Anesthesiology
1 questionsWho coined the term "balanced anaesthesia"?
NEET-PG 2013 - Anesthesiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: Who coined the term "balanced anaesthesia"?
- A. Simpson
- B. Fischer
- C. Morton
- D. Lundy (John S. Lundy) (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Lundy (John S. Lundy)*** - **John S. Lundy** is credited with coining the term "**balanced anaesthesia**" in the early 20th century. - This concept describes the use of **multiple anesthetic agents** in combination, each contributing to different aspects of anesthesia (e.g., hypnosis, analgesia, muscle relaxation). *Simpson* - **Sir James Young Simpson** was a Scottish physician who pioneered the use of **chloroform** and ether as anesthetics in the mid-19th century. - While he significantly advanced the field of anesthesia, he did not coin the term "balanced anaesthesia." *Fischer* - **Emil Fischer** was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on sugar and purine syntheses. - His contributions were primarily in organic chemistry and biochemistry, not directly in the field of clinical anesthesia terminology. *Morton* - **William T.G. Morton** was an American dentist who famously demonstrated the first public use of **ether** for surgical anesthesia in 1846. - He is known for popularizing ether as a surgical anesthetic but did not coin the term "balanced anaesthesia."
Dental
1 questionsTurn-buckle cast is used for ?
NEET-PG 2013 - Dental NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: Turn-buckle cast is used for ?
- A. Fracture of the humerus
- B. Management of spinal deformities (Correct Answer)
- C. Fracture of the femur
- D. Cervical spine immobilization
Explanation: ***Management of spinal deformities*** - A **turn-buckle cast** is specifically designed to apply gradual, corrective forces for **spinal deformities** like scoliosis or kyphosis. - It allows for incremental adjustments to the cast to achieve progressive stretching and correction of the spinal curve. *Fracture of the humerus* - **Humerus fractures** are typically managed with hanging arm casts, coaptation splints, or surgical fixation, depending on the fracture type and location. - A turn-buckle cast is not suitable for immobilizing or reducing a **humeral fracture**. *Fracture of the femur* - **Femur fractures** in adults usually require surgical intervention, such as intramedullary nailing, due to the high biomechanical stress on the bone. - For conservative management in children, traction or spica casts might be used, but not a **turn-buckle cast**. *Cervical spine immobilization* - **Cervical spine immobilization** is typically achieved using rigid cervical collars, halo vests, or specialized orthoses designed to restrict head and neck movement. - A turn-buckle cast is too bulky and not anatomically suitable for effective **cervical spine stabilization**.
Dermatology
1 questionsPotato nose is seen in ?
NEET-PG 2013 - Dermatology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: Potato nose is seen in ?
- A. Acne vulgaris
- B. Rhinosporoidosis
- C. Acne rosacea (Correct Answer)
- D. Lupus vulgaris
Explanation: ***Acne rosacea*** - **Potato nose**, also known as **rhinophyma**, is a severe manifestation of **acne rosacea**, characterized by thickened, red, and bumpy skin on the nose. - This condition results from **hyperplasia of sebaceous glands** and connective tissue in the nose, leading to its characteristic bulbous appearance. *Acne vulgaris* - This common skin condition is characterized by **comedones**, **papules**, **pustules**, and sometimes cysts, primarily on the face, chest, and back. - It does **not typically cause rhinophyma** or significant thickening of nasal skin. *Rhinosporoidosis* - This is a **chronic granulomatous fungal infection** affecting mucous membranes, particularly the nose. - While it can cause nasal polyps and masses, it does **not result in the sebaceous gland hyperplasia** and thickened skin characteristic of rhinophyma. *Lupus vulgaris* - Lupus vulgaris is a chronic and progressive form of **cutaneous tuberculosis**, often affecting the face. - It presents with **reddish-brown plaques** and nodules that can ulcerate and scar but does **not lead to the specific nasal hypertrophy** seen in rhinophyma.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsLovibond profile sign is seen in ?
NEET-PG 2013 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: Lovibond profile sign is seen in ?
