder is that symptoms resolve within **1 month**. *2 weeks* - Similar to 1 week, 2 weeks is a duration that can occur within brief psychotic disorder, but it does not represent the minimum duration that distinguishes it from longer-term conditions. - The crucial threshold for duration in brief psychotic disorder is **less than 1 month**. *3 weeks* - Three weeks also falls within the diagnostic duration for brief psychotic disorder. - The essential criteria specify that psychotic symptoms must last **less than 1 month** to be classified as brief psychotic disorder.
Question 1333: Which of the following disorders is classified under somatic symptom and related disorders in the DSM-5?
- A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- B. Phobic disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder)
- C. Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) (Correct Answer)
- D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: ***Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)*** - **Conversion disorder** is characterized by neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) that are **incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions**, yet are not intentionally produced. - It falls under **somatic symptom and related disorders** because the primary features are physical symptoms causing distress or functional impairment, rather than being malingered or feigned. *Phobic disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder)* - **Phobic disorders** are classified under **anxiety disorders** in the DSM-5, not somatic symptom and related disorders. - They are primarily characterized by **intense, irrational fears** of specific objects or situations, leading to avoidance rather than prominent physical symptoms without a medical cause. *Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)* - **PTSD** is classified under **trauma- and stressor-related disorders** in the DSM-5, distinguished by symptoms developing after exposure to a traumatic event. - Its core features include **intrusive memories, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity**, rather than unexplained physical symptoms. *Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)* - **OCD** is classified under **obsessive-compulsive and related disorders** in the DSM-5. - It is primarily characterized by the presence of **obsessions (recurrent, intrusive thoughts)** and/or **compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts)**, which are distinct from somatic symptoms.
Question 1334: What is the drug of choice for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
- A. Alprazolam
- B. Buspirone (Correct Answer)
- C. Phenytoin
- D. β-blocker
Explanation: ***Buspirone*** - **Buspirone** is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that is effective for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and has a lower risk of dependence and sedation compared to benzodiazepines. - It acts as a partial agonist at **5-HT1A serotonin receptors**, which contributes to its anxiolytic effects without affecting GABAergic systems. *β-blocker* - **β-blockers** are primarily used to manage the **physical symptoms of anxiety**, such as palpitations and tremors, often in performance anxiety, rather than the core cognitive and emotional symptoms of GAD. - They do not address the underlying psychological aspects of generalized anxiety. *Alprazolam* - **Alprazolam** is a **benzodiazepine** that provides rapid relief of anxiety symptoms but carries a significant risk of **dependence, withdrawal, and sedation**, making it less suitable for long-term treatment of GAD. - Due to these risks, benzodiazepines are typically reserved for short-term use or acute anxiety management rather than as a first-line treatment for chronic GAD. *Phenytoin* - **Phenytoin** is an **antiepileptic drug** primarily used to treat seizures and does not have a recognized role in the management of generalized anxiety disorder. - Its mechanism of action involves stabilizing neuronal membranes and is unrelated to the neurochemical pathways targeted in anxiety disorders.
Question 1335: A student unable to deliver speech before an audience is suffering from?
- A. Social anxiety disorder (Correct Answer)
- B. Fear of open spaces
- C. Fear of enclosed spaces
- D. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Explanation: ***Social anxiety disorder*** - This condition involves an intense, persistent fear of social situations, particularly those where one might be scrutinized or judged by others. - Public speaking is a classic scenario that can trigger significant distress and avoidance in individuals with **social anxiety disorder**. *Fear of open spaces* - This symptom describes **agoraphobia**, which is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear and avoidance of situations or places that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment, often due to a perceived inability to escape. - While it can sometimes involve fear of public gatherings, its core is about escape/safety from open, unfamiliar, or overwhelming spaces, not specifically about performance. *Fear of enclosed spaces* - This refers to **claustrophobia**, which is an anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of confined spaces. - It does not involve the fear of speaking or performance before an audience. *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder* - **OCD** is characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety. - It does not typically manifest as an inability to deliver a speech before an audience unless the obsessions or compulsions directly interfere with such an activity, which is not the primary mechanism of this symptom.
Question 1336: Astasia-abasia is associated with which of the following conditions?
- A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- B. Depressive Disorder
- C. Bipolar Mood Disorder
- D. Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder*** - **Astasia-abasia**, which refers to an inability to stand (astasia) and walk (abasia) despite normal motor function when examined in bed, is a classical presentation of **Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder** (formerly conversion disorder). - This disorder involves neurological symptoms that are incompatible with recognized medical conditions and often linked to **psychological stressors**. - The gait disturbance is bizarre and inconsistent with any known neurological pattern. *Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder* - Characterized by re-experiencing a **traumatic event**, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal. - While it can manifest with physical symptoms, **astasia-abasia** is not a primary or characteristic feature. *Depressive Disorder* - Primarily involves persistent **sadness**, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. - Although physical symptoms like fatigue and psychomotor retardation can occur, **astasia-abasia** is not a typical presentation. *Bipolar Mood Disorder* - Distinguished by episodes of both **mania** (or hypomania) and **depression**. - Symptoms are predominantly mood-related, including extreme shifts in energy, activity levels, and concentration, not specific neurological deficits like astasia-abasia.
