Cardiology — Flashcards

Cardiology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Cardiology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Cardiology Flashcard Deck - 3765 Cards

Flashcard 1: What is Ebstein's anomaly?

Answer: atrialized right ventricle

Flashcard 2: medial medullary syndrome

Answer: stroke in paramedian branches of ASA and/or vertebral arteries

Extra: lower limb hemiparesis, loss of proprioception, tongue deviation

Flashcard 3: migraine headache

Answer: irritation of CN 5, meninges, and/or blood vessels

Extra: release of substance P, CGRP, vasoactive peptidespulsating unilateral headache; 4-72 hr duration; +/- nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, auraabortive - triptans prophylactic - propranalol, topiramate

Flashcard 4: familial hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia type IIA)

Answer:

Extra: severe atherosclerotic disease early in life, tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus, very early MIelevated LDL and cholesterolADLDL receptor

Flashcard 5: Bacterial endocarditis requires multiple _____ cultures for diagnosis

Answer: blood

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 6: Patients with scleroderma can present with a sclerodermal renal crisis, which is an intense renal failure that causes _____

Answer: hypertensive emergency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 7: The average age of presentation for lung cancer is _____ years old

Answer: 60

Flashcard 8: Evidence of prior group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection includes elevated _____ or anti-DNase B titers

Answer: anti-streptolysin O (ASO)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 9: What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus? _____

Answer: Type 2

Flashcard 10: Sarcoidosis is associated with elevated serum levels of the enzyme _____

Answer: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Extra: Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 11: What is the serum level of calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism? _____

Answer: Increased (hypercalcemia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can lead to interstitial fibrosis and _____ lung disease with chronic exposure to the inhaled antigen

Answer: restrictive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 13: What eye pathology is associated with sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Uveitis

Extra: * vision loss due retinal and optic nerve involvement; Anterior uveitis manifesting as redness, blurry vision, & glaucoma Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki erythema, burning, blurred vision anterior uveitis = inflamed iris/ciliary body

Flashcard 14: _____ pneumothorax may be due to diseased lung (e.g. bullae in emphysema, infections) or meconium aspiration

Answer: Secondary spontaneous

Flashcard 15: Loxoscelism describes a necrotic wound and less commonly fever, malaise, anemia that is caused by a(n) _____ bite

Answer: brown recluse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 16: Which thyroid disorder is associated with high concentrations of Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)? _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: * TRAb - An antibody against the TSH receptor, which can be found on thyroid epithelial cells, adipose tissue, and fibroblasts. * Increased levels are strongly associated with Graves disease (~ 90% of patients) and weakly associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis and multinodular goiter (~10-15% of patients). Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 17: _____ hypertension (5-10% of cases) is due to an identifiable etiology

Answer: Secondary

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: Which renal tubular defect presents similarly to lifelong thiazide diuretic use? _____

Answer: Gitelman syndrome

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 19: Emphysema may present with weight _____

Answer: loss

Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: Increased levels of IgE in Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis leads to _____, causing intense inflammation of airways and mucus plugs in terminal bronchioles. Repeated attacks may lead to bronchiectasis

Answer: eosinophilia

Extra: Watch Aspergillus fumigatus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-aspergillus-fumigatus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 21: _ is commonly found growing on heroin IV injection of the drug can therefore lead to _

Answer: Candida albicans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 22: Which vasculitide presents with limb claudication and subclavien steal syndrome? _____

Answer: Takayasu arteritis

Flashcard 23: What demographic is most commonly associated with triple negative breast cancer? _____

Answer: African American women

Extra: Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 24: Which type of muscle fibers undergo atrophy in hypothyroid myopathy? _____ *bonus: why?

Answer: Fast twitch (type II)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 25: Patients with HbSC (1 of each mutant gene) have _____ disease than HbSS patients

Answer: milder

Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 26: Which aneurysm, true ventricular aneurysm or pseudo-aneurysm, is more likely to rupture? _____

Answer: Pseudo-aneurysm

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 27: Does hypothyroidism present with hypo- or hyper-cholesterolemia? Why? _____

Answer: Hypercholesterolemia; due to decreased LDL receptor expression

Extra: * decreased thyroid hormone -> down regulation of LDL receptors in peripheral tissues -> accumulation of LDL in blood Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 28: Increased age, african american, and family history are non-modifiable risk factors for developing primary _____

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 29: A putamen hemorrhage (ex. rupture of charcot-bouchard microaneurysm on vessels supplying putamen) manifests with: _____ hemiparesis - damage to Internal Capsule / genu contralateral hemisensory loss - damage to thalamus gaze deviation towards side of bleed - damage to frontal eye fields

Answer: contralateral

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: What endocrine pathology is associated with cataracts? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 31: What is the most common cause of aortic regurgitation? _____

Answer: Isolated aortic root dilation

Extra: * according to sketchy in the developed world the most common cause is dystrophic calcification Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 32: TTP and HUS typically present with _ PT and _ PTT

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 33: Nephrotic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by protein-uria _____ g/day

Answer: > 3.5

Flashcard 34: What effect does chronic kidney disease have on serum potassium levels? _____

Answer: Increased (hyperkalemia)

Extra: * due to decreased potassium filtration and excretion https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: Male breast cancer most commonly presents as a(n) _____ mass in older males

Answer: subareolar

Flashcard 36: What determines the severity of effusion and morbidity in cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: The rate of pericardial filling

Flashcard 37: Carboxyhemoglobinemia (CO poisoning) may be treated with _____ and hyperbaric O2

Answer: 100% O2

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 38: The symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis are most commonly elicited when _____

Answer: walking

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/radiculopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 39: Phagocytosis of IgG-coated platelets in the spleen and systemic thrombosis are the two causes of thrombocytopenia in _____

Answer: HIT

Flashcard 40: Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism Summary Table: no answer _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 41: Bornholm's disease is characterized by sharp pain in the lower _ _-laterally

Answer: chest

Extra: Watch Coxsackievirus A & B (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coxsackievirus-a-and-b-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 42: IV drug users are at an increased risk of causing candidal endocarditis, most commonly of the _____ valve

Answer: tricuspid

Extra: Watch Candida albicans [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-candida-albicans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients taking carbamazepine or phenytoin is associated with HLA-_____, which is typically seen in those of Asian ancestry

Answer: B1502

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Toxic epidermal necrolysis/Stevens-Johnson syndrome This 6-month-old patient presents with toxic epidermal necrolysis, the severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Smallpox vaccination can trigger toxic epidermal necrolysis. Stevens-Johnson syndrome following sulfonamide treatment Blistering of skin and epidermal detachment involving the conjunctiva are visible, resembling a superficial burn.

Flashcard 44: ACE inhibitors slow the progression of diabetic _____

Answer: nephropathy

Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal Watch ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Aliskiren [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-heart-failure-drugs-ace-inhibitors-arbs-aliskiren?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki slows progression by decreasing GFR (no more AT2 efferent constriction), since the pathogenesis is 2/2 ↑ GFR hyperfiltration injury

Flashcard 45: Does secondary adrenocortical insufficiency present with hyperpigmentation? Why? _____

Answer: No, ACTH levels are low therefore there is no increased melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Flashcard 46: What is the etiology of a stiff, immobile neck in rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Fusion of cervical vertebral facets (ankylosis)

Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: "_____" or "Dendritic" corneal ulcers are seen in Fluorescein slit lamp exam of Keratoconjunctivitis from HSV-1

Answer: Serpiginous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 48: _____ is formed by radioactive decay of uranium, which is present in soil

Answer: Radon

Flashcard 49: _____ diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia with an inability to concentrate urine due to lack of ADH

Answer: Central

Extra: *Generous pee stream = polyuria Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 50: One clinical feature of Cushing syndrome is _____, which is a result of an upregulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors, causing increased sensitivity of blood vessels to catecholamines

Answer: hypertension

Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: What demographic is associated with Paget disease of bone? _____

Answer: Late adulthood (age > 60)

Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 52: What is the general underlying cause of a normocytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count > 3%? _____

Answer: Peripheral destruction (hemolysis)

Extra: * due to increased RBC production by the bone marrow Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 53: _____ disease may also be referred to as thromboangiitis obliterans

Answer: Buerger

Flashcard 54: What HLA subtypes are associated with SLE? _ and _

Answer: DR2

Flashcard 55: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____ 1. Nonfluent speech 2. Intact comprehension 3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Broca (expressive) aphasia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: Cardiogenic and obstructive shock are characterized by skin that is _ and _

Answer: cold

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 57: Mitral stenosis is usually due to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic valve

Flashcard 58: _____ aortic dissection involves the descending aorta and/or the aortic arch

Answer: Stanford type B (distal)

Extra: Watch Aortic Dissection [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-dissection?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 59: Pleural effusion presents with _____ to percussion

Answer: dullness

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 60: Patients who develop pulmonary emboli may develop right heart strain that generates a(n) _____ ECG finding

Answer: S1Q3T3

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: What is the level of estrogen in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: Valvular thickening, nonbacterial vegetations, nonbacterial endocarditis and CAD (MI) are cardiac manifestions of _____ syndrome

Answer: antiphospholipid antibody

Flashcard 63: What are the two most common causes of osteomyelitis in health-care related vertebral osteomyelitis associated with intravascular devices? _____

Answer: Staph aureus, CoNS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 64: IV nitroglycerine can be used in the treatment of hypertensive _____

Answer: emergency

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Nitrates) Watch Nitrates [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-nitrates?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by Lithium toxicity? _____

Answer: Distal RTA (type 1)

Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 66: Hantavirus can result in _____ capillary leak

Answer: pulmonary

Extra: Watch Hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-hantavirus-california-encephalitis-virus-rift-valley-fever-virus-bunyaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: Which antibody is sensitive for drug-induced lupus? _____

Answer: Anti-histone antibodies

Flashcard 68: Carbon monoxide poisoning is classically associated with bilateral _____ lesions on MRI

Answer: globus pallidus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 69: Raynaud phenomenon is characterized by a skin color change from ___ (ischemia) to _ (hypoxia) to ___ (reperfusion)

Answer: white

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 70: A craniopharyngioma may cause pressure necrosis and lead to _____pituitarism

Answer: hypo

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/pediatric-brain-tumors?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Patients with late diabetic neuropathy have widespread loss of reflexes with motor _____

Answer: weakness

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 72: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to a pulmonary embolus? _____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 73: Neutropenia may result from severe _____

Answer: infection (e.g. gram-negative sepsis)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: von Willebrand disease is associated with an abnormal _____ assay

Answer: Ristocetin

Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: How do serum K+ levels change in Bartter syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: von Willebrand disease presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: normal

Extra: * b/c it is a defect in platelet plug formation (secondary hemostasis) Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 77: Without treatment, patients with giant cell (temporal) arteritis are at high risk for _____

Answer: blindness

Flashcard 78: Lung cancer has a(n) _ 5-year survival rate because the disease often presents _ in its course

Answer: low

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: MEN_ and MEN_ may cause primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: 1

Extra: Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-men?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 80: T-cell ALL (leukemia or lymphoma) often presents with _____, particularly in the cervical, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes

Answer: lymphadenopathy

Extra: Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 81: What effect does the hand grip maneuver have on the "click" onset time of MVP murmurs? _____

Answer: Later onset of click/murmur

Extra: * hand grip increases afterload which delays aortic valve opening due to built up SVR (afterload), thus the midsystolic click is heard later because the LV pumping blood is delayed Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: Amaurosis fugax presents with a painless, transient, monocular vision loss that is caused by a small embolus to the _____ artery

Answer: ophthalamic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Costosternal syndrome (costochondritis) typically presents after repetitive activity and involves the upper costal cartilage at the _ or _ junctions

Answer: costochondral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Coronavirus is a virus that can cause acute bronchitis, eventually leading to _____

Answer: ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

Extra: Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-pancreatic-disease-pancreatic-cancer-and-islet-cell-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: 1-2% of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of underdetermined significance (MGUS) develop _____ per year

Answer: multiple myeloma

Flashcard 86: Characteristic petechial rash in meningococcemia indicates _____

Answer: thrombocytopenia

Extra: Watch Neisseria meningitidis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-meningitidis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 87: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis presents clinically with progressive _____, cough, and digital clubbing

Answer: dyspnea

Extra: Watch Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: Headache, seizures, and vomiting may present with _____ hypertension

Answer: intracranial

Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: A bicuspid aortic valve presents with a soft systolic early ejection murmur that radiates to the _____ with a high frequency ejection click

Answer: neck

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/heart?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 90: One source of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is from the _____ of endothelial cells

Answer: Weibel-Palade bodies

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 91: Which microcytic anemias present with increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia, Anemia of chronic disease

Extra: * excess of protoporphyrin relative to iron (decreased heme) Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 92: Endocarditis secondary to rheumatic fever most commonly affects the _____ valve

Answer: mitral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may impair _____ valve closure, thus causing regurgitation

Answer: mitral

Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: Anti-phospholipid syndrome is characterized by a(n) _____-coagulable state

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 95: What disease is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 96: What is the treatment for von Willebrand disease? _____

Answer: Desmopressin

Flashcard 97: The cause of primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often _____

Answer: idiopathic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 98: Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) can be seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome in thymomas and _____ leukemias

Answer: lymphocytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 99: What demographic is classically affected by polyarteritis nodosa? _____

Answer: Middle-aged men

Flashcard 100: What demographic is associated with Ewing sarcoma? _____

Answer: Boys < 15 years old

Extra: Watch Malignant Bone Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-malignant-bone-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/bone-tumors/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 101: When patients with Autosomal Dominant PKD develop hypertension or proteinuria, you may treat with _____

Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Extra: Watch Congenital & Cystic Kidney Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-congenital-and-cystic-kidney-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 102: Pneumonitis, glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and palpable purpura are common clinical symptoms of _____ vessel vasculitides

Answer: small

Extra: * Symptoms vary -> papules/plaques, hematuria/AKI, crescents, interstitial fibrosis, etc Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 103: What is the treatment for antiphospholipid syndrome? _____

Answer: Anticoagulants

Flashcard 104: Which thyroid imbalance presents with proximal muscle weakness and normal creatine kinase? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Extra: * As opposed to elevated creatine kinase in hypothyroid myopathy; thyrotoxic myopathy Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: Both polymyositis and dermatomyositis are associated with _____ disease

Answer: interstitial lung

Extra: - reported in 10-40% of cases; prevalence can reach 70% in pt. with anti-histidyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (anti-Jo-1) or antimelanoma differentiation associated protein (MDA)-5 antibodies. Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: Acute leukemias are typically associated with _____ circulating WBCs

Answer: increased

Flashcard 107: Over 90% of Alzheimer disease cases are _____

Answer: sporadic

Extra: Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 108: What CNS complication can arise with measles (rubeola)? _____

Answer: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 109: _____ is an advanced stage of peripheral artery disease that is a triad of Ischemic Rest Pain, Arterial Insufficiency Ulcers, and Gangrene

Answer: Critical Limb Ischemia

Flashcard 110: Primary CNS lymphoma is most commonly seen in patients with _____

Answer: AIDS

Extra: Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 111: _____ pupil is also referred to as relevant afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

Answer: Marcus Gunn

Extra: Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Pheochromocytoma is associated with the rule of _____

Answer: 10s

Flashcard 113: Chronic exposure to _____ can occur with patients who work with stainless-steel arc welding, or in the production of batteries or ceramics