- A. Koilonychia (spoon nails)
- B. Platynochia (flat nails)
- C. Nail clubbing (Correct Answer)
- D. Onycholysis (separation of the nail from the nail bed)
Explanation: Nail clubbing - The Lovibond profile sign (Lovibond's angle or profile sign) is a clinical finding where the angle between the nail plate and the proximal nail fold straightens or becomes greater than 180 degrees. - This sign is a key indicator of nail clubbing, which is often associated with underlying systemic conditions such as respiratory or cardiac diseases [1]. Koilonychia (spoon nails) - Koilonychia presents as concave or spoon-shaped nails, where the nail plate is depressed centrally with everted edges [1]. - This condition is typically associated with iron deficiency anemia and does not involve an alteration of the Lovibond angle. Platynochia (flat nails) - Platynochia refers to nails that are unusually flat without the normal convex curvature. - This is a descriptive term for nail shape and is not specifically evaluated by the Lovibond profile sign. Onycholysis (separation of the nail from the nail bed) - Onycholysis is the detachment of the nail plate from the nail bed, usually starting at the distal free edge. - This condition is unrelated to the angle of the nail and the nail fold, which are assessed by the Lovibond profile sign.
Orthopaedics
5 questionsWhat is the generally recommended maximum weight for skeletal traction in adult patients?
Which of the following is an orthopedic emergency?
Most common site of myositis ossificans ?
What is another name for ischial bursitis?
Bunion is commonly seen at ?
NEET-PG 2013 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: What is the generally recommended maximum weight for skeletal traction in adult patients?
- A. 5 kg
- B. 10 kg
- C. 20 kg
- D. 15 kg (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***15 kg*** - While the specific weight can vary based on the bone and patient, 10-15 kg is generally the **maximum recommended weight for skeletal traction** in adults to avoid complications. - Applying too much weight risks **damage to the bone, soft tissues, and nerves**, as well as potential pin site infections and neurovascular compromise. *5 kg* - This weight is typically more appropriate for **skin traction**, where the pulling force is applied externally to the skin, limiting the amount of weight that can be safely used without causing skin damage. - In skeletal traction, 5 kg is often used for **initial alignment or very tenuous fractures**, but it is generally insufficient for significant reduction or long-term stabilization. *10 kg* - 10 kg is a common starting point or moderate weight used in skeletal traction, particularly for **femur or tibia fractures**. - While often effective, it is not consistently the maximum safe weight, as some situations may allow or require slightly more weight up to 15 kg for optimal reduction. *20 kg* - Applying 20 kg of weight in skeletal traction is generally considered **excessive and dangerous** in most adult applications. - This high amount of weight significantly increases the risk of **pin loosening, osteomyelitis, neurovascular injury, and avascular necrosis**, especially in areas like the cervical spine or tibia.
Question 1292: Which of the following is an orthopedic emergency?
- A. Intraarticular fracture
- B. Septic arthritis (Correct Answer)
- C. Fracture lateral condyle humerus
- D. Fracture neck femur
Explanation: ***Septic arthritis*** - This is an **orthopedic emergency** due to the rapid destruction of cartilage and bone if not treated promptly. - It requires urgent **surgical washout** and intravenous antibiotics to prevent irreversible joint damage and systemic infection. *Intraarticular fracture* - While requiring careful management to optimize joint function, an **intraarticular fracture** is typically not an immediate emergency unless there's associated neurovascular compromise or compartment syndrome. - Surgical intervention can often be planned within a certain timeframe (days) rather than hours. *Fracture lateral condyle humerus* - This fracture in children is significant due to potential for non-union or avascular necrosis, but it is not considered an immediate **life- or limb-threatening emergency**. - Management usually involves **reduction and fixation** but does not carry the same degree of urgency as active joint infection. *Fracture neck femur* - A fractured neck of femur requires surgical intervention to prevent complications like **avascular necrosis** and optimize mobility, particularly in elderly patients. - While serious, it primarily presents a risk of long-term disability and complications, not an immediate destructive process like septic arthritis.
Question 1293: Most common site of myositis ossificans ?
