Pharmacology
1 questionsWhich of the following medications is not typically used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
NEET-PG 2013 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1231: Which of the following medications is not typically used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction?
- A. Beta blockers (Correct Answer)
- B. Papaverine
- C. Sildenafil
- D. PG-E
Explanation: ***Beta blockers*** - **Beta blockers** are primarily used to treat conditions like **hypertension** and **heart disease**. - While they can cause ED as a side effect, they are **not used for its treatment**. *Sildenafil* - **Sildenafil** is a **PDE5 inhibitor** that works by increasing **blood flow to the penis**, facilitating an erection. - It is a **first-line oral medication** widely prescribed for erectile dysfunction. *PG-E* - **PG-E** refers to **Prostaglandin E1** (alprostadil), which can be administered via **intracavernosal injection** or **urethral suppository**. - It directly causes **vasodilation** in the penis, leading to an erection, and is used when oral medications are ineffective or contraindicated. *Papaverine* - **Papaverine** is a **non-specific vasodilator** that can be used as an **intracavernosal injection** for ED. - It works by relaxing **smooth muscle** in the penile arteries, increasing blood flow and inducing an erection, often used in combination with phentolamine.
Psychiatry
9 questionsA student unable to deliver speech before an audience is suffering from?
What is the drug of choice for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
Which of the following disorders is classified under somatic symptom and related disorders in the DSM-5?
According to DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of brief psychotic disorder must resolve within what time period to differentiate it from longer-term psychotic conditions like schizophreniform disorder?
The delusion that involves the belief that a familiar person has been replaced by someone else is known as?
Which of the following is the most classic example of a delusion?
What does the term 'Folie-à-deux' refer to?
All are required to diagnose major depression except?
Cyclothymia is classified as which type of mood disorder?
NEET-PG 2013 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1231: A student unable to deliver speech before an audience is suffering from?
- A. Social anxiety disorder (Correct Answer)
- B. Fear of open spaces
- C. Fear of enclosed spaces
- D. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Explanation: ***Social anxiety disorder*** - This condition involves an intense, persistent fear of social situations, particularly those where one might be scrutinized or judged by others. - Public speaking is a classic scenario that can trigger significant distress and avoidance in individuals with **social anxiety disorder**. *Fear of open spaces* - This symptom describes **agoraphobia**, which is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear and avoidance of situations or places that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment, often due to a perceived inability to escape. - While it can sometimes involve fear of public gatherings, its core is about escape/safety from open, unfamiliar, or overwhelming spaces, not specifically about performance. *Fear of enclosed spaces* - This refers to **claustrophobia**, which is an anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of confined spaces. - It does not involve the fear of speaking or performance before an audience. *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder* - **OCD** is characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety. - It does not typically manifest as an inability to deliver a speech before an audience unless the obsessions or compulsions directly interfere with such an activity, which is not the primary mechanism of this symptom.
Question 1232: What is the drug of choice for treating generalized anxiety disorder?
- A. Alprazolam
- B. Buspirone (Correct Answer)
- C. Phenytoin
- D. β-blocker
Explanation: ***Buspirone*** - **Buspirone** is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that is effective for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and has a lower risk of dependence and sedation compared to benzodiazepines. - It acts as a partial agonist at **5-HT1A serotonin receptors**, which contributes to its anxiolytic effects without affecting GABAergic systems. *β-blocker* - **β-blockers** are primarily used to manage the **physical symptoms of anxiety**, such as palpitations and tremors, often in performance anxiety, rather than the core cognitive and emotional symptoms of GAD. - They do not address the underlying psychological aspects of generalized anxiety. *Alprazolam* - **Alprazolam** is a **benzodiazepine** that provides rapid relief of anxiety symptoms but carries a significant risk of **dependence, withdrawal, and sedation**, making it less suitable for long-term treatment of GAD. - Due to these risks, benzodiazepines are typically reserved for short-term use or acute anxiety management rather than as a first-line treatment for chronic GAD. *Phenytoin* - **Phenytoin** is an **antiepileptic drug** primarily used to treat seizures and does not have a recognized role in the management of generalized anxiety disorder. - Its mechanism of action involves stabilizing neuronal membranes and is unrelated to the neurochemical pathways targeted in anxiety disorders.
Question 1233: Which of the following disorders is classified under somatic symptom and related disorders in the DSM-5?