Answer: Nickel

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: What vascular tumor is a benign, capillary skin papule caused by Bartonella henselae infection in AIDS patients? _____

Answer: Bacillary angiomatosis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 115: Polyarteritis nodosa may present with _____ due to involvement of the renal artery

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 116: What class of renal disorders may be treated with loop diuretics? _____

Answer: Nephrotic syndrome

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Loop diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-loop-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Death from a saddle pulmonary emboli is due to _____ dissociation

Answer: electromechanical

Extra: * (pulseless electrical activity)- heart is depolarized but unable to pump blood Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: _____ mesenteric ischemia is typically caused by intestinal hypoperfusion as a result of narrowed vasculature

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 119: Tamoxifen increases the risk of thromboembolic events and _____ cancer

Answer: endometrial

Extra: * due to agonist effect at estrogen receptors in the uterus Watch Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) & Endometriosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-aub-and-endometriosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Small Cell Lung Cancer

Extra: Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-myasthenia-gravis-and-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Complications of myocarditis include arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock and _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: dilated

Extra: Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: Limited scleroderma is characterized by limited skin involvement confined to _____ and face

Answer: fingers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with _ (intense feeling to void) and _ frequency of micturition

Answer: urgency

Extra: * increased frequency of micturition due to incomplete voiding Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Patients with nephrotic syndrome are especially vulnerable to _____ infections

Answer: pneumococcal

Flashcard 125: The hallmark of acute kidney injury is _____, often with oliguria

Answer: azotemia

Flashcard 126: Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by _____ ferritin

Answer: increased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 127: How do serum aldosterone levels change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 128: How does the hemoglobin concentration change in polycythemia? _____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 129: What is the second most common heart valve affected by rheumatic heart disease? _____

Answer: Aortic valve

Flashcard 130: One clinical feature of aortic regurgitation is _____ circulation due to increased (widened) pulse pressure

Answer: hyperdynamic

Extra: Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki - filling occurs from the atria and backflow from aorta - causing water hammer or Corrigan pulse. - pulse pressure is increased due to increased SV for next ejection and less blood in system during diastole

Flashcard 131: Are tension headaches associated with auras? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Surgery, infection, trauma, childbirth and acute iodine load may precipitate _____ in patients with hyperthyroidism

Answer: thyroid storm

Extra: *Scalpel fence posts behind flame suit: Surgery *Bacterial lanterns over flame suit: Infection *Cast on man near flame suit: Trauma https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: Osteopetrosis may present with facial paralysis due to _____ impingement

Answer: cranial nerve VII

Extra: Watch Congenital Bone Disorders Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Achondroplasia & Osteopetrosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-congenital-bone-disorders-osteogenesis-imperfecta-achondroplasia-and-osteopetrosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: What is the most common type of arthritis? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

Extra: Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/cartilage?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 135: _____ is defined as age-related hearing loss

Answer: Presbycusis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/auditory-sensation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 136: Febrile neutropenia is a fever with an absolute neutrophil count < 500 /mm3 often seen during _____

Answer: chemotherapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients? _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 138: What is the effect of obesity on risk of developing breast cancer? Why? _____

Answer: Increased, due to increased estrone production from adipose tissue

Flashcard 139: Which form of polycythemia is associated with dehydration and burns? _____

Answer: Relative polycythemia (relative erythrocytosis / hemoconcentration)

Extra: Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 140: Many cases of Riedel's thyroiditis progress to subclinical and overt _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Extra: * subclinical ~ mild; *overt ~ readily apparent Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: _____ can occur from leaving a wound packing in too long, or a tampon in too long

Answer: Toxic shock syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: What peptide is packaged with insulin and may be used to monitor β cell function in patients receiving exogenous insulin? _____

Answer: C peptide (connecting peptide)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 143: The most common subtype of von Willebrand disease presents with _____ vWF levels

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 144: Staging is important and the strongest predictor of prognosis for _____ lymphoma

Answer: Hodgkin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 145: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease due to production of antibodies against post-synaptic _____ receptors at motor end plates

Answer: nicotinic ACh

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: Chronic hypertension causes arteriosclerosis, which increases the risk for _____ stroke

Answer: hemorrhagic and ischemic

Extra: Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 147: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyponatremia? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 148: The 1st line treatment for polycythemia vera is _____; second-line therapy is hydroxyurea

Answer: phlebotomy

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other: hydroxyurea: block ribonucleotide reductase decreasing dUDP (sketchy japanese cross out "oxy" hydrorock area) - decrease DNA precursors = less cellular proliferation

Flashcard 149: Rheumatoid arthritis may present with _ finger deviation and _ wrist deviation

Answer: ulnar

Flashcard 150: What is a modifiable risk factor for prostate adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Smoking

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: Which form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) is also known as warm agglutinin disease? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 152: What % of patients with autosomal dominant PKD experience progressive renal failure? _____

Answer: 50%

Flashcard 153: What enzyme is targeted by anti-Scl-70 antibodies? _____

Answer: DNA topoisomerase I

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 154: Buerger disease often presents with intermittent claudication that may lead to gangrene and _____ of digits

Answer: autoamputation

Flashcard 155: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of mucosal bleeding, such as _____ (most common overall symptom)

Answer: epistaxis

Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: In adulthood, which thyroid disorder is associated with listlessness, slowed speech, somnolence, impaired memory, and decreased mental capacity? _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 157: _____ is an inflammatory post-MI complication that occurs after 2* to 4* days

Answer: Fibrinous pericarditis

Extra: Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: More severe forms of asthma are associated with more frequent and severe symptoms, especially during _____

Answer: nighttime

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Respiratory (Asthma) Watch Asthma therapy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-allergy-and-pulmonary-asthma-therapy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 159: Nelson syndrome presents with symptoms of both mass effect and elevated ACTH, including _____, headaches, and bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer: hyperpigmentation

Flashcard 160: Do patients with Leukemia typically present with decreased, normal, or increased circulating WBCs? _____

Answer: Usually increased

Extra: * Due to proliferation of myeloblasts (despite a reduced number of functioning WBCs) https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 161: Fibromuscular dysplasia results in the irregular thickening of medium/large arteries which manifests as a "_____" appearance on imaging

Answer: string of beads

Flashcard 162: Anemia is classified as _____ when the MCV > 100 μm3

Answer: macrocytic

Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 163: Does anemia persist following splenectomy in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: No

Extra: * Splenic macrophages destroy sphereocytes * Sharp farming implements: splenectomy is a treatment for EXTRAvascular hemolysis Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 164: Streptococcus pyogenes may present with "honeycomb-like" crusts on the skin known as non-_ _

Answer: bullous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 165: The causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis may be remembered with the mnemonic MUDPILES: M: _____ U: uremia D: diabetic ketoacidosis P: propylene glycol I: iron tablets or isoniazid L: lactic acidosis E: ethylene glycol (-> oxalic acid) S: salicylates (late)

Answer: methanol (formic acid)

Extra: * ferric ions become hydrated and release protons -> metabolic acidosis Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 166: SLE is characterized by _____ levels of CH50

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 167: Adrenal gland carcinoma and ectopic aldosterone-secreting tumors (kidney, ovaries) may cause _____ hyperaldosteronism

Answer: primary

Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 168: If a patient with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome has increased ACTH secretion following a CRH stimulation test, the most likely cause of their syndrome is _____

Answer: Cushing disease

Extra: * Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test -> ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma increases production of ACTH Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 169: Raynaud phenomenon is called Raynaud _____ when it is primary (idiopathic)

Answer: disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 170: Acromegaly is associated with increased _____ resistance

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 171: Which form of lung disease is associated with pulsus paradoxus? _____

Answer: Obstructive

Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 172: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: intravascular

Extra: * because the microthrombi are cleaving the RBCs within vasculature Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 173: The classic presentation of a hypercoagulable state is _____ or DVT at a young age

Answer: recurrent DVTs

Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: Turbulent flow in a blood vessel causes audible vibrations known as _____

Answer: bruits or murmurs

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/heart?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 175: Dilated cardiomyopathy may result in _ and _ valve regurgitation due to stretching of the valves

Answer: mitral

Flashcard 176: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: increased

Flashcard 177: What is the normal serum creatinine concentration? _____

Answer: ~1.0 mg/dL (ranges from 0.6-1.2)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 178: In females, prolactinoma presents as _____ and amenorrhea

Answer: galactorrhea

Extra: Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: _____ syndrome is a combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis with intrapulmonary nodules

Answer: Caplan

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 180: What bacteria is the most common cause of subacute endocarditis? _____

Answer: Viridans streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 181: What is the most common cause of IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: SLE

Extra: Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 182: What is the bacteria that is most often the culprit in post basilar skull fracture meningitis? _____

Answer: Strep pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 183: Aortic dissection may result in _____ as a result of backflow into the pericardium

Answer: cardiac tamponade

Flashcard 184: Marfan syndrome is associated with a floppy _____ valve

Answer: mitral

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: What is the treatment (3) for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)? _____, corticosteroids, rituximab

Answer: plasmapheresis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki remove antibodies against ADAM

Flashcard 186: Secondary bacterial pneumonia is typically _____, Haemophilus influenzae, or Strep pneumo superimposed on Influenza

Answer: Staph aureus

Extra: Watch Influenzavirus (Orthomyxoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-influenzavirus-orthomyxoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 187: _____ can cause pulmonary fibrosis due to recurrent inflammatory damage to type I and II pneumocytes

Answer: SLE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: What is the cause of painful crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia? _____

Answer: Vaso-occlusion

Flashcard 189: Aortic _____ may arise as a consequence of chronic rheumatic valve disease

Answer: stenosis

Flashcard 190: Right heart failure may be caused by a long-standing _____ shunt

Answer: left-to-right

Flashcard 191: Myasthenia gravis is associated with HLA-_____

Answer: B8

Extra: Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-myasthenia-gravis-and-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neuromuscular-junction-nmj?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 192: 21-hydroxylase deficiency may present with _____ shock

Answer: hypovolemic

Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 193: Staphylococcus epidermidis infection is associated with endocarditis in patients with _____ valves

Answer: prosthetic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 194: S. aureus pneumonia is most common after _ (post-_)

Answer: Influenza infection

Extra: Watch Staph aureus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-aureus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 195: _____ shock may be caused by hemorrhage, dehydration, and burns (volume loss)

Answer: Hypovolemic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 196: Acute _____-angle glaucoma is a true ophthalmic emergency

Answer: closed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 197: What demographic is associated with Goodpasture syndrome? _____

Answer: Young adult males

Extra: *Think of young adult warrior Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 198: Are Heberden and Bouchard nodes seen with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 199: Asplenia can result in an increased risk of sepsis from _____ bacteria due to loss of splenic phagocytes

Answer: encapsulated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki SHiN - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Haemophilus influenzae - Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 200: What treatment option for Graves disease may be associated with worsening of ophthalmopathy? _____

Answer: Radioactive iodine

Extra: Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 201: Scleroderma may present with fingertip _____

Answer: pitting

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 202: In peripheral artery disease, embolization of thrombus can travel to smaller downstream arteries and cause _____

Answer: acute limb ischemia

Extra: Watch Peripheral Artery Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-peripheral-artery-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: What type of pneumonia is typically caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and Klebsiella? _____

Answer: Bronchopneumonia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 204: Does heparin induced thrombocytopenia often present with constitutional symptoms? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 205: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may present with a(n) _____ murmur

Answer: systolic

Flashcard 206: One multifactorial cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension is due to _____ of the pulmonary vasculature by a tumor

Answer: compression

Flashcard 207: Symptoms of atherosclerosis generally present when >_____% of a vessel has been occluded (stenosis)

Answer: 70

Extra: Watch Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-atherosclerosis-atherosclerosis-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 208: DVT, PE and ischemic stroke are complications that may occur in antiphospholipid syndrome _____

Answer: T

Extra: * a result of autoantibodies against cardiolipin and other phospholipids/proteins; * due to venous & arterial thromboses Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 209: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a recent URI that presents with CHF, dilated ventricles with diffuse hypokinesia, and low EF on echocardiogram? _____

Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 210: Does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis present with oliguria or polyuria? _____

Answer: Oliguria

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 211: What are two infectious causes of erythema multiforme? _____

Answer: HSV #1; Mycoplasma #2

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 212: SLE is characterized by _____ levels of C3 and C4

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 213: Radiation, brain injury, or surgery that leads to regression of the pituitary gland is referred to as _____ syndrome

Answer: secondary empty sella

Extra: * (Top) MRI with empty sella filled with CSF; (Bottom) An MRI with a normal sella Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 214: Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease may progress to _____, manifesting as joint destruction and arthritis

Answer: pyrophosphate arthropathy

Flashcard 215: Lower limb DVT may be associated with _____ upon dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan sign)

Answer: calf pain

Flashcard 216: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____, a type of facial paralysis

Answer: Bell palsy

Flashcard 217: The signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia occur after _____ in the bone marrow is depleted

Answer: ferritin

Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 218: Alzheimer disease presents with _____-onset memory loss, beginning with short-term and progressing to long-term loss

Answer: slow

Flashcard 219: Multiple myeloma may present with _____ due to a combination of amyloidosis, Bence Jones protein, direct toxicity, and hypercalcemia

Answer: renal insufficiency

Flashcard 220: Clinical features of Cushing syndrome include moon facies, buffalo hump, and truncal obesity due to increased _, secondary to excess _

Answer: fat storage

Flashcard 221: McCune-Albright syndrome may present with precocious puberty or _____ due to excess LH/FSH and GH

Answer: gigantism

Flashcard 222: Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas present with symptoms due to _____

Answer: mass effect

Flashcard 223: Emphysema often presents with _____ expiration with pursed lips

Answer: prolonged

Flashcard 224: What is the most common cause of death in adult sickle cell anemia patients? _____

Answer: Acute chest syndrome

Flashcard 225: Aortic dissection may lead to obstruction of branching arteries, thus causing end-organ _____

Answer: ischemia

Flashcard 226: Which electrolyte disturbance causes decreased DTRs, cardiac arrest, bradycardia, hypotension, and hypocalcemia? _____

Answer: High Mg2+ (hypermagnesemia)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 227: What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on pulse pressure? _____

Answer: Decreased pulse pressure

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 228: Which Rickettsia spp. is characterized by a rash that starts at the extremities, spreading inwards to the trunk? _____

Answer: Rickettsia rickettsii

Extra: Watch Rickettsia rickettsii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-rickettsii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 229: In which area of the United States is Lyme Disease common? _____

Answer: Northeastern United States

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 230: Risk factors for berry aneurysms include advanced age, hypertension, smoking, and race (increased risk in _____)

Answer: African Americans

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 231: In prerenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: >

Flashcard 232: _____ refers to an increased number of circulating neutrophils

Answer: Neutrophilia

Flashcard 233: Sideroblastic anemia is a cause of _____ anemia

Answer: microcytic

Flashcard 234: Which is more common, myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome? _____

Answer: Myasthenia gravis

Flashcard 235: Subacute endocarditis is often a sequela of _____ procedures

Answer: dental

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 236: Post-thrombotic syndrome is a complication of chronic _____

Answer: DVT

Flashcard 237: Distal renal tubular acidosis is also known as type _____ RTA

Answer: 1

Flashcard 238: What type of stroke (hemorrhagic, ischemic) may be treated with thrombolytics, and in what time frame? _ (_)