- A. Shoulder
- B. Wrist
- C. Quadriceps/Thigh (Correct Answer)
- D. Elbow
Explanation: ***Quadriceps/Thigh*** - The **quadriceps and thigh** muscles are frequently affected due to their common involvement in sports injuries and trauma. - This region is prone to **hematoma formation** after contusions, which can predispose to ectopic bone formation. *Shoulder* - While the shoulder can be affected by myositis ossificans, it is **less common** than the quadriceps. - Traumatic myositis ossificans in the shoulder typically involves the **deltoid muscle**. *Wrist* - Myositis ossificans of the **wrist is rare** and usually occurs after severe trauma or crush injuries. - The small muscle mass and limited direct trauma to the wrist muscles make it an **unlikely primary site**. *Elbow* - Myositis ossificans can occur around the elbow, particularly in the **brachialis muscle**, often following dislocations or fractures. - However, the elbow is still **less commonly affected overall** compared to the large muscle groups of the thigh.
Question 1294: What is another name for ischial bursitis?
- A. Weaver's bottom (Correct Answer)
- B. Trochanteric bursitis
- C. Prepatellar bursitis
- D. Olecranon bursitis
Explanation: ***Weaver's bottom*** - This is a common **colloquial term** for ischial bursitis, describing the condition that can arise from prolonged sitting. - The **ischial bursa** lies between the ischial tuberosity and the gluteus maximus, which can become inflamed from pressure. *Prepatellar bursitis* - This refers to inflammation of the bursa located over the **kneecap**. - It is often called **"housemaid's knee"** due to its association with prolonged kneeling. *Trochanteric bursitis* - This is inflammation of the bursa located over the **greater trochanter of the femur**, on the outer side of the hip. - It causes pain in the **lateral hip region**, often radiating down the thigh. *Olecranon bursitis* - This involves inflammation of the bursa located at the **tip of the elbow** (olecranon process). - It is sometimes called **"student's elbow"** or **"miner's elbow"** due to repetitive trauma or pressure.
Question 1295: Bunion is commonly seen at ?
- A. Great toe MTP joint (Correct Answer)
- B. Medial malleolus
- C. Lateral Malleolus
- D. Shin of tibia
Explanation: ***Great toe MTP joint*** - A bunion, or **hallux valgus**, is a bump that forms on the outside of the **first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint** of the big toe. - This common foot deformity involves structural changes that result in the big toe pointing towards the smaller toes. *Medial malleolus* - The medial malleolus is the bony prominence on the **inside of the ankle**. - It is part of the tibia and forms the inner wall of the ankle joint, not typically where bunions occur. *Lateral Malleolus* - The lateral malleolus is the bony protrusion on the **outside of the ankle**. - It is part of the fibula and forms the outer wall of the ankle joint, unrelated to bunion formation. *Shin of tibia* - The shin refers to the **anterior crest of the tibia**, the large bone in the lower leg. - This area is prone to conditions like shin splints or fractures, but not bunions.
Surgery
1 questionsWhich type of fracture is most likely to cause exsanguinating blood loss?
NEET-PG 2013 - Surgery NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1291: Which type of fracture is most likely to cause exsanguinating blood loss?
- A. Closed tibial fracture
- B. Open femoral fracture (Correct Answer)
- C. Open humeral fracture
- D. Closed humeral fracture
Explanation: ***Open femoral fracture*** - An **open femoral fracture** involves both a break in the **femur** (the largest bone in the body, which houses significant marrow and has an extensive blood supply) and a break in the skin, allowing for direct external bleeding. - The **femur** can bleed up to **1-2 liters internally** even in a closed fracture, and an **open fracture** compounds this risk with direct external blood loss, leading to rapid exsanguination. *Closed tibial fracture* - A **closed tibial fracture** does not involve a break in the skin, so external bleeding is not a primary concern. - While there can be internal bleeding, the **tibia** is smaller than the femur and generally causes less significant blood loss (typically **250-500 mL**) compared to a femoral fracture. *Open humeral fracture* - An **open humeral fracture** involves exposure of the bone to the outside, but the **humerus** is a smaller bone with less marrow volume and blood supply compared to the femur. - While bleeding can be significant, especially if major vessels like the **brachial artery** are damaged, the overall potential for rapid, life-threatening **exsanguination** is less than with a femoral fracture. *Closed humeral fracture* - A **closed humeral fracture** does not involve a break in the skin, limiting blood loss to internal bleeding within the arm. - The **humerus** is a relatively smaller bone and, in a closed fracture, the surrounding tissues can tamponade some of the bleeding, making exsanguinating hemorrhage unlikely.