INI-CET 2018 - Physiology PYQs Practice Questions

Q: A macrophage engulfs different cells as shown in the image. This is known as?

Emperipolesis. ***Emperipolesis*** - The image shows a large cell (likely a macrophage or megakaryocyte) containing **intact various blood cells** within its cytoplasm without signs of degeneration. - **Emperipolesis** is specifically defined as the **active penetration of one cell by another**, where both the engulfed and engulfing cells remain viable. *Phagocytosis* - **Phagocytosis** involves the ingestion and subsequent **destruction or degradation** of foreign particles, microorganisms, or cellular debris. - The cells within the macrophage in the image appear **morphologically intact** and not in a state of degradation. *Killing* - **Killing** implies the process by which a cell actively destroys another cell, often through mechanisms like **apoptosis or necrosis**. - There are **no morphological features** in the image to suggest that the engulfed cells are being actively killed or are undergoing degeneration. *Cytotoxicity* - **Cytotoxicity** refers to the ability of certain immune cells (e.g., cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells) to **kill target cells**. - This process usually involves specific recognition and induction of target cell death, which is not what is depicted by the presence of intact cells within another cell. [Practice more Physiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Identify the inheritance pattern shown below.

X linked recessive. ***X linked recessive*** - The pattern shows that mainly **males are affected**, and the trait skips generations (e.g., individual I-1 is unaffected, but his children are affected). - Affected fathers (like II-3) do not pass the trait to their sons, but their daughters are carriers and can pass it on to their sons (like IV-1). *Y linked recessive* - In Y-linked inheritance, only **males would be affected**, and all sons of an affected father would inherit the trait. - This pedigree shows unaffected fathers having affected sons, and not all sons of affected males are affected directly. *X linked dominant* - In X-linked dominant inheritance, affected fathers pass the trait to **all their daughters**, and at least one parent would be affected in each generation. - This pedigree shows skipping of generations and affected individuals being born to unaffected parents (e.g., II-3 and III-5). *Y linked dominant* - Y-linked inheritance, whether dominant or recessive, would only affect **males** and would be directly passed from father to all sons. - The pedigree shows unaffected parents having affected offspring (e.g., I-1 and I-2 produced II-3), which rules out Y-linked inheritance. [Practice more Physiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: In the image shown below, which of the marked area is involved in relieving pain in response to massage?

Area A. ***A*** - Area A points to the **dorsal columns** (specifically the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus) of the spinal cord, which carry **mechanoreceptive** and proprioceptive information. - Massage activates large diameter afferent fibers which transmit signals via the dorsal columns, inhibiting pain transmission through the **gate control theory of pain**. *B* - Area B points to the **dorsal horn** (specifically lamina I, II, and V), which is primarily involved in receiving and processing **nociceptive input**. - While integration of pain occurs here, it is not the primary pathway for the **modulatory effects of touch/pressure** from massage for pain relief. *C* - Area C indicates the **ventral horn** of the spinal cord, which contains **motor neurons** that control skeletal muscle activity. - It is involved in motor output, not directly in the sensory processing or modulation of pain signals from massage. *D* - Area D points to the **lateral white matter**, which contains various ascending and descending tracts, including the **spinothalamic tract** (primary pain pathway) and corticospinal tract. - While the spinothalamic tract carries pain signals, the direct pain-relieving effect of massage primarily involves activation of mechanoreceptors whose signals ascend via the dorsal columns. [Practice more Physiology PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

A macrophage engulfs different cells as shown in the image. This is known as?

Accepted Answer

Emperipolesis

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Killing

Answer

Cytotoxicity

Question 2

Identify the inheritance pattern shown below.

Accepted Answer

X linked recessive

Answer

Y linked recessive

Answer

X linked dominant

Answer

Y linked dominant

Question 3

In the image shown below, which of the marked area is involved in relieving pain in response to massage?

Accepted Answer

Area A

Answer

Area B

Answer

Area C

Answer

Area D

INI-CET 2018 — Physiology