Answer: Ischemic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 239: The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma classically arises in adult _____ (average age is 60)

Answer: males

Extra: Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 240: Which bacterial infection can result in opisthotonus? _____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Extra: Watch Clostridium tetani [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-tetani?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 241: Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause _____ dysfunction in the blood

Answer: platelet

Extra: * may lead to pathologic hemorrhage throughout the body Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 242: Renal cell carcinoma is associated with "PEAR-aneoplastic" syndromes, producing: - P_____ - EPO - ACTH - Renin

Answer: THrP

Extra: * RCC & SCC lung carcinoma MCC causes of PTHrP Watch Renal Cell Carcinoma & Nephroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-renal-cancer-renal-cell-carcinoma-and-nephroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas: [sound:rec1568920280354.m4a]

Flashcard 243: What type of goiter is associated with Graves disease? _____

Answer: Diffuse goiter

Extra: * chronic stimulation of TSH receptors by autoantibodies in Graves' disease -> follicular hypertrophy and hyperplasia (even with low TSH) Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 244: Chronic renal failure is most commonly caused by _____, hypertension, and glomerular disease

Answer: diabetes mellitus

Extra: * diabetes mellitus > chronic hypertension > chronic glomerulonephritis Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki

Flashcard 245: G6PD deficiency is a cause of _____ anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 246: Systemic sclerosis may present with "_____", characterized by recurrent vasospasm of small coronary vessels

Answer: cardiac raynaud

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 247: Diabetic neuropathy may cause cranial nerve palsies, especially affecting _____

Answer: extraocular muscles [CN III, IV, and VI]

Flashcard 248: Mitral regurgitation may be caused by left ventricle _____

Answer: dilatation

Extra: Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 249: Toxic Shock syndrome will present with fever, shock (_____-tension) and a diffuse red rash

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 250: Patients with trochanteric bursitis present with _____ hip pain that may radiate down the thigh

Answer: lateral

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/anterior-and-medial-thigh-knee?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 251: IV blood transfusions containing phosphate, citrate, or albumin may cause _____calcemia

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 252: What is the treatment for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? _____

Answer: Supportive (resolves spontaneously)

Flashcard 253: Type 4 RTA may be caused by _____ renin levels

Answer: low

Flashcard 254: Cold agglutinin disease is associated with painful, _____ fingers/toes

Answer: blue

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: What is the level of testosterone in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, abnormal Leydig cell function)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: Which bacterial infection can result in risus sardonicus and lock jaw (trismus)? _____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Flashcard 257: Which form of immune hemolytic anemia is associated with SLE? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 258: Gonadotrophic pituitary adenomas (LH, FSH) are almost always _____ and cause headache/visual changes due to mass effect

Answer: non-functional

Flashcard 259: Unperceived joint damage due to diabetic neuropathy may lead to formation of _____, which requires casting and orthotic footwear

Answer: charcot joint (neurogenic arthropathy)

Extra: * Charcot neuroarthropathy refers to a progressive degenerative/destructive joint disorder in patients with abnormal pain sensation and proprioception Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 260: What are the serum ACTH levels in tertiary adrenal insufficiency? _____

Answer: Decreased ACTH

Flashcard 261: Hodgkin's lymphoma caused by EBV presents as a(n) _____ mass or nontender lymphadenopathy

Answer: mediastinal

Extra: * Usually the thymus https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki B symptoms include fever, night sweats, and weight-loss

Flashcard 262: Does Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia present with lytic bone lesions? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 263: Haemophilus influenzae has a higher risk of infection in _____ patients

Answer: asplenic

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 264: Aortic _____ is associated with "Pulsus parvus et tardus", meaning pulses are weak with a delayed peak

Answer: stenosis

Extra: * small pulse amplitude (Pulsus parvus) with a delayed peak and slower upstroke of the arterial pulse (pulsus tardus) due to diminished stroke volume and prolonged ejection time Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 265: Emphysema presents with diffuse bilateral _____

Answer: wheezing

Flashcard 266: Atherosclerosis, inflammation, vasopasm and sickle cell disease may cause _____ strokes

Answer: large vessel ischemic

Extra: * Atherosclerotic strokes most commonly occur at the carotid bifurcation, middle cerebral arteries, or vertebral arteries Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 267: In addition to smoking, what is another modifiable risk factor for renal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Obesity

Flashcard 268: How long does the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis last? _____

Answer: 1-3 weeks

Flashcard 269: What dermatologic lesion is a flaking off of stratum corneum? _____

Answer: Scale

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 270: Raynaud phenomenon is called Raynaud _____ when it is secondary (e.g. mixed connective tissue disease, SLE, CREST)

Answer: syndrome

Extra: Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-autoimmune-disease-overview-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Sjogrens Syndrome, Systemic Sclerosis & Mixed Connective Tissue Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 271: Metabolic syndrome (syndrome-X) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and _____

Answer: type 2 DM (insulin resistance)

Flashcard 272: Which form of cancer is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in men? _____

Answer: Prostate cancer

Extra: * 1st is lung Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 273: One sign of hyperlipidemia is _____, which are lipid deposits in the cornea

Answer: corneal arcus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: What is the most lethal complication of cocaine intoxication? _____

Answer: Sudden cardiac death

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/substance-misuse?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 275: What classes of steroid hormones are decreased in Addison disease? _____

Answer: All three (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 276: Small Cell Lung Cancer can produce anti-_____ antibodies which can cause both Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration and Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis

Answer: Hu

Flashcard 277: _____ commonly causes aplastic crisis in patients with sickle cell, thalassemias, and hereditary spherocytosis

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: In addition to thiazides, calcium oxalate kidney stones may be treated with _____ supplementation and a low-sodium diet

Answer: citrate

Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki Citrate: binds [Ca] and dissolves = less free [Ca] for stones ↓ Na: ↑ RAAS = ↑ [Ca] reabsorption

Flashcard 279: What is the treatment for hypopituitarism? _____

Answer: Hormone replacement therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: Distributive shock is characterized by skin that is _ and _

Answer: warm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki 1) Cold Skin: ↑ TPR and ↓ CO (low output and fingers not perfusing due to arterioles clamping down) 2) Warm Skin: ↓ TPR and ↑ CO (distributive shock - lots of blood can go to the fingers)

Flashcard 281: Organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of CMV _____

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: Plantar fasciitis is more commonly seen in _____ patients and those who are obese

Answer: female

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 283: _____ is defined as compression of the heart by fluid

Answer: Cardiac tamponade

Flashcard 284: Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ total lung capacity

Answer: increased

Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 285: Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and Good syndrome can present as paraneoplastic syndromes associated with _____

Answer: Thymoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 286: Pneumonia often occurs when normal defenses are _____

Answer: impaired

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 287: The PSA level in benign prostatic hyperplasia is often _____ elevated due to hyperplasia of prostatic glands

Answer: slightly

Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=45] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 288: G6PD deficiency presents with _____-uria and back pain hours after exposure to oxidative stress

Answer: hemoglobin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other: most erythrocytes with severe G6PD deficiency are hemolyzed early during the acute episodes, thus the G6PD assay may initially be abnormally normal; it is best to wait 3 months after the episode before re-testing

Flashcard 289: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____ 1. Fluent speech 2. Impaired comprehension 3. Intact repetition

Answer: Transcortical sensory aphasia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 290: _____ complications are the most common cause of death in patients with ALS

Answer: Respiratory

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: In diabetes insipidus, the _ and _ are at greatest risk for hypernatremia

Answer: elderly

Extra: * due to inability to increase fluid intake to compensate for free water loss Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 292: What demographic is classically affected by giant cell (temporal) arteritis? _____

Answer: Elderly females (> 50)

Flashcard 293: _____ is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries

Answer: Tuberculosis

Flashcard 294: β-blockers are useful in the management of chronic, stable _____

Answer: angina

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Œ≤-blockers) Watch Beta blockers [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-beta-blockers?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 295: The "JONES" criteria is used for Rheumatic Fever: J: _____ O: ♥ - carditis (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis) N: Subcutaneous Nodules (forearms, elbows, knees) E: Erythema marginatum (rash w/ thick red borders) S: Sydenham's chorea (rapid movement, esp. of hands and face)

Answer: Joints - migratory polyarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 296: When treating heat stroke, is supportive care or active cooling primarily indicated? _____

Answer: Active cooling

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 297: Symptoms of essential thrombocythemia are related to an increased risk of _____ and/or thrombosis

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 298: _____ arteritis is associated with a(n) weak or absent pulse in the upper extremity

Answer: Takayasu

Flashcard 299: What two tests may be used to differentiate between Cushing disease and ectopic (paraneoplastic) ACTH secretion? _____

Answer: 1. High-dose dexamethasone suppression test 2. CRH stimulation test

Extra: * High dose dexamethasone test inhibits ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, but NOT ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors * CRH stimulation test increases ACTH production in pituitary adenomas, but fails to increase ACTH production with ectopic tumors Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 300: Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with high fever and respiratory symptoms (pneumonia)? _____

Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Extra: Watch Legionella pneumophila [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-legionella-pneumophila?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: Treatment of follicular lymphoma is reserved for symptomatic patients and involves low-dose chemotherapy or _____ (anti-CD20 antibody)

Answer: rituximab

Extra: * Because it is a B-cell lymphoma, thus Rituxumab will inhibit B-cell expression Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 302: Diffuse scleroderma is associated with _____ and anti-RNA Polymerase III antibodies

Answer: anti-Scl-70 (DNA topoisomerase I)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki 1) Topoisomerase/Diffuse: Diffusely sprinkled on TOP 1b) Centromere/CREST: C for Centromere

Flashcard 303: Pneumonia may present as _____ (respiratory rate) with pleuritic chest pain

Answer: tachypnea

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 304: What type of pneumonia is typically caused by Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella and viruses (RSV, CMV, influenza, adenovirus)? _____

Answer: Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia

Flashcard 305: Which type of generalized seizure is acutely treated with benzodiazepines? _____

Answer: Status epilepticus

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Benzodiazepines, flumazenil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-sedative-hypnotics-benzodiazepines-flumazenil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/substance-misuse?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 306: _____ is a type III HS that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or skin infection

Answer: Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki red handkerchief + golden crumbs on face on back + phone cord that looks like glomerulus vs. rheumatic fever only caused by pharyngitis (not impetigo) - the "worse" pharyngitis causes the "worse" RF

Flashcard 307: What HLA subtypes are associated with Graves disease? _____ and DR3

Answer: B8

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 308: _____ may present with a "shawl and face" rash

Answer: Dermatomyositis

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 309: Secondary pulmonary hypertension due to Heart Disease may arise due to increased _____ in the pulmonary circuit (e.g. left heart failure, congenital heart disease)

Answer: volume

Flashcard 310: Growth hormone cell adenoma presents as _____ in adults

Answer: acromegaly

Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Acromegalic facies There is significant enlargement of the nose, chin, supraorbital region, lips, and zygomatic arch. The prominent lower jaw is particularly striking (prognathism). Hand in acromegaly Photograph of a left hand of a male acromegaly patient (right side) with the hand of a healthy person (roughly same age and height) for comparison (left side) The hand of the patient is visibly enlarged and the fingers are widened. Enlarged forehead in acromegaly Forehead of a patient with acromegaly that is noticeably enlarged, particularly in the right supraorbital region. This is a characteristic feature of acromegaly. Spacing of teeth in acromegaly Pronounced gaps can be seen between the incisors in the lower row of teeth. This is caused by abnormal jaw growth, which has pushed the teeth apart. The gaps between the teeth are a characteristic finding in patients with acromegaly.

Flashcard 311: Does secondary adrenocortical insufficiency present with any of the following symptoms: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or hypotension? _____

Answer: No, aldosterone levels are normal

Flashcard 312: The most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism is _____

Answer: bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

Extra: * adrenal hyperplasia and carcinoma are less common causes; Uptodate says idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia MCC Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 313: What gender is more commonly affected by myasthenia gravis? _____

Answer: Females

Flashcard 314: MODY is a(n) autosomal dominant disorder seen in in young patients that is similar to T_____DM

Answer: 2

Extra: * non-insulin dependent Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 315: What is the most common cause of acute pericarditis? _____

Answer: Idiopathic (presumed viral)

Flashcard 316: Prophylaxis for osteoporosis includes regular _____ exercise and adequate Ca2+ / vitamin D intake throughout adulthood

Answer: weight-bearing

Flashcard 317: Cough, night sweats, and hemoptysis are symptoms of _____ Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Answer: reactivated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 318: Severe, unrelenting asthma attacks can result in _____ and death

Answer: status asthmaticus

Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 319: _____-cell ALL (leukemia or lymphoma) may present with SVC syndrome, stridor, dysphagia, or dyspnea

Answer: T

Extra: * due to large anterior mediastinal mass (thymus) Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 320: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a(n) _____ restrictive lung disease

Answer: intrinsic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 321: Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by _____ serum iron

Answer: decreased

Extra: * inflammation leads to inhibition of iron release from ferritin Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 322: Tophi, secondary to gout, often arise on the _____, olecranon bursa, or Achilles tendon

Answer: external ear

Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Gouty tophi due to urate crystal deposition in bones and soft tissues White chalky, nodules with irregular distribution in the fingers and metacarpus (left) Soft tissue tophi Painless, hard, soft, white chalky nodules in the bursa of the right elbow in a patient with gout. Gouty tophi due to urate crystal deposition in bones and soft tissues White chalky, nodules in the first and second toes (left) Atlas:

Flashcard 323: 21-hydroxylase deficiency (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) may cause a type _____ renal tubular acidosis

Answer: 4

Extra: * due to decreased aldosterone synthesis -> hypoldosteronism Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 324: Autosomal dominant PKD may present in young adults with _____ due to increased renin

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 325: Corneal arcus is common in the _____ (arcus senilis), but appears earlier in life in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Answer: elderly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 326: Which autoimmune disorder in women may cause hypopituitarism during late pregnancy or the postpartum period? _____

Answer: Lymphocytic Hypophysitis

Flashcard 327: Hypertensive hemorrhages most often occur in the _____ of the basal ganglia, followed by thalamus, pons, and cerebellum

Answer: putamen

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 328: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 329: Which protozoal complication can present with dilated cardiomyopathy? _____

Answer: Chagas disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 330: One sign of lateral cerebellar lesion is _____ dysfunction when the eyes try to fix on a point

Answer: gaze

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____ 1. Fluent speech 2. Intact comprehension 3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Conduction aphasia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebral-cortext?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 332: Both central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are characterized by urine specific gravity < _____

Answer: 1.006

Extra: * unable to concentrate urine; normal urine specific gravity= 1.005-1.030 Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 333: What type of brain hematoma presents insidiously 1-2 weeks after the initial injury with headache, somnolence, confusion, and focal neurologic deficits? _____

Answer: Chronic subdural hematoma

Extra: Watch Epidural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, & Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-epidural-hematoma-subdural-hematoma-and-subarachnoid-hemorrhage?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 334: SLE may affect the _____, causing seizures or psychosis

Answer: brain

Flashcard 335: In hyperkalemic RTA, _____ causes hyperkalemia

Answer: hypoaldosteronism

Flashcard 336: Chronic _____ presents with edema, skin pigmentation and venous stasis dermatitis (skin peeling due to ulcerations)