- A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- B. Phobic disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder)
- C. Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) (Correct Answer)
- D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Explanation: ***Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)*** - **Conversion disorder** is characterized by neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) that are **incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions**, yet are not intentionally produced. - It falls under **somatic symptom and related disorders** because the primary features are physical symptoms causing distress or functional impairment, rather than being malingered or feigned. *Phobic disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder)* - **Phobic disorders** are classified under **anxiety disorders** in the DSM-5, not somatic symptom and related disorders. - They are primarily characterized by **intense, irrational fears** of specific objects or situations, leading to avoidance rather than prominent physical symptoms without a medical cause. *Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)* - **PTSD** is classified under **trauma- and stressor-related disorders** in the DSM-5, distinguished by symptoms developing after exposure to a traumatic event. - Its core features include **intrusive memories, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity**, rather than unexplained physical symptoms. *Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)* - **OCD** is classified under **obsessive-compulsive and related disorders** in the DSM-5. - It is primarily characterized by the presence of **obsessions (recurrent, intrusive thoughts)** and/or **compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts)**, which are distinct from somatic symptoms.
Question 1234: According to DSM-5 criteria, symptoms of brief psychotic disorder must resolve within what time period to differentiate it from longer-term psychotic conditions like schizophreniform disorder?
- A. 1 week
- B. 3 weeks
- C. 2 weeks
- D. 1 month (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1 month*** - According to **DSM-5 criteria**, brief psychotic disorder is characterized by symptoms lasting more than **1 day** but less than **1 month**. - If psychotic symptoms persist for **1 month or longer**, it indicates a different diagnosis, such as schizophreniform disorder or schizophrenia, requiring further evaluation. *1 week* - While psychotic symptoms may be present for 1 week in brief psychotic disorder, this duration is within the disorder's diagnostic window but not its defining upper limit. - The key differentiator for brief psychotic disorder is that symptoms resolve within **1 month**. *2 weeks* - Similar to 1 week, 2 weeks is a duration that can occur within brief psychotic disorder, but it does not represent the minimum duration that distinguishes it from longer-term conditions. - The crucial threshold for duration in brief psychotic disorder is **less than 1 month**. *3 weeks* - Three weeks also falls within the diagnostic duration for brief psychotic disorder. - The essential criteria specify that psychotic symptoms must last **less than 1 month** to be classified as brief psychotic disorder.
Question 1235: The delusion that involves the belief that a familiar person has been replaced by someone else is known as?
- A. Capgras syndrome (Correct Answer)
- B. Cotard syndrome
- C. Othello syndrome
- D. Fregoli syndrome
Explanation: ***Capgras syndrome*** - This **delusional misidentification syndrome** is characterized by the belief that a familiar person (e.g., a spouse, child, or parent) has been replaced by an identical imposter. - It often occurs in individuals with **schizophrenia**, **dementia**, or following **brain injury**. *Cotard syndrome* - This syndrome involves a nihilistic delusion where the individual believes they are **dead**, do not exist, or have lost their organs or blood. - It is often associated with severe **depression**, psychosis, or neurological disorders. *Othello syndrome* - Also known as **delusional jealousy**, this involves the unfounded belief that one's partner is being unfaithful. - It is a **primary delusional disorder** but can also be seen in conditions like alcohol dependence or neurodegenerative diseases. *Fregoli syndrome* - This is another **delusional misidentification syndrome** where the person believes that different people are actually the same person in disguise. - It is the opposite of Capgras syndrome and may occur in **schizophrenia** or **organic brain disorders**.
Question 1236: Which of the following is the most classic example of a delusion?
- A. Othello syndrome (Correct Answer)
- B. Pyromania
- C. Kleptomania
- D. De Clérambault's syndrome
Explanation: ***Othello syndrome*** - **Othello syndrome**, also known as **delusional jealousy**, is characterized by a *fixed, unfounded belief* that one's partner is being unfaithful. - This is a classic example of a **delusion** because it involves a **fixed, false belief** that is firmly held despite clear evidence to the contrary and is not amenable to logic or persuasion. - The syndrome demonstrates all core features of a delusion: **unshakeable conviction**, **imperviousness to contradictory evidence**, and **significant impact on behavior**. *De Clérambault's syndrome* - **De Clérambault's syndrome**, or **erotomania**, is a delusional disorder where an individual *believes another person, often of higher status, is in love with them*. - While this is also a classic example of a delusional disorder, **Othello syndrome** is more frequently cited in clinical teaching as the prototypical example of an isolated, circumscribed delusion. *Pyromania* - **Pyromania** is an **impulse control disorder** characterized by recurrent, deliberate fire-setting driven by tension or arousal. - It involves **behavioral impulsivity** and *not a fixed false belief*, thus it is not a delusion. *Kleptomania* - **Kleptomania** is another **impulse control disorder** characterized by recurrent failure to resist urges to steal objects not needed for personal use. - Like pyromania, it represents a **disorder of impulse control** rather than a disorder of thought content or belief system.