Question 1337: Which of the following symptoms is NOT included in the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV-TR somatization disorder?
- A. Sexual symptom
- B. Pain symptom
- C. GI symptom
- D. Visual symptoms (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Visual symptoms*** - **Visual symptoms** is NOT a separate diagnostic category in DSM-IV-TR somatization disorder criteria. - While visual symptoms (such as **double vision** or **blindness**) ARE part of the diagnostic criteria, they fall under the **pseudoneurological symptom** category, not as a distinct standalone category. - The DSM-IV-TR required **one pseudoneurological symptom** (which could include visual, motor, sensory symptoms, or seizures), but did not list "visual symptoms" as one of the four main symptom categories. *Sexual symptom* - The DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for somatization disorder explicitly included **sexual symptoms** as one of the four main categories. - At least **one sexual symptom** was required (such as sexual indifference, erectile dysfunction, irregular menses, or painful intercourse). *Pain symptom* - The DSM-IV-TR criteria included **pain symptoms** as one of the four main categories. - The criteria required **four pain symptoms** occurring in at least four different sites or functions (e.g., head, abdomen, back, joints, chest). *GI symptom* - The DSM-IV-TR criteria included **gastrointestinal symptoms** as one of the four main categories. - At least **two gastrointestinal symptoms** were required (such as nausea, bloating, vomiting other than during pregnancy, or diarrhea). **Key Point:** The four DSM-IV-TR symptom categories for somatization disorder were: (1) Pain, (2) Gastrointestinal, (3) Sexual, and (4) Pseudoneurological—NOT "visual symptoms" as a separate category.
Question 1338: Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of personality disorders?
- A. Starts in childhood.
- B. Behavior is maladaptive.
- C. Disorder results in personal distress.
- D. Ego dystonic symptoms (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Ego dystonic symptoms*** - Personality disorders are characterized by **ego-syntonic** traits, meaning the individual perceives their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as consistent with their self-image and acceptable. - **Ego-dystonic symptoms**, conversely, are experienced as alien, inconsistent with one's self-concept, and distressing (e.g., in OCD or major depressive disorder), which is **definitively NOT** a feature of personality disorders. - This is the key distinguishing feature: personality disorder traits are not perceived as problematic by the individual themselves (ego-syntonic), unlike neurotic disorders. *Starts in childhood.* - While personality traits and vulnerabilities may emerge in childhood, **formal diagnosis** of personality disorders is made in **late adolescence or early adulthood** (typically after age 18). - Per DSM-5 and ICD-11, the enduring pattern must be evident by early adulthood. - However, this option is less definitive as some underlying patterns do appear earlier, making "ego dystonic" the better answer. *Behavior is maladaptive.* - A **core diagnostic feature** of personality disorders is a pervasive pattern of **maladaptive behaviors** and inner experiences that deviate from cultural expectations. - These behaviors lead to distress, impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. - This IS characteristic of personality disorders. *Disorder results in personal distress.* - Despite ego-syntonic symptoms, individuals with personality disorders frequently experience **significant personal distress**, often arising from consequences of their behaviors, interpersonal conflicts, or functional impairment. - This distress IS characteristic, though it may be indirect rather than from the symptoms themselves. - This IS a feature of personality disorders.
Question 1339: Which personality disorder is characterized by suspiciousness?
- A. Paranoid personality disorder (Correct Answer)
- B. Schizoid personality disorder
- C. Anankastic personality disorder
- D. Schizotypal personality disorder
Explanation: ***Paranoid personality disorder*** - This disorder is fundamentally characterized by a pervasive **distrust and suspiciousness** of others' motives, interpreting them as malevolent. - Individuals with this disorder often believe others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them, even without sufficient evidence. *Schizoid personality disorder* - Characterized by a pervasive pattern of **detachment from social relationships** and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings. - Individuals with schizoid personality disorder typically show no interest in social interactions and exhibit **emotional coldness**, not suspiciousness. *Anankastic personality disorder* - This is another name for **Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)**, which is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control. - Individuals with OCPD are concerned with rules, details, and schedules, often at the expense of flexibility and efficiency, and do not typically exhibit suspiciousness. *Schizotypal personality disorder* - Characterized by a pattern of acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as **cognitive or perceptual distortions** and eccentricities of behavior. - While they may exhibit odd beliefs or magical thinking, their primary feature is not suspiciousness but rather unique patterns of thought, perception, and behavior.