Answer: venous insufficiency

Flashcard 337: What diabetes complication can be treated with TCAs? _____

Answer: Diabetic neuropathy

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Tricyclic antidepressants [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antidepressants-and-anxiolytics-tricyclic-antidepressants?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/pharmacology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 338: If a patient with myasthenia gravis experiences muscle weakness due to over-treatment, edrophonium _____ reverse the muscle weakness

Answer: will NOT

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics Watch Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 339: The _____ stage of ATN is associated with fairly normal kidney function and urine output

Answer: initiation

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 340: What is the most common inflammatory condition of the pituitary gland? _____

Answer: Lymphocytic hypophysitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 341: What type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is the most common type? _____

Answer: Hypermobility type (joint instability)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 342: A coagulation factor inhibitor is a(n) _____ against a coagulation factor, resulting in impaired factor function

Answer: acquired antibody

Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 343: Cerebral aneurysms are more frequent in _____ due to decreased estrogen

Answer: postmenopausal women

Extra: * decreased estrogen -> decreased collagen production -> weakened vessel walls prone to anuerysm formation or rupture Watch Epidural Hematoma, Subdural Hematoma, & Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-epidural-hematoma-subdural-hematoma-and-subarachnoid-hemorrhage?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/aneurysms-and-intracranial-hemorrhage?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 344: HSV-1 is associated with temporal lobe _____

Answer: encephalitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 345: What effect does passive leg raising have on the intensity of MVP murmurs? _____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 346: What vasculitis is associated with polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 347: The most common cause of aortic stenosis is _____ from "wear and tear"

Answer: degenerative calcification

Extra: Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 348: The _____ phenomenon is a condition where a patient develops thyrotoxicosis after a period of being administered Iodine

Answer: Jod-Basedow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 349: _____ nodules present with hoarseness and resolve with resting of voice

Answer: Vocal cord (Singer's)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 350: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is commonly known as _____ disease

Answer: Lou Gehrig

Extra: Watch Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) & Friedreich Ataxia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-spinal-muscular-atrophy-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-and-friedreich-ataxia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 351: A knee exam should be performed with the patient in the _____ position

Answer: supine

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/anterior-and-medial-thigh-knee?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 352: Multiple myeloma is associated with _____ serum protein

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 353: Mild global cerebral ischemia results in transient _____ with prompt recovery

Answer: confusion

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 354: The very low serum Na+ concentration in SIADH can lead to cerebral _____ and seizures

Answer: edema

Extra: * Seizures due to shift of water into neurons, hyponatremia due to excess reabsorption of free water Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 355: Multiple myeloma is associated with high serum IL-_____, which stimulates plasma cell growth and immunoglobulin production

Answer: 6

Flashcard 356: Cushing disease refers specifically to a(n) _____

Answer: ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Extra: * Thus, CT scan of chest would be FIRST step in patient with cushing syndrome features (moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity) Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 357: In males, prolactinoma presents as headache, decreased _____, and infertility

Answer: libido

Flashcard 358: Antibodies to spliceosomal snRNPs, also known as anti-Smith antibodies, are highly specific for _____

Answer: SLE

Flashcard 359: What demographic is associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? _____

Answer: Adult females

Flashcard 360: Thyrotoxicosis can cause what form of cardiomyopathy? _____

Answer: Dilated

Flashcard 361: Systemic inflammation in RA may present with ___, _, _ and ___

Answer: interstitial lung fibrosis

Flashcard 362: What two HLA subtypes is Graves disease associated with? _____

Answer: HLA-DR3, HLA-B8

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 363: MEN 2A and 2B are associated with _____

Answer: medullary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 364: How does urinary excretion of Ca2+ change in Gitelman syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypocalciuria)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 365: In Heyde syndrome, the stenotic aortic valve causes passing vWF to _____, making it available to be degraded by ADAMTS13 in the vasculature

Answer: uncoil

Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 366: The abnormal heart sounds S3 and S4 are best heard at the heart _____, with the patient in left lateral decubitus position

Answer: apex

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 367: Silent thyroiditis usually presents with a(n) _____ goiter

Answer: painless

Flashcard 368: The pentad of classical symptoms seen in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) may be remembered using the mnemonic FAT RN: F: _____ A: Anemia (Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia) T: Thrombocytopenia R: Renal symptoms (1/2 of patients)-More common in HUS N: Neurologic symptoms (2/3 of patients)-More common in TTP

Answer: Fever (1/5 patients)

Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki peripheral blood smear helps aid in diagnosis (e.g. schistocytes suggestive of intravascular hemolysis)

Flashcard 369: Symptoms of bronchial carcinoid tumor are related to mass effect or _____

Answer: carcinoid syndrome

Extra: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 370: In primary adrenal insufficiency, the metyrapone stimulation test results are _ ACTH with _ 11-deoxycortisol

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 371: _____ is a fungus responsible for causing Pneumocystic pneumonia

Answer: Pneumocystis jirovecii

Extra: Watch Pneumocystis jirovecii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-pneumocystis-jirovecii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 372: Radiation to the chest and pulmonary fibrosis are risk factors for _____ cancer

Answer: lung

Extra: * Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 373: What is the treatment for 21β-hydroxylase deficiency? _____

Answer: Replacement therapy of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Flashcard 374: Acute gout may occur with _____ consumption due to competition for the same excretion site in the kidney as uric acid

Answer: alcohol

Flashcard 375: IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease) may be treated with _____

Answer: glucocorticoids

Flashcard 376: Once postpartum thyroiditis is resolved, the majority of women are _____

Answer: euthyroid

Flashcard 377: What is used to determine whether an individual is at a high or low risk for DVT? _____

Answer: Wells score

Flashcard 378: What is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia? _____

Answer: Infection (due to hypogammaglobulinemia)

Flashcard 379: Quantitative disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as _____ (1-2 mm)

Answer: petechiae

Flashcard 380: Which thyroid imbalance is associated with warm, moist skin and fine hair? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 381: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may present with _____ due to defective platelet aggregation

Answer: bleeding

Extra: * bleeding diathesis due to excessive IgM (viscous serum) interfering with clotting factors and platelet function Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 382: Ca2+ channel blockers may be used to treat _____ if β-blockers/nitrates have not worked or are contraindicated

Answer: stable angina

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 383: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Ovarian Teratoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 384: In peripheral artery disease, buttock pain and erectile dysfunction are due to lesions in the _____ artery

Answer: internal iliac

Flashcard 385: _____ is defined as bronchial hyperresponsiveness with reversible airway bronchoconstriction

Answer: Asthma

Extra: * most often due to allergic stimuli (atopic asthma) Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 386: What is the intracellular potassium level in a type 1 diabetic patient? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 387: The general prodromal symptoms with a rickettsial infection are _ and _

Answer: headache

Extra: Watch Rickettsia overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 388: Lesions to the _____ may result in: - deficits in verbal memory (ex. word recognition) if the dominant lobe is affected - deficits in nonverbal memory (ex. musical ability) if the nondominant lobe is affected

Answer: temporal lobe

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 389: Cardiovascular manifestations of lupus include accelerated _____, small-vessel necrotizing vasculitis, pericarditis, and libman-sacks endocarditis

Answer: atherosclerosis

Flashcard 390: What can be used to localize hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue prior to surgery? _____

Answer: Technetium-99m-sestamibi radionuclide scan

Extra: * causes primary hyperparathyroidism Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 391: Scurvy is associated with _____ hemorrhages and subperiosteal hemorrhages

Answer: perifollicular

Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Chronic venous insufficiency may cause _____, a fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue that starts at the medial ankle

Answer: lipodermatosclerosis

Flashcard 393: What is an empyema? _____

Answer: Pus in the pleural space

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 394: What cardiac pathology can be caused by adenovirus, coxsackie B, parvovirus B19, HIV, and HHV-6? _____

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 395: Hyperthyroidism may be treated surgically via _ or with the drug _, which inhibits both thyroid peroxidase and deiodinase

Answer: thyroidectomy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 396: _____-myositis in an inflammatory disorder of the skin and skeletal muscle

Answer: Dermato

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 397: Hydroxyurea is used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, particularly _____ disorders

Answer: myeloproliferative

Extra: Watch Methotrexate, leucovorin, 5 fluorouracil, hydroxyurea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-methotrexate-leucovorin-5-fluorouracil-hydroxyurea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 398: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is a common cause of death in patients with _____

Answer: SLE

Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 399: In syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, excess _____ causes increased mineralocorticoid receptor activity

Answer: cortisol

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 400: Which two drugs are useful in the acute treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy? _____

Answer: Bisphosphonates and calcitonin

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Bisphosphonates, raloxifene, denosumab, calcitonin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-bisphosphonates-raloxifene-denosumab-calcitonin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 401: Sarcoidosis may cause _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: restrictive

Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 402: One consequence of renal failure is _____ due to decreased erythropoietin production

Answer: anemia

Flashcard 403: Heyde syndrome is a situation where a severely calcific & stenotic _____ valve causes increased rupture of angiodysplasias

Answer: aortic

Extra: Watch Intestinal Ischemia & Angiodysplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-intestinal-ischemia-and-angiodysplasia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 404: Acute epiglottitis is associated with risk of acute _____

Answer: airway obstruction

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 405: What enzyme may be elevated in hemolytic anemia (both extra- and intravascular)? _____

Answer: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 406: One possible complication of aortic stenosis is _____ due to left atrial dilation

Answer: atrial fibrillation

Flashcard 407: Cervical cancer malignancies in HPV are more common with what other disease? _____

Answer: HIV/AIDS

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Anorectal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 408: Primary hyperparathyroidism is most common in _____

Answer: older women

Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 409: Atelectasis (bronchial / bronchiole obstruction) presents with _____ breath sounds

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 410: What is the shape and description of a murmur produced by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? _____

Answer: "harsh" systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur

Flashcard 411: Symptomatic aortic stenosis may present in patients around age 50 with a(n) _____ aortic valve

Answer: bicuspid

Flashcard 412: Patients with hereditary spherocytosis are at risk of aplastic crisis with _____ infection of erythroid precursors

Answer: parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 413: Patients with pericarditis present with _____ chest pain and is relieved by postural changes

Answer: pleuritic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 414: Graft-versus-host disease is potentially beneficial in bone marrow transplants for patients with _____

Answer: leukemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 415: _-to-_ shunts may cause endocarditis

Answer: Left

Extra: Watch Left to Right Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-left-to-right-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 416: Obesity is an important risk factor for insulin resistance (particularly _____ fat)

Answer: abdominal

Extra: * T2DM Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 417: A special finding in a(n) _____ nerve injury is "ulnar claw" on digit extension

Answer: distal ulnar

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/axilla?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 418: _____ syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a failure to complete puberty

Answer: Kallmann

Extra: * This is basically a combination of congenital GnRH deficiency + anosmia Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 419: Functional pituitary adenoma is rarely from adenoma of _____ and gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

Answer: thyrotrophs (TSH)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 420: What is the most common thyroid nodularity? _____ *bonus: why?

Answer: Multinodular goiter

Extra: * due to fluctuating iodine levels -> irregularly enlarged multinodular goiter and hypothyroidism Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 421: After checking a patient on urinalysis, patients with _____ should be started on a(n) ACE inhibitor, especially if they have concommitant BP > 130/80

Answer: proteinuria

Flashcard 422: Which thyroid imbalance presents with weight loss and increased appetite? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 423: What is the preferred initial management for symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy? _ (first-line) _ (second-line)

Answer: β-blockers

Flashcard 424: The signs/symptoms of multiple myeloma may be remembered with the mnemonic "CRAB": C: _____ R: Renal involvement, height Reduction A: Anemia* B: Bone lytic lesions / Back pain

Answer: hyperCalcemia

Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other: 1) Hypercalcemia/bone lytic lesions/back pain: suck out ca from bone 2) Renal: excess light chain exceeds reabsorption ability of kidney, so light chains deposit in tissue and also cause light chains in the urine (Bence Jones; detected with SPEP); also, hypercalcemia damages kidney's ability to concentrate urine 3) Anemia: replacement of bone marrow with plasma cells, so less RBCs produced. Also renal failure leads to low EPO production

Flashcard 425: _____ is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Hispanics and African Americans

Answer: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Flashcard 426: Which thyroid imbalance presents with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 427: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease is associated with an inability to _____ urine

Answer: concentrate

Flashcard 428: Pneumocystis pneumonia is a(n) _____ pneumonia

Answer: interstitial (atypical)

Flashcard 429: _____ is a type I hypersensitivity reaction caused by Aspergillus fumigatus

Answer: Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)

Flashcard 430: Poliovirus can cause _____ insufficiency

Answer: respiratory

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 431: In hypothyroidism patients, myxedema commonly affects the _ (causing deep voice) and _ (causing enlargement)

Answer: larynx

Flashcard 432: In long-standing postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: <

Flashcard 433: What ethnicity has the lowest risk of developing hypertension? _____

Answer: Asians

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 434: What is the main treatment for cardiogenic shock? _____

Answer: IV Inotropes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki Start up the crappy heart after MI

Flashcard 435: Digital clubbing is often associated with prolonged _____

Answer: hypoxia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 436: What is the treatment of Q fever endocarditis? _____

Answer: Doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 437: Spinal stenosis occurs most commonly in the _____ region

Answer: lumbar

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/radiculopathy?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 438: What is the treatment for drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis? _____

Answer: Cessation of the drug

Extra: Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 439: _____ hyperaldosteronism is seen in patients with juxtaglomerular cell tumor due to independent activation of the RAAS

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 440: Acute closed-angle glaucoma results in a(n) _____, red eye that is fixed and mid-dilated

Answer: painful

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 441: von Willebrand disease typically presents with mild _ and _ bleeding

Answer: mucosal

Extra: * Menstruation Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 442: _____ sleep apnea can occur due patients having marginal ventilation when awake (e.g. CNS disease, neuromuscular disease, severe kyphoscoliosis, heavy dose narcotics)

Answer: Central

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 443: Nephrogenic Diabetes Inspidus may be treated with a(n) _____ diet

Answer: low-salt, low-protein

Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 444: External causes of hypopituitarism include _____ and radiation

Answer: brain injury

Flashcard 445: Patients with early diabetic neuropathy typically have decreased _____ reflexes

Answer: ankle

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 446: What is the most common cancer that develops as a result of immunosuppressive therapy? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/malignant-skin-disorders?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/skin-cancer/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 447: Fibromyalgia is associated with a(n) _____ serum creatine kinase (CK)

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 448: Autosomal dominant PKD may present in young adults with _____ pain and urinary infection

Answer: flank

Flashcard 449: What measurement is used to classify anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic? _____

Answer: Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 450: _____ is the insufficient production of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer: Hypopituitarism

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=21] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 451: _____ vertigo is caused by inner ear etiology (e.g. Ménière disease, BPPV, vestibular nerve infection, semicircular canal debris)

Answer: Peripheral

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vertigo?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 452: Carbon Monoxide poisoning is associated with which cardiac pathology? _____

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 453: Which electrolyte disturbance causes wide QRS and peaked T waves on ECG? _____

Answer: High K+ (hyperkalemia)

Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 454: Which cutaneous manifestation is seen in tertiary syphilis? _____