Question 1237: What does the term 'Folie-à-deux' refer to?
- A. Delusion of persecution
- B. Sharing of delusion (Correct Answer)
- C. Delusion of double
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Sharing of delusion*** - **Folie-à-deux**, also known as **shared psychotic disorder**, describes a rare psychiatric syndrome in which a **delusional belief** is transmitted from one individual to another. - It typically occurs between two people in a close relationship, where one individual (the primary case) develops a delusion and the other person (the secondary case) subsequently adopts the same delusion. *Delusion of persecution* - A **delusion of persecution** is a specific type of delusion where an individual believes they are being harmed, harassed, or conspired against by others. - While it can be the content of a shared delusion in folie-à-deux, the term itself refers to the *type* of delusion, not the *sharing* mechanism. *Delusion of double* - "Delusion of double" is not a standard term for folie-à-deux. - This phrase might be confused with **delusional misidentification syndromes** (like Capgras syndrome where a person believes someone has been replaced by an identical impostor), but this is a different concept from shared psychotic disorder. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because "sharing of delusion" accurately defines folie-à-deux.
Question 1238: All are required to diagnose major depression except?
- A. Depressed mood
- B. Decreased concentration
- C. Nihilistic ideas (Correct Answer)
- D. Insomnia
Explanation: ***Nihilistic ideas*** - While nihilistic ideas (e.g., belief that life is meaningless or that nothing matters) can occur in severe depression, they are **not a mandatory diagnostic criterion** for major depressive disorder (MDD). - The diagnosis of MDD requires a specific number of core symptoms, and nihilistic ideation is not listed as one of them in diagnostic manuals like the DSM-5. *Depressed mood* - A **depressed mood** for most of the day, nearly every day, is one of the two **cardinal symptoms** required for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. - The other cardinal symptom is anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure). *Insomnia* - **Insomnia** (difficulty falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping excessively) is a common neurovegetative symptom of major depressive disorder and is one of the **nine diagnostic criteria**. - At least 5 of these 9 criteria must be present for a diagnosis, including at least one of the two cardinal symptoms. *Decreased concentration* - **Diminished ability to think or concentrate**, or indecisiveness, is another of the **nine diagnostic criteria** for major depressive disorder. - This cognitive symptom highlights the impact of depression on mental function beyond mood.
Question 1239: Cyclothymia is classified as which type of mood disorder?
- A. Major depression
- B. Dysthymia
- C. Persistent mood disorder
- D. Bipolar mood disorder (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Bipolar mood disorder*** - **Cyclothymia (Cyclothymic Disorder)** is classified under **Bipolar and Related Disorders** in both DSM-5 and ICD-11, making it part of the bipolar spectrum. - It is characterized by **chronic, fluctuating mood disturbances** lasting at least 2 years (1 year in children/adolescents) with numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes. - The alternating, less severe mood swings share the fundamental **bipolar pattern** of mood elevation and depression, hence its classification under bipolar mood disorders. *Major depression* - **Major depressive disorder** is a unipolar mood disorder involving persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and other depressive symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning, **without any episodes of mania or hypomania**. - Cyclothymia involves **mood instability with both elevated and depressed periods**, which distinguishes it from unipolar major depression. *Dysthymia* - **Dysthymia** (now termed **Persistent Depressive Disorder** in DSM-5) is characterized by chronic, low-grade depressive symptoms lasting at least 2 years, **without manic or hypomanic episodes**. - While both involve sub-threshold symptoms, cyclothymia includes periods of **hypomanic symptoms** (elevated mood, increased energy), which are absent in dysthymia. *Persistent mood disorder* - This is a broad, non-specific descriptive term rather than a formal diagnostic category in DSM-5 or ICD-11. - While cyclothymia is indeed a persistent condition, it is **specifically categorized under Bipolar and Related Disorders** due to the presence of both elevated (hypomanic) and depressed mood states.