Answer: Gummas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 455: Communicating high pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by _____ ICP, which may cause papilledema and herniation

Answer: increased

Extra: * CSF accumulation due to communating hydrocephalus -> ICH Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 456: What effect does the passive leg raise maneuver have on the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs? _____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Flashcard 457: What class of immunoglobulin is increased in Job syndrome? _____

Answer: IgE

Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 458: The Jod-Basedow phenomenon is seen nosocomially after administration of iodine _____

Answer: IV contrast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 459: Which stage of Lyme disease can present with erythema chronicum migrans? _____

Answer: Stage 1

Flashcard 460: Which thyroid imbalance presents with chest pain and systolic hypertension? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 461: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with _____ fremitus

Answer: increased

Flashcard 462: Plantar Fasciitis is distinguished from Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome in that heel pain _____ with use

Answer: improves

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ortho-injuries/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 463: In chronic mitral regurgitation (compensated), how do the following change? - preload = _ - ejection fraction = _

Answer: increase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 464: Romaña's sign is inflammation and swelling around the _ due to acute _ disease

Answer: eyelids

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 465: _____ ischemic strokes are due to an embolus from another part of the body that obstructs a vessel

Answer: Embolic

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 466: What is the result of a dexamethasone suppression test if the cause of hypercortisolism is an adrenal cortical tumor? _____

Answer: Neither low nor high dose dexamethasone suppresses cortisol secretion

Flashcard 467: What cancer is associated with IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Extra: *Classically associated with warm AIHA per uWorld; may also be seen with IgM-mediated IHA- Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Hairy Cell Leukemia & Adult T cell Leukemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 468: Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a(n) _ chronic enlargement of the ventricles with _ CSF pressure

Answer: idiopathic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 469: _____ aortic dissection involves the ascending aorta

Answer: Stanford type A (proximal)

Flashcard 470: Familial pheochromocytomas are more likely to be _____lateral

Answer: bi

Flashcard 471: Restrictive lung disease may be caused by poor muscular effort, such as _____, myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barré syndrome

Answer: polio

Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 472: Pompe disease is a glycogen storage disease associated with _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: hypertrophic

Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 473: How do levels of plasma renin change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 474: _____ hyperaldosteronism is seen in patients with renovascular hypertension due to independent activation of the RAAS

Answer: Secondary

Extra: * usually due to atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia -> narrowing of renal arteries -> decreased renal perfusion -> increased RENIN secretion by the kidney -> RAAS activation -> elevated serum aldosterone Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/secondary-hypertension?ref=anki

Flashcard 475: The consequences of renal failure may be remembered using the mnemonic "MAD HUNGER": M.A: _____ D: Dyslipidemia (especially increased triglycerides) H: Hyperkalemia U: Uremia N: Na+ / H2O retention G: Growth retardation and developmental delay E: Erythropoietin failure (anemia) R: Renal osteodystrophy

Answer: Metabolic Acidosis

Extra: ‚Üí Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki

Flashcard 476: Failure to grow, short stature, mild obesity, and delayed puberty is associated with what hormone deficiency? _____

Answer: Growth hormone deficiency

Flashcard 477: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is associated with _____ levels of complement

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 478: What acute phase reactant can be measured clinically as a nonspecific sign of ongoing inflammation? _____

Answer: C-reactive protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 479: Chronic exposure to _____ can occur with patients who work in the aerospace industry, in electronics manufacturing, or with nuclear reactors

Answer: Beryllium

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 480: Which SLE antibody is a useful predictor of disease activity and renal involvement? _____

Answer: Anti-dsDNA antibodies

Flashcard 481: Pulmonary infarction due to PE may present with _____ and tachycardia

Answer: tachypnea

Flashcard 482: Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with a(n) _____ serum creatine kinase (CK)

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 483: Which blood transfusion reaction is caused by donor anti-leukocyte antibodies against recipient neutrophils and pulmonary endothelial cells? _____

Answer: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Extra: FA2020: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 484: _____ lymphoma typically presents in adults with confusion, memory loss, and seizures (variable presentation)

Answer: Primary CNS

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 485: Myocarditis can precipitate a mural _____

Answer: thrombus

Flashcard 486: Tuberous Sclerosis may present with diffuse _____, which may lead to dyspnea or pneumothorax

Answer: interstitial lung fibrosis

Extra: Watch Sturge Weber & Tuberous Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-sturge-weber-and-tuberous-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 487: Sarcoidosis is more common in _____

Answer: non-smokers

Flashcard 488: Patients with the B blood type cannot receive which blood types? _____

Answer:

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 489: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with irregular joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subcondral sclerosis, and subchondral cysts? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 490: _____ shock may be caused by cardiac tamponade and pulmonary embolism

Answer: Obstructive

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 491: One clinical feature of Cushing syndrome is muscle weakness with _____ extremities

Answer: thin

Flashcard 492: Aortic stenosis may present with _____, angina, and dyspnea on exertion

Answer: syncope

Flashcard 493: Calcitonin may be used to treat which calcium imbalance? _____

Answer: Hypercalcemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 494: Onset of frontotemporal dementia typically occurs in the fifth or sixth decades of life with 25% inherited in a(n) _____ fashion

Answer: autosomal dominant

Extra: * as opposed to the eighth decade in Alzheimer's disease Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 495: _____ shock may be caused by sepsis, anaphylaxis, or CNS injury (excessive vasodilation)

Answer: Distributive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 496: Does osteoarthritis present with symmetric or asymmetric joint involvement? _____

Answer: Asymmetric

Extra: * rheumatoid arthritis presents with symmetric joint involvement Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 497: The main acute side effect of Tisagenlecleucel is _____ while a potential long term risk is the potential for insertional mutagenesis

Answer: Cytokine Release Syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 498: _____ is an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules

Answer: Multinodular goiter

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 499: Polyarteritis nodosa may present with _____ disturbances/dysfunction

Answer: neurologic

Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Robbins: Clinical Features PAN is primarily a disease of young adults but can occur in all age groups. The clinical course typically is episodic, with long symptom-free intervals. The systemic findings—malaise, fever, and weight loss—are nonspecific, and the vascular involvement is widely scattered, so that the clinical manifestations can be varied and puzzling. A “classic” presentation involves some combination of rapidly accelerating hypertension due to renal artery involvement; abdominal pain and bloody stools caused by gastrointestinal lesions; diffuse muscular aches and pains; and peripheral neuritis, predominantly affecting motor nerves. Renal involvement often is prominent and is a major cause of death. Untreated, PAN typically is fatal; however, with immunosuppression, 5-year survival is close to 80%. Relapse occurs in up to 25% of the cases, more often in non–HBV-associated cases than those that follow HBV infection. The latter have a better long-term prognosis.

Flashcard 500: Patients who undergo radioactive iodine (I131) treatment can develop _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 501: The major criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever are the _____ criteria

Answer: J♥NES

Flashcard 502: Delirium tremens is characterized by electrolyte disturbances and respiratory _____

Answer: alkalosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/eating-disorders/acquire?ref=anki sequelae of purging (e.g. vomiting, laxatives, diuretics)

Flashcard 503: Patients with subclavian steal syndrome may present with arm ischemia in the affected artery upon _____ or lifting the arm above the head

Answer: exercise

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vascular-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 504: What skin finding is associated with thrombocytopenia and/or decreased platelet function? _____

Answer: Petechiae

Flashcard 505: Acute rheumatic fever attack usually resolves, but may progress to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic heart

Flashcard 506: What is the general treatment for acute pyelonephritis? _____

Answer: Antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 507: Pulmonary infarction due to PE may present with hemoptysis and sudden-onset _____ and chest pain

Answer: dyspnea

Extra: * may present with hemoptysis due to capillary damage Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 508: What significant laboratory finding is associated with Churg Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)? _____

Answer: Positive p-ANCA

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 509: _ and _ may cause anti-factor 8 antibodies resulting in acquired hemophilia (A)

Answer: RA

Flashcard 510: Osteoarthritis often presents with pain in _____ joints after use (e.g. hip, knees, lower lumbar spine)

Answer: weight-bearing

Flashcard 511: Diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome is made by clinical findings, CSF analysis, and _____ studies

Answer: nerve conduction

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 512: Mixed connective tissue disease is characterized by speckled ANA and _____ antibodies

Answer: anti-U1 RNP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 513: The _____ on ECG is the junction between the end of QRS complex and start of ST segment

Answer: J point

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 514: Guillain-Barré syndrome may cause _____, which may manifest as arrhythmias and ileus

Answer: autonomic dysfunction

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 515: Which thyroid imbalance presents with onycholysis? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 516: Initially, Hashimoto thyroiditis presents as _____ due to thyrotoxicosis during follicular rupture

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: - Initially hyper then hypo (spill out T3/T4, then inflammation causes death of thyroid)

Flashcard 517: The _____ vaccine can result in a false positive PPD test

Answer: BCG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 518: Dermatomyositis and polymyositis present with bilateral _____ muscle weakness

Answer: proximal

Flashcard 519: _____ scleroderma is characterized by widespread skin involvement with early visceral involvement

Answer: Diffuse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 520: If the PCO2 < predicted PCO2 using Winters formula, then the metabolic acidosis has a concomitant _____

Answer: respiratory alkalosis

Flashcard 521: Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes _____ dysfunction

Answer: diastolic

Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki Cannot FILL the LV due to deposition of "crap;" normal EF

Flashcard 522: Open-angle glaucoma is associated with _____ race and family history

Answer: African-American

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 523: Graves' ophthalmoplegia may cause _ and decreased _

Answer: diplopia

Flashcard 524: Which thyroid imbalance characteristically presents with Myoedema? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 525: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, classically involves the PIPs and DIPs? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (also the 1st CMC)

Extra: Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Osteoarthritis happens at the end of our lives at the end of our fingers (PIP/DIP)

Flashcard 526: When temperatures drop below 30*C, IgM AIHA antibodies may bind RBCs and activate _____

Answer: complement

Flashcard 527: What acid-base disturbance is associated with the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis? _____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 528: Patients with vertebral osteomyelitis will present with _____ back tenderness and constitutional symptoms

Answer: focal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 529: The diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism may be confirmed with _____ after a(n) oral saline load

Answer: adrenal suppression testing

Flashcard 530: What demographic is associated with scleroderma? _____

Answer: Middle-aged females (30-50 years)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 531: Increased risk of lung cancer is seen in _____ miners, due to increased exposure to radon

Answer: uranium

Flashcard 532: Chronic _____ can look similar to TB, with cavitary lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs and calcified nodules with fibrotic scarring

Answer: Histoplasmosis

Extra: Watch Histoplasma capsulatum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-systemic-mycoses-histoplasma-capsulatum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 533: Which stroke subtype is characterized by abrupt neurological symptoms that are typically maximal at the start? _____

Answer: Embolic ischemic stroke

Flashcard 534: _____ emboli, an important complication of atrial septal defect, are emboli that arise on the right-side of the body and crossover to lodge on the left side

Answer: Paradoxical

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/congenital-defects/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 535: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis often presents with upper respiratory tract symptoms, such as _____ or nasopharyngeal ulceration

Answer: sinusitis

Flashcard 536: One possible complication of mitral stenosis is _____ with associated risk for mural thrombi

Answer: atrial fibrillation

Flashcard 537: Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with low blood _____

Answer: Na+ (hyponatremia)

Flashcard 538: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by aldosterone resistance? _____

Answer: Hyperkalemic (type 4) RTA

Flashcard 539: Treatment for overflow incontinence includes _____ and/or relief of obstruction (e.g. α-blockers for BPH)

Answer: catheterization

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/urinary-incontinence/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 540: Parvovirus B19 infection in adults can result in small-joint _____, myocarditis, and edema

Answer: arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 541: The next step for suspected milk-alkali syndrome is _ and _

Answer: serum PTH (suppressed)

Flashcard 542: Endocarditis due to S. aureus is characterized by _ virulence and _ onset

Answer: high

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 543: Essential thrombocythemia may present with decreased serum _____ because it is used by platelets

Answer: vWF

Extra: Watch Myeloproliferative Neoplasms & Myelodysplastic Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-myeloproliferative-neoplasms-and-myelodysplastic-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/myeloproliferative-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 544: What is the treatment of Addison disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency)? _____

Answer: Replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Flashcard 545: Erythema multiforme is a blistering skin disorder most commonly associated with _____ infection

Answer: HSV

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 546: _____ cell carcinoma of the lung is usually not amenable to surgical resection and is thus treated with chemotherapy +/- radiation

Answer: Small

Flashcard 547: Patients with pheochromocytoma experience their symptoms _____, rather than continuously

Answer: episodically

Flashcard 548: Anterior spinal artery occlusion results in signs of bilateral _____ motoneuron lesion at the level of the infarct

Answer: lower

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 549: _____ pupil is a unilaterally dilated pupil that reacts sluggishly to light, but better to accommodation

Answer: Adie

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 550: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is also known as familial hypercholesterolemia

Answer: IIa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 551: Sarcoidosis may be visualized on CXR as _____ and coarse reticular opacities

Answer: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

Flashcard 552: _____ is fibrosis of the lung interstitium with unknown cause

Answer: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Flashcard 553: Nephritic syndrome is characterized by limited protein-uria _____ g/day

Answer: < 3.5

Flashcard 554: Which glycogen storage disorder is associated with cardiomegaly? _____

Answer: Pompe disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 555: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperactivity, restlessness, and insomnia? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 556: _____ azotemia is due to decreased renal blood flow (e.g. cardiac failure, hypotension)

Answer: Prerenal

Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:

Flashcard 557: Osteopetrosis may present with vision loss due to _____ impingement

Answer: optic nerve

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 558: One clinical feature of asthma is a productive cough with _____-shaped mucus plugs, known as Curschmann spirals

Answer: spiral

Extra: * shed epithelium formed whorled mucous plugs Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 559: Clinical diagnosis of asthma may be aided with _____ (PFTs) and methacholine challenge

Answer: spirometry

Flashcard 560: Which arthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing and osteophytes on imaging? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 561: Bornholm's disease is also known as _____ or pleurodynia

Answer: devil's grip

Flashcard 562: Dietary recommendations for patients with renal calculi include ↑ fluid intake, ↓ _____ intake, and normal Ca2+ intake

Answer: Na+

Extra: * leads to reduced Ca2+ reabsorption in the PCT of the nephron Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 563: Disease of which organ system is most commonly associated with SIADH? _____

Answer: Pulmonary

Extra: e.g ectopic SIADH from small cell carcinoma https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 564: Acute symptoms of Chagas disease include chagoma and _____

Answer: Romaña's sign

Flashcard 565: A necrotizing skin condition of diabetes mellitus that occurs more commonly in women is _____

Answer: necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki Necrobiosis lipoidica Pretibial skin efflorescence in a 54-year-old female patient: sharply demarcated, red-brown plaques with central sclerosis. Suspected diagnosis: necrobiosis lipoidica in diabetes mellitus Necrobiosis lipoidica Pretibial skin efflorescence: sharply demarcated, yellow-red plaques with atrophic centers and papular margins

Flashcard 566: Coarctation of the aorta is associated with a(n) _____ aortic valve and an increased risk of developing berry aneurysms

Answer: bicuspid

Flashcard 567: Chronic bronchitis is associated with _____ retention due to mucus plug trapping

Answer: (hypercapnia) CO2

Flashcard 568: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____, which are skin lesions on the face resembling lupus

Answer: lupus pernio

Flashcard 569: The following CXR is highly suggestive of what pulmonary pathology? _____

Answer: Primary Pulmonary HTN

Flashcard 570: Hereditary elliptocytosis increases protection against _____

Answer: malaria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 571: _ pneumonia and "_"-colored sputum are indicative of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer: Lobar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 572: Patients with the _____ type of Ehlers danlos can present with damage to muscles and fragile tissues

Answer: vascular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 573: _____ is characterized by a genetic vWF deficiency

Answer: Von Willebrand disease

Flashcard 574: Acute interstitial nephritis may present with _ and _, days to weeks after starting a drug

Answer: fever

Flashcard 575: Parkinson disease is characterized by _____ acetylcholine

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 576: What is the most common complication of Turner Syndrome? _____

Answer: Bicuspid aortic valve (20-30%)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 577: What is the treatment for distributive shock? _____

Answer: IV fluids, pressors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 578: While the presentation of myocarditis is highly variable, it can include fever, dyspnea, chest pain, and characteristically a persistent _ out of proportion to _

Answer: tachycardia

Flashcard 579: Loss of ATIII in nephrotic syndrome can predispose patients to _____ thrombosis

Answer: renal vein

Flashcard 580: Chronic sympathetic activity is thought to contribute to development of primary _____

Answer: hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 581: Which endocrine disorder presents with the physical features of Albright hereditary dystrophy but without the end-organ PTH resistance? _____

Answer: Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Flashcard 582: Treatment of aplastic anemia with _____ may be helpful as some idiopathic cases are due to abnormal T-cell activation with release of cytokines

Answer: immunosuppression

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 583: COPD causes _____versible obstruction

Answer: irre

Flashcard 584: What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement in adult males? _____

Answer: Varicocele

Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=41] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 585: What risk factor contributes to insulin resistance in both Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus? _____

Answer: Excessive visceral abdominal adipose tissue

Extra: * Measured as waist circumference Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 586: Open-angle glaucoma is associated with _____ age

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 587: What disease can cause thrombosis and neurologic symptoms due to hyperviscosity syndrome? _____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Extra: * Rigid sickle-shaped RBCs -> Hyperviscosity -> stasis of cerebral vessels https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 588: _ and _ are first line treatment for hypertension in patients with heart failure, MI, and/or diabetes

Answer: ACE inhibitors

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antihypertensives) Watch Primary hypertension & hypertensive emergency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antihypertensives-primary-hypertension-and-hypertensive-emergency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 589: What ABO type is the universal donor of RBCs? _____

Answer: Type O

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 590: Dementia is a common feature of _____ Parkinson disease

Answer: late

Extra: Watch Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, Parkinsons Disease & Huntingtons Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-parkinsons-disease-and-huntingtons-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 591: _____ hyperaldosteronism is characterized by high aldosterone and low renin

Answer: Primary

Flashcard 592: Hyper-coagulable states are often complicated by recurrent _____ loss (women)

Answer: pregnancy

Extra: * Microthrombi in placenta impair nutrient and oxygen delivery to fetus Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 593: In syndrome of _____, excess ADH is secreted from an autonomous site

Answer: inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Flashcard 594: _____ is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children and adults

Answer: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Flashcard 595: Anemia is associated with ___ SaO2, _ O2 content, and ___ PaO2

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 596: Brain trauma, inflammation (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis) and tumors can cause _____ hypertension

Answer: vasogenic intracranial

Extra: "TIT" Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 597: Which form of glaucoma (open- or close-angle) is more common in the U.S.? _____

Answer: Open-angle

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 598: In newborns, homozygous protein C or S deficiency can cause _____

Answer: neonatal purpura fulminans

Extra: * results in severe arterial and venous thromboses, DIC, and necrotic hemorrhagic skin lesions in newborns Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 599: Rhabdomyolysis is most commonly caused by a(n) _____ injury or strenuous exercise

Answer: crush

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 600: Pulmonary embolism may present with _____ D-dimer

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 601: What bladder deficit is associated with anterior spinal artery occlusion? _____

Answer: Spastic bladder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 602: Acute pericarditis commonly presents with sharp pain that is aggravated by _____ and relieved by sitting up and leaning forward

Answer: inspiration

Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki HIGH YIELD!!! Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 603: Disorders of fibrinolysis present with increased _____ (resembles DIC)

Answer: bleeding

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 604: HIV patients with a CD4+ count _____ may receive the Zoster (shingles) vaccine

Answer: > 200

Extra: Watch Varicella zoster virus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-varicella-zoster-virus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 605: Normal pressure hydrocephalus typically affects _____

Answer: the elderly

Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 606: IV _____ can be used for direct thrombolysis of severe PE and DVT

Answer: thrombolytics

Extra: Watch Thrombolytics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-thrombolytics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 607: Obstruction of the _____ causes symptoms similar to those seen in SVC syndrome, but only on one side of the body

Answer: brachiocephalic vein

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/mediastinum?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 608: Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis in HIV patients should be started at CD4 counts < _____ with TMP-SMX

Answer: 100

Extra: Watch Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-other-antibiotics-trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 609: Daptomycin can treat endocarditis caused by _____

Answer: Staph aureus

Extra: Watch Daptomycin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-daptomycin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 610: Mixed connective tissue disease has features of _____, scleroderma, and/or polymyositis

Answer: SLE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 611: Chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for developing _____ disease

Answer: coronary artery

Flashcard 612: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____ due to increased 1α-hydroxylase activity in epithelioid histiocytes

Answer: hypercalcemia

Flashcard 613: Complications of chronic rheumatic heart disease include infectious _____

Answer: endocarditis

Flashcard 614: Autoantibodies form complexes with antigens, which activate the classical complement pathway and induce tissue damage in _____

Answer: SLE

Flashcard 615: _____ is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia that is not correctable by administration of exogenous PTH

Answer: Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a

Flashcard 616: Hypertensive retinopathy revolves around retinal damage due to chronic _____ hypertension

Answer: uncontrolled

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 617: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from stenosis of the mesenteric artery

Answer: chronic mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 618: When is the joint pain and stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis the worst? _____

Answer: In the morning (typically lasts > 1 hour)

Flashcard 619: Pancoast tumors may cause _____ syndrome, which is characterized by shoulder pain, Horner syndrome, atrophy of hand/arm muscles, and edema (due to vascular compression)

Answer: Pancoast

Flashcard 620: Tumor Lysis Syndrome results from the fulminant release of tumor cell contents into the plasma, resulting in the following problems - _____kalemia - Hyperphosphatemia - Hypocalcemia - hyperuricemia due to increased nucleic acid breakdown

Answer: Hyper

Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 621: Tuberous Sclerosis may present with _____, which are CNS hamartomas that line the ventricular system

Answer: subependymal nodules

Extra: * CNS hamartomas that line the ventricular system Watch Sturge Weber & Tuberous Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-sturge-weber-and-tuberous-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 622: What ECG findings are associated with vasospastic angina? _____

Answer: ST-segment elevation (transmural ischemia)

Extra: Watch Stable Angina, Vasospastic Angina, & Acute Coronary Syndromes (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-stable-angina-vasospastic-angina-and-acute-coronary-syndromes-ua-nstemi-stemi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 623: The _____ phenomenon often occurs in patients with toxic adenomas and a drug administered with a high iodine content

Answer: Jod-Basedow

Flashcard 624: Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure > _____ at rest

Answer: 25

Flashcard 625: Lupus anticoagulant is an antiphospholipid antibody that results in a falsely _____ PTT

Answer: elevated

Extra: *because these antibodies bind to phospholipids, they may prolong the PTT (an in vitro clotting test that requires phospholipids) Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Autoimmune Disease Overview & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: PTT will not correct when mixed with normal plasma (mixing study); prolonged PTT is an in vitro artifact

Flashcard 626: When does β-thalassemia major (β0/β0) typically present? _____

Answer: Months after birth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 627: In regards to the development of infective endocarditis; _ is the most common underlying valvular disease in developed countries, whereas _ is the most common underlying valvular disease in non-developed countries

Answer: mitral valve prolapse

Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 628: Dilated cardiomyopathy may present with _____ due to global hypokinesis and stagnation of blood flow in the left ventricle

Answer: mural thrombi

Flashcard 629: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by amphotericin B toxicity? _____

Answer: Distal RTA (type 1)

Flashcard 630: In secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency, the metyrapone stimulation test results are _ ACTH with _ 11-deoxycortisol

Answer: decreased

Extra: * due to low ACTH secondary to dysfunctional anterior pituitary Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/secondary-hypertension?ref=anki

Flashcard 631: How do PCWP and preload change during cardiogenic and obstructive shock? _____

Answer: Increased or decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 632: What is the difference in PTH levels in hypoparathyroidism versus pseudohypoparathyroidism? _____

Answer: PTH levels are elevated in pseudohypoparathyroidism due to stimulation by hypocalcemia

Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 633: Muscle loss, truncal obesity, and osteoporosis are clinical manifestations of _____ deficiency in adults

Answer: growth hormone

Extra: * "Muscle wasting" Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 634: How many lobes does interstitial (atypical) pneumonia typically involve? _____

Answer: > 1

Flashcard 635: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from stenosis of the popliteal artery

Answer: peripheral vascular disease

Flashcard 636: Peripheral Arterial Disease is most commonly caused by occlusion of the _____

Answer: popliteal artery

Flashcard 637: What endocrine pathology is treated with demeclocycline? _____

Answer: SIADH

Flashcard 638: What demographic is associated with small (oat) cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Male smokers

Extra: *person in the small cell is male Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 639: Pituitary apoplexy may lead to _____ due to acute hypopituitarism causing decreased ACTH

Answer: cardiovascular collapse

Extra: * Cardiovascular collapse is the rapid or sudden development of circulatory failure Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 640: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of mucosal and skin _____

Answer: bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 641: Milk alkali syndrome is characterized by a triad of _____, metabolic alkalosis, and AKI

Answer: hypercalcemia

Extra: * Kidney injury occurs due to both hypercalcemia-induced renal vasoconstriction and calcium-induced diuresis * Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to volume depletion, reduced GFR, and alkali intake Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 642: _____ is an initial cutaneous feature of Lyme disease that is described as an expanding "bull's eye", red, target rash

Answer: Erythema Chronicum Migrans

Flashcard 643: What is the major cause of delayed morbidity and death after 3 - 10 days of presentation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage? _____

Answer: Vasospasm

Flashcard 644: In chronic bronchitis, the DLCO is usually _____

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 645: Alport syndrome often presents with a triad of ocular disturbances, isolated _____, and sensory hearing loss

Answer: hematuria

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 646: One ECG change associated with cardiac tamponade is _____, which occurs due to "swinging" movement of the heart in a large effusion

Answer: electrical alternans

Flashcard 647: Pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus is often complicated by _____ formation or empyema (pus in the pleural space)

Answer: abscess

Flashcard 648: Why are left-sided valvular lesions not seen in a patient with carcinoid heart disease? _____

Answer: blood passes through the lung, which contains MAO, thus converting 5-HT to 5-HIAA before reaching the left heart

Extra: Watch Colorectal Polyps & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-colorectal-polyps-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 649: Risk factors for thoracic aneurysm include _____ aortic valve and hypertension

Answer: bicuspid

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 650: _____ may produce a precordial chest pain that may mimic myocardial infarction with release of troponins and CK-MB

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 651: _____ cardiomyopathy is the dilation of all four chambers of the heart

Answer: Dilated

Flashcard 652: Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease have a higher risk of having a(n) _____ than critical limb ischemia

Answer: MI

Flashcard 653: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition

Answer: impaired

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 654: _____ conjunctivitis is characterized by sparse mucous discharge and a swollen preauricular node

Answer: Viral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Viral conjunctivitis Left eye The blood vessels are dilated (injection), but there is no excessive tearing. Bacterial conjunctivitis Left eye There is massive injection (conjunctival hyperemia) and purulent discharge in the medial corner of the eye and the margin of the lower lid. Atlas:

Flashcard 655: Which renal tubular defects present similarly to hyperaldosteronism? _____

Answer: Liddle syndrome, Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 656: Dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by _____, which is the result of a vitamin B1 deficiency

Answer: wet beriberi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 657: Which form of polycythemia is associated with lung disease (ex. COPD / obstructive sleep apnea), congenital heart disease, high altitude, or low birth weight? _____

Answer: Appropriate absolute polycythemia (appropriate secondary erythrocytosis)

Flashcard 658: _____ pneumothorax may be due to iatrogenic causes, such as bronchoscopy, subclavian line placement, thoracentesis, barotrauma

Answer: Traumatic

Flashcard 659: Type II familial dyslipidemia commonly presents with tendinous _____, especially on the Achilles tendon

Answer: xanthomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki

Flashcard 660: Klumpke palsy is commonly caused by _ on the arm during _ (in infants) or trauma, such as grabbing a tree branch while falling (in adults)

Answer: upward force

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/axilla?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 661: Acute tubular necrosis may cause _____

Answer: high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Extra: Watch Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-acute-tubular-necrosis-atn?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 662: _____ syndrome is an apparent alteration of thyroid hormone level with normal thyroid gland function seen in critically ill patients

Answer: Euthyroid sick

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 663: _____ sinus thrombosis is a serious complication of Mucormycosis fungal infection

Answer: Cavernous

Flashcard 664: Thalassemia is a cause of _____ anemia

Answer: microcytic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-iii-acute-decompensation?ref=anki Other: common in those of Mediterranean descent; think about thalassemia if a microcytic, hypochromic anemia doesn't respond to iron therapy, the patient is asymptomatic, and there is a disproportionately low MCV with a relatively normal Hgb; no treatment required.

Flashcard 665: "Broken Heart Syndrome" is also known as _____

Answer: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 666: How does nephritic syndrome affect urine output? _____

Answer: Decreased (oliguria)

Flashcard 667: Extra-articular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis include _____ and aortic regurgitation (due to aortitis)

Answer: uveitis

Flashcard 668: The most commonly involved organ in systemic amyloidosis is the _____

Answer: kidney

Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 669: Systemic amyloidosis can result in a peripheral _____ and carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer: neuropathy

Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 670: The normal heart sound _____ is loudest at the left upper sternal border

Answer: S2

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 671: Internal carotid dissection can present with a tertiary _____, as well as profound neurologic deficits due to infarction of the cerebral hemisphere

Answer: horner syndrome

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 672: _____ occurs when there is inadequate blood supply to meet demand

Answer: Ischemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 673: _____ is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 674: Relative polycythemia is characterized by _____ plasma volume

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 675: Mitral _____ is often due to ischemic heart disease (post-MI) and LV dilatation

Answer: regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 676: What demographic is most commonly affected by aortic stenosis? _____

Answer: Older adults (> 60)

Flashcard 677: What is the most common type of anemia in hospitalized patients? _____

Answer: Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)

Flashcard 678: The _____ suppression test is useful in patients with hypercortisolism

Answer: dexamethasone

Flashcard 679: Hyperthyroidism _____ number and sensitivity of B-adrenergic receptors

Answer: increases

Flashcard 680: What is the blood concentration of K+ in a patient with diabetes mellitus? _____

Answer: Increased (hyperkalemia) due to decreased K+ uptake into cells

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 681: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase platelet count? _____

Answer: Platelets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 682: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage may occur secondary to _____ injury following an ischemic stroke

Answer: reperfusion

Flashcard 683: IV Ca2+ channel blockers such as _____ and clevidipine may be used in hypertensive emergency

Answer: nicardipine

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antihypertensives) Watch Primary hypertension & hypertensive emergency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antihypertensives-primary-hypertension-and-hypertensive-emergency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 684: Patients with BP > _/_ mmHg above goal should use two antihypertensives

Answer: 20

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antihypertensives) Watch Primary hypertension & hypertensive emergency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antihypertensives-primary-hypertension-and-hypertensive-emergency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 685: _____ presents with chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with "tender points"

Answer: Fibromyalgia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 686: What musculoskeletal pathology is characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain that worsens with weather changes, psychological stress, or reduced sleep? _____

Answer: Fibromyalgia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 687: Which electrolyte disturbance causes stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones? _____

Answer: High Ca2+ (hypercalcemia)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 688: What two organs are commonly affected by Churg-Strauss syndrome? _____

Answer: Heart and lungs

Flashcard 689: Statin therapy may be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in high-risk _____

Answer: diabetics

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Blood & Inflammation (Dyslipidemia drugs) Watch Statins [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-dyslipidemia-drugs-statins?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 690: Polymyositis and dermatomyositis may have ANA, _____, anti-Mi-2, and/or anti-SRP antibodies

Answer: anti-Jo-1

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 691: Lumbar puncture in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension reveals _____ opening pressure and provides headache relief

Answer: increased

Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 692: Kussmaul sign (increased JVP on inspiration) may be seen with constrictive _____ and restrictive cardiomyopathies

Answer: pericarditis

Flashcard 693: What type of cardiomyopathy is caused by mutated transthyretin deposits (familial amyloid cardiomyopathy)? _____

Answer: Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Extra: Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 694: Does central post-stroke pain (thalamic pain) syndrome respond to analgesic medications? _____

Answer: No (resistant)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 695: Is the fourth heart sound (S4) normally audible in adults? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 696: Graves disease is associated with HLA-_ and HLA-_

Answer: B8

Extra: * Same HLA-B8 as Myasthenia Gravis Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 697: Acute tubular necrosis caused by _____ is due to decreased renal blood flow

Answer: ischemia

Flashcard 698: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase Hb and O2 carrying capacity? _____

Answer: Packed RBCs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 699: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with _____ to percussion

Answer: dullness

Flashcard 700: Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited disease associated with increased risk for _____ carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum

Answer: renal cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 701: Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease present with claudication, acute _____, and numbness distally to occlusion

Answer: rest pain

Flashcard 702: Is pulsus paradoxus typically seen in patients with myocarditis? _____

Answer: No

Extra: * seen in cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, and croup: due to decrease in amplitude of systolic BP by > 10 mm Hg during inspiration Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 703: What is the leading cause of death in a patient with diabetes mellitus? _____

Answer: Heart attack (MI)

Flashcard 704: Colorectal carcinoma rarely presents with _____ bacteremia

Answer: Streptococcus bovis (gallolyticus)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 705: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) can ultimately result in Rheumatic Fever and _____

Answer: Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 706: In the united states, the majority of overdose deaths are caused by _____

Answer: opioids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 707: Acute aortic dissection may lead to new-onset _____ with signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock

Answer: heart failure

Flashcard 708: Severe intravascular hemolysis can cause _____ due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Answer: acute kidney injury (AKI)

Extra: * secondary to heme release from lysed RBCs -> tubular obstruction, direct toxicity, and vasoconstriction -> kidney injury Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 709: Excluding skin cancer, which of the listed three demographics count the incidence of the following cancers as their top 3 most common in the United States? _____

Answer: Women

Flashcard 710: Which ADH disorder is characterized by high levels of circulating ADH and thus inappropriately concentrated urine? _____

Answer: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 711: Varicose veins are a result of incompetence of the _____

Answer: venous valves

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 712: Streptococcus pyogenes results in _____, which is a deep infection of the skin

Answer: cellulitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 713: How is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) measured? _____

Answer: Pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki fyi: See PA distal lumen - senses the pressure.

Flashcard 714: In peripheral artery disease, calf claudications are caused by lesions in the _____ artery

Answer: superficial femoral

Flashcard 715: Dermatomyositis may present with _____, which are red papules on the elbows, knuckles, and knees

Answer: Gottron papules

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 716: Most thyroid adenomas are nonfunctional ("cold"), but may rarely cause _____ via autonomous thyroid hormone production ("hot" or "toxic")

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 717: What hormone may contribute to the development of SLE in females by stimulating cell-mediated immunity? _____

Answer: Estrogens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 718: _____ are benign and often pedunculated outgrowths of normal skin

Answer: Acrochordons

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 719: Patients with T2DM in DKA can present with _____

Answer: prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)

Extra: * due to osmotic diuresis -> volume depletion -> decreased renal perfusion -> prenal azotemia Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/diabetic-ketoacidosis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 720: Which electrolyte disturbance causes renal stones, metastatic calcifications, and hypocalcemia? _____

Answer: High PO43-

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 721: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by analgesic nephropathy? _____

Answer: Distal RTA (type 1)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 722: Vaso-occlusive infarcts in bones of the hands and feet due to sickle cell anemia cause _____

Answer: dactylitis (painful swelling of hands and feet)

Extra: * dactylitis- painful swelling of hands and feet Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 723: _____ embolus is classically seen in decompression sickness (Caisson disease)

Answer: Gas (air)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 724: CNS hamartomas in Tuberous Sclerosis may present with _____ hydrocephalus due to CSF blockage

Answer: non-communicating (obstructive)

Flashcard 725: Sleep apnea is characterized by a(n) _____ Pao2 and Paco2 during the day

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 726: Do disorders of fibrinolysis present with elevated D-dimers? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 727: How does the hemoglobin concentration change in anemia? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 728: Abnormal secondary hemostasis may occur due to _____, which dilutes coagulation factors, resulting in a relative deficiency

Answer: large-volume transfusion

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 729: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____, due to increased levels of MSH secondary to elevated ACTH

Answer: hyperpigmentation

Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Hyperpigmentation in Addison disease Left: bronze-toned facial hyperpigmentation before treatment Right: after treatment with glucocorticoid replacement therapy Addison hyperpigmentation There is black pigmentation on the gingiva of the lower jaw. Hyperpigmentation of mucous membranes of the oral cavity is a characteristic feature of Addison disease.

Flashcard 730: Rheumatoid arthritis classically presents with joint stiffness that improves with _____

Answer: activity

Flashcard 731: What effect does the rapid squatting maneuver have on the "click" onset time of MVP murmurs? _____

Answer: Later onset of click/murmur

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 732: Streptococcus _____ can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis; is associated with colon cancer

Answer: gallolyticus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 733: MEN 2A is associated with mutations in the _____ gene, which codes for receptor tyrosine kinase in cells of neural crest origin

Answer: RET

Extra: * RET = REarranged during Transfection https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 734: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ plasma volume

Answer: increased

Extra: * due to increased proliferation of platelets Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 735: One cause of acute primary adrenal insufficiency is _____ syndrome

Answer: Waterhouse-Friderichsen

Flashcard 736: A murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation may radiate to the _____

Answer: right sternal border

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 737: Why are left-sided heart valve lesions NOT seen with Carcinoid syndrome? _____

Answer: Lung contains MAO, which metabolizes serotonin

Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 738: Strokes involving the lenticulostriate artery may cause paralysis and sensory loss of the contra-lateral _____

Answer: entire body

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 739: _____ is inflammation of endocardium that lines the surface of cardiac valves (usually due to bacterial infection)

Answer: Endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 740: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the O blood type have? _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 741: Pregnancy, OCPs, smoking, and immobilization increase the risk for _____ in Factor V Leiden

Answer: thrombosis

Flashcard 742: Acute and chronic kidney disease may cause secondary _____ due to increased renin and/or decreased salt and water excretion

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 743: Most common etiology of endocarditis from S. aureus: _____

Answer: IVDU

Flashcard 744: Patients with DRESS syndrome present with fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, facial edema, and diffuse _____ skin rash

Answer: morbilliform

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 745: Low-dose _____ is commonly used to prevent ischemic stroke in patients with Transient ischemic attack

Answer: aspirin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 746: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may present with easy bruising and a tendency to _____

Answer: bleed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 747: What demographic is classically affected by Buerger disease? _____

Answer: Heavy smokers, males < 40 years old

Flashcard 748: Anti-SRP antibodies are associated with _ and _

Answer: polymyositis

Flashcard 749: Mitral regurgitation usually arises as a complication of mitral valve _____

Answer: prolapse

Extra: Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 750: Cotton wool spots and a "pizza pie" description on funduscopy are characteristic of what viral infection complication? _____

Answer: CMV retinitis

Flashcard 751: Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD) is the most common malignancy complicating _____ transplantation*

Answer: solid organ

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 752: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia may present with _ _ in the cervical, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes

Answer: nonpainful

Flashcard 753: What is the treatment for sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Steroids (if symptomatic)

Flashcard 754: Which cardiac tumor often causes systemic / constitutional symptoms (fevers, chills, sweats)? _____

Answer: Myxoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 755: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension

Answer: impaired

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 756: Both Calcitriol and Vitamin D can be used to prophylactically treat and mitigate symptoms of _____

Answer: osteoporosis

Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 757: Pneumonia may present with fever, chills, and _____ WBC count

Answer: elevated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 758: Dermatomyositis may present with a(n) _____ rash that is similar to SLE

Answer: malar

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 759: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased TSH (if 1*) and decreased free T3 / T4? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Extra: * TSH elevated due to lack of negative feedback on anterior pituitary Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 760: _____ is a zoonotic infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii that presents with a rash that typically starts at the wrists and ankles and then spreads to the trunk, palms and soles

Answer: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 761: Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause severe _____ and purpura of the skin

Answer: pruritis

Flashcard 762: Hyperaldosteronism presents as hypertension with _____, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis

Answer: hypernatremia

Flashcard 763: Incremental reductions in _____ define the stages of chronic kidney disease

Answer: GFR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki

Flashcard 764: In Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, there is ventricular apical ballooning due to increased _____

Answer: sympathetic stimulation

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 765: Aortic regurgitation may present with a(n) bounding pulse (Corrigan / Water-hammer pulse), pulsating nail bed (Quincke pulse), and head _____ when severe

Answer: bobbing

Flashcard 766: Type I hyperlipoproteinemia commonly presents with red-orange _____

Answer: eruptive/pruritic xanthomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki

Flashcard 767: Diagnosis of sickle cell anemia is confirmed by hemoglobin _____

Answer: electrophoresis

Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Usually done once as a child

Flashcard 768: What affect does secondary adrenal insufficiency have on serum sodium levels? _____

Answer: Decreased (hyponatremia)

Extra: * low cortisol results in increased hypothalamic of CRH -> triggers ADH secretion-> increased water reabsorption -> dilution of serum with sodium (hyponatremia) Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 769: Generally, obstructive lung diseases increase risk for chronic, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction with subsequent _____

Answer: cor pulmonale

Extra: * hypoxic vasoconstriction increases pressure in lungs, which increases workload of right ventricle -> cor pulmonale Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 770: _____ arthritis is due to an infectious agent, usually bacterial

Answer: Septic (infectious)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 771: Traumatic vascular dissection is a relatively common cause of ischemic stroke in the young, affecting the _____ vessels

Answer: extracranial

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 772: Functional pituitary adenoma is less commonly from adenoma of _____ and corticotrophs (ACTH)

Answer: somatotrophs (GH)

Flashcard 773: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of medium and large-sized vessels may cause _____, which is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputation in diabetic patients

Answer: peripheral vascular occlusive disease

Extra: * immune dysfunction and unrecognized trauma (due to peripheral neuropathy) also lead to formation of diabetic foot ulcers and autoamputation Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 774: Pulmonary embolism may present with _____

Answer: respiratory alkalosis

Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary-hypertension?ref=anki

Flashcard 775: Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) cause acute _____ that can progress to end-organ failure

Answer: hemorrhagic fever

Extra: Watch Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus (Filoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-ebolavirus-marburgvirus-filoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 776: _____ hypertension (90-95% of cases) has no known etiology

Answer: Primary (essential)

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 777: Conn syndrome presents with hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis due to _____ aldosterone levels

Answer: increased

Flashcard 778: Cushing _____ is the result of chronic excess glucocorticoids caused by hypersecretion of ACTH from a pituitary adenoma

Answer: disease

Flashcard 779: One possible complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia is _____, due to backup of fluid into the kidney

Answer: hydronephrosis

Extra: Watch Hydronephrosis & Urinary Tract Obstruction [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-hydronephrosis-and-urinary-tract-obstruction?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=45] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 780: What is the effect of estrogen on levels of HDL? _____

Answer: Increased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 781: Patients with recurrent DVTs can be given a(n) _____ if they have contraindications to anticoagulation

Answer: IVC filter

Flashcard 782: How does blood pressure change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (hypertension)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 783: Where does osteomyelitis most commonly occur in adults? _____

Answer: Vertebral bodies

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 784: What demographic is associated with Coxiella burnetii pneumonia? _____

Answer: Farmers and veterinarians

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 785: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome-1 is characterized by a triad of _____, adrenal insufficiency and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Answer: hypoparathyroidism

Extra: * Autoimmune disease characterized by a triad of hypoparathyroidism, Addison disease, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. * APS-1 is due to mutations in the autoimmune regulatory gene (AIRE) Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 786: Tertiary syphilis can present with aortitis, particularly of the _____

Answer: ascending thoracic aorta

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 787: Which thyroid imbalance presents with osteoporosis / increased fracture rate? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Extra: * Excess thyroid hormone -> bone resorption -> hypercalcemia -> suppressed PTH & vitmamin D -> risk of osteoporosis Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 788: Chronic bronchitis is highly associated with _____

Answer: smoking

Extra: * Chronic irritation by other inhaled air pollutants such as grain, cotton, silica dusts, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide may contribute to development of chronic bronchitis * CF -> thick mucus secretions -> chronic bronchitis Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 789: Phlegmasia alba dolens (painful white "milk" leg) is a result of massive _____ vein occlusion

Answer: common iliac

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/peripheral-venous-and-arterial-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 790: Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a form of _____ hydrocephalus

Answer: communicating

Flashcard 791: Wet beriberi is characterized by high-output cardiac failure (_____ cardiomyopathy) and edema +/- dry beriberi symptoms

Answer: dilated

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 792: What endocrine disorder is associated with neurofibromatosis I? _____

Answer: Pheochromocytoma

Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Neurofibromatosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neurofibromatosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 793: Emphysema is characterized by loss of _____, which inhibits the ability to exhale air from the alveoli (air trapping)

Answer: elastic recoil

Flashcard 794: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by non-inflammatory synovial fluid (WBC < 2000/mm3)? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 795: One possible cause of SIADH is _____ lung carcinoma, which provides a source of ectopic ADH

Answer: small cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 796: What is the most sensitive screening test for primary hypothyroidism? _____

Answer: High TSH

Extra: * due to lack of negative feedback on the anterior pituitary Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 797: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in prerenal azotemia? _____

Answer: < 20 mEq/L

Flashcard 798: What is the differential diagnosis in a Cushing syndrome patient with elevated ACTH? _____

Answer: 1. Cushing disease (ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma) 2. Ectopic ACTH secretion

Flashcard 799: Early (acute) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _____

Answer: regurgitation

Flashcard 800: Pneumocystitis jirovecii prophylaxis in HIV patients should be started at CD4 counts < _____ with TMP-SMX

Answer: 200

Flashcard 801: Enlargement of the heart can cause _____ due to compression of the esophagus

Answer: dysphagia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 802: Limited scleroderma is also referred to as "CREST syndrome": C: _____ R: Raynaud phenomenon E: Esophageal dysmotility S: Sclerodactyly (thick, tight skin) T: Telangiectasias

Answer: Calcinosis cutis (and anti-Centromere Abs)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 803: How long does it take for constrictive pericarditis to occur? _____

Answer: Several weeks to months

Flashcard 804: What demographic is commonly associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm? _____

Answer: Males > 60 (usually a smoker with HTN)

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 805: Pneumothorax presents with _____ tactile fremitus on the affected side

Answer: decreased

Extra: Watch Pneumothorax [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-pneumothorax?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki Tactile fremitus Findings in pneumonia (left) and pleural effusion (right) Place hands on each side of the thorax, ask the patient to say “toy boat” repeatedly (“ninety-nine” is also commonly used), and feel for vibrations transmitted throughout the chest wall. Vibrations are typically decreased over fluid-filled areas (blue area) and increased over areas of dense consolidation (yellow area). Same for emphysema air is present outside the lung in the thoracic cavity, which insulates breath sounds and vibration (fremitus) originating within the lung

Flashcard 806: The palpable "bag of worms" on physical exam in a patient who has a varicocele may be augmented by the _____ maneuver

Answer: Valsalva

Flashcard 807: What type of heart valve does Staphylococcus aureus infect? _____

Answer: Normal heart valves (undamaged)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 808: What sounds may be heard on respiratory exam in a patient with chronic bronchitis? _____

Answer: Wheezing, crackles

Flashcard 809: Lateral medullary syndrome is also known as _____ syndrome

Answer: Wallenberg

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 810: What age group is primarily affected by Chronic Myeloid Leukemia? _____

Answer: Older adults ~60 years old

Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 811: Diabetic ketoacidosis often arises with _____ (e.g. infection)

Answer: stress

Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 812: _____ is a brief, reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction without acute infarction (negative MRI)

Answer: Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 813: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of _____ arthritis in adults

Answer: septic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 814: Acute interstitial nephritis is less commonly secondary to systemic _____ (e.g. mycoplasma)

Answer: infections

Flashcard 815: In early postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: >

Extra: Elevated BUN bag over Credit card (fireman): Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:

Flashcard 816: _____ splitting is a delayed pulmonic sound, especially on inspiration, seen in conditions that delay right ventricle emptying

Answer: Wide

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 817: The _____ on ECG is an isoelectric period (horizontal line) when the ventricles are depolarized

Answer: ST segment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 818: Which acid-base disturbance is caused by decreased HCO3-? _____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 819: Neurologic manifestations of Rabies virus include _-phobia and _-phobia, both pathognomonic signs

Answer: hydro

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 820: What drugs may be used to treat a patient with polyarteritis nodosa? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide

Extra: * giant moon face: corticosteroids treat PAN, Giant cell, & Takayasu Arteritis Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 821: A major complication associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm is _____, especially when >5 cm in diameter

Answer: rupture

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 822: Type III familial dyslipidemia presents with tuberoeruptive xanthomas and _____ xanthomas

Answer: palmar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 823: _____ arthritis may present with a triad of polyarthralgia, tenosynovitis, and dermatitis

Answer: Gonococcal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 824: Pleural effusion can be treated with _____ to remove fluid

Answer: thoracentesis

Flashcard 825: The causes of eosinophilia may be remembered with the mnemonic "PACCMAN": P: parasites A: asthma C: Churg-Strauss syndrome C: chronic adrenal insufficiency M: Myeloproliferative disorders A: allergic processes N: _____

Answer: neoplasia (ex. Hodgkin lymphoma)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 826: What drugs may be used to treat Granulomatosis with polyangiitis? _____

Answer: Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids

Flashcard 827: The _____ lies between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

Answer: pericardial cavity

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/heart?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 828: Aortocavitary fistulas are an uncommon complication of _____

Answer: bacterial endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 829: One possible treatment for a growth hormone adenoma is a(n) _____, such as pegvisomant

Answer: GH receptor antagonist

Flashcard 830: Anemia may present with _____ conjunctiva and skin

Answer: pale

Flashcard 831: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is prone to _____ due to disorganized neovascularization

Answer: hemorrhage

Extra: * blood can enter vitreous substance -> cloudy vision Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 832: How does cardiac output change during cardiogenic and obstructive shock? _____

Answer: Severely decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 833: Chronic Kidney Disease may cause _____

Answer: secondary hyperparathyroidism

Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 834: What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in regions where iodine levels are adequate? _____

Answer: Hashimoto thyroiditis

Flashcard 835: How does renal cell carcinoma respond to chemotherapy and radiation therapy? _____

Answer: Poor response (resistant)

Flashcard 836: Acromegaly causes enlarged bones in the ___, _, and ___

Answer: hands

Flashcard 837: What is the level of ACTH in secondary adrenocortical insufficiency? Why? _____

Answer: Decreased; the disease is a result of decreased ACTH secretion

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 838: Bartonella spp. is one of the most common causes of _____

Answer: culture-negative endocarditis

Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 839: Prolactinoma may be treated with a(n) _ agonist, such as _ or cabergoline

Answer: dopamine

Flashcard 840: With a factor VIII coagulation factor inhibitor, mixing normal plasma with a patient's plasma _____ correct the PTT

Answer: doesn't

Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 841: The mnemonic FROM JANE describes the symptoms of _____

Answer: bacterial endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 842: Acute _____ is defined as inflammation of the pericardium

Answer: pericarditis

Flashcard 843: Which obstructive lung disease may be caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis? _____

Answer: Bronchiectasis

Extra: aspergillus is NOT a bacteria. However , this memory hook helps me remember infections, including ABPA Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 844: Pulmonary hypertension leads to RV _____ with eventual cor pulmonale

Answer: hypertrophy

Flashcard 845: _____ is characterized by sudden onset pain and stiffness in the proximal muscles (i.e. shoulders and hips), without muscular weakness

Answer: Polymyalgia rheumatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 846: Saline is a solution of _____

Answer: sodium chloride

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 847: Bilateral renal artery stenosis may cause _____ due to ischemic nephropathy

Answer: CKD

Flashcard 848: During the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis, there is increased risk for _____-kalemia and uremia

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 849: Small (oat) cell carcinoma is _____ located

Answer: centrally

Flashcard 850: Pulmonary _____ may arise with chronic emboli that are reorganized over time

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 851: Laryngeal papilloma often presents with _____

Answer: hoarseness

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 852: What acid-base disorder is seen with late phases of aspirin toxicity? _____

Answer: High anion gap metabolic acidosis

Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch NSAIDs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-nsaids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 853: Acute management of cluster headaches includes _____ and 100% O2

Answer: sumatriptan

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Pharm Watch Triptans & migraine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-triptans-and-migraine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki Oxygen goes to the TOP near the clusters (100% O2)

Flashcard 854: About 25% of adults with PSGN develop _____

Answer: rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 855: Does acute pyelonephritis typically present with systemic signs (e.g. fever, chills)? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 856: What is the most common predisposing factor to mucormycosis? _____

Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis

Extra: Watch Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. (mucormycetes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-mucor-spp-rhizopus-spp-mucormycetes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-opportunistic-fungal-infections-mucor-spp-rhizopus-spp-mucormycetes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 857: What bacteria typically causes septic arthritis in older children and adults? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 858: One complication of acute pyelonephritis is uro-_____

Answer: sepsis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 859: Elevated hCG can be a paraneoplastic syndrome, such as in _____ or large cell carcinoma

Answer: pinealomas

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 860: Myocarditis is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in adults under _____ years old

Answer: 40

Flashcard 861: What is a non-modifiable risk factor for Metabolic syndrome? _____

Answer: Family history

Flashcard 862: SLE is associated with _____ and discoid rashes, especially upon exposure to sunlight

Answer: malar ("butterfly")

Flashcard 863: What dermatologic lesion is a macule > 1 cm? _____

Answer: Patch

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 864: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension may cause pulsatile _____

Answer: tinnitus

Flashcard 865: The anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease can be treated with _____

Answer: epoetin alfa

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Immunology Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 866: What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: Pericardiocentesis + IV fluids

Flashcard 867: Late Fabry disease presents with progressive _____ failure and cardiovascular disease

Answer: renal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 868: What demographic is most commonly associated with acute endocarditis due to staphylococcus aureus? _____

Answer: IV drug users

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 869: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis is associated with _____, which is characterized by aching/stiffness of the shoulders and hips

Answer: polymyalgia rheumatica

Flashcard 870: Staphylococcus aureus infection can cause _ with _ infiltrate on CXR

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 871: Coronavirus has a wide range of presentations, from _____ to cough and fever to pneumonia to ARDS

Answer: asymptomatic

Extra: Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 872: Central sleep apnea is treated with _____

Answer: positive airway pressure

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 873: Patients with DRESS syndrome with _____philia, atypical lymphocytosis, and elevated ALT

Answer: eosino

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 874: Hypofibrinogenemia is an inherited disorder that is often asymptomatic but may lead to abnormal _____

Answer: bleeding

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 875: _____, hematocrit (Hct) and RBC count are used as surrogates for RBC mass, which is difficult to measure

Answer: Hemoglobin (Hb)

Extra: * affected by changes in plasma volume, whereas RBC mass is not affected by plasma vlume Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 876: What is a cause of hyperthyroidism that often presents as a healthcare worker with a recent history of weight loss? _____

Answer: Factitious thyrotoxicosis (exogenous thyroid hormone)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 877: The autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease typically presents in the _ or _ decade

Answer: 4th

Flashcard 878: Can morning stiffness be experienced in patients with osteoarthritis? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: typically worse in the evening after a day of prolonged use and weight-bearing activities Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 879: Peripheral Artery Disease causes _____ extremities to due reduced blood flow and hair loss

Answer: cool

Flashcard 880: _____ support is critical until recovery for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome

Answer: Respiratory

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 881: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis often presents with kidney-related symptoms, such as _____, red cell casts, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer: hematuria

Flashcard 882: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia presents with increased levels of LDL, cholesterol and VLDL

Answer: IIb

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 883: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from stenosis of the coronary artery

Answer: angina

Flashcard 884: PSGN typically presents 2 to 4 _____ after a group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Answer: weeks

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 885: What demographic is classically affected by Takayasu arteritis? _____

Answer: Young Asian females (< 40)

Flashcard 886: The three major risk factors for thrombosis are _____, hypercoagulability, and endothelial cell damage (Virchow triad)

Answer: disruption in blood flow (stasis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki 1) immobolization = ↑ coagulation cascade 2) excessive procoagulant or defective anticoagulant 3) athlerosclerosis

Flashcard 887: AT III deficiency is a(n) _____ thrombosis syndrome with normal PT, aPTT, and bleeding times

Answer: autosomal dominant

Flashcard 888: Transcortical mixed aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension

Answer: impaired

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 889: Raynaud phenomenon may result in digital _____ due to critical ischemia

Answer: ulceration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 890: Does normal pressure hydrocephalus result in increased subarachnoid space volume? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 891: The left renal vein can become compressed between the _ and _ as it crosses the midline

Answer: aorta

Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/posterior-abdominal-viscera-muscles-and-diaphragm?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 892: What type of facial nerve palsy is seen in Lyme disease? _____

Answer: Bilateral bell's palsy (idiopathic)

Flashcard 893: Brain tumors and strokes affecting the hypothalamus can cause _____

Answer: hypopituitarism

Flashcard 894: The hyperpigmentation seen in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas is most evident in _ and _ exposed areas

Answer: sun

Extra: * Sun-exposed -> (face, neck) * Trauma-exposed -> (elbows, knees) Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 895: Presenting symptoms of lung cancer are non-specific and include cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and post-obstructive _____

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: * post-obstructive pneumonia Watch Lung Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-lung-cancer-lung-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 896: The five episodic hyperadrenergic symptoms of a(n) pheochromocytoma are: 1. _ 2. _ 3. Perspiration 4. Palpitations (tachycardia) 5. Pallor

Answer: Pressure (increased BP)

Flashcard 897: Polycythemia vera may present with _____ after a warm bath or shower due to mast cell degranulation

Answer: pruritus

Flashcard 898: _____ syndrome is a(n) autoimmune phenomenon that results in fibrinous pericarditis following an MI (> 1 month)

Answer: Dressler

Flashcard 899: The hallmark of Chikungunya fever is severe _____ symptoms

Answer: joint

Extra: Watch Laxatives & antidiarrheal agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-laxatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 900: What is the prognosis of heritable pulmonary hypertension? _____

Answer: Poor prognosis

Flashcard 901: What is the treatment for a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis? _____ and tocilizumab

Answer: High-dose corticosteroids

Flashcard 902: Thyroid masses are much more likely to be malignant in _ and _

Answer: males

Extra: * Almost all are associated with Ionizing radiation Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 903: Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is often due to autosomal _____ diseases

Answer: dominant

Flashcard 904: One complication of long standing rheumatoid arthritis is _____ of the cervical spine

Answer: subluxation

Extra: * X-ray-> (A) = Flexion, (B) = Extension Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy MRI of the cervical spine (T2-weighted; sagittal view) Cervical disc herniation (C6–C7; green overlay), resulting in a compression of the spinal cord and the spinal root. Atlas:

Flashcard 905: Terminal Complement (C5-C9) Deficiencies increase susceptibility to recurrent _____ bacteremia

Answer: Neisseria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 906: Acute complications of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are treated with _____, which removes IgM from the serum

Answer: plasmapheresis

Flashcard 907: Myocardial scar formation (weeks-months post-MI) may present with mural thrombi, _ and/or _

Answer: heart failure

Extra: * due to decreased contractile function; ventricular arrhythmias may cause sudden cardiac death Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 908: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with the trinucleotide repeat expansion disease _____

Answer: Friedreich ataxia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 909: What bacteria is the most common cause of endocarditis in IV drug users? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki typically involves the tricuspid valve (right-sided); thus use vancomycin

Flashcard 910: Treatment of DIC includes transfusion of blood products and _____ as needed

Answer: cryoprecipitate

Flashcard 911: Which electrolyte disturbance causes tetany, seizures, QT prolongation, twitching, and spasm? _____

Answer: Low Ca2+ (hypocalcemia)

Flashcard 912: What is the state of the adrenal glands in Cushing syndrome due to exogenous corticosteroids? _____

Answer: Atrophy of both adrenal glands

Flashcard 913: Tertiary adrenal insufficiency is caused by lack of _____ due to tumor, radiation, exogenous steroids, etc.

Answer: CRH

Flashcard 914: Heberden nodes refers to bony swellings in the _____ joints

Answer: distal interphalangeal (DIP)

Flashcard 915: Hypothyroidism may be associated with _____ due to autoimmune disease or dysfunctional pituitary/hypothalamus

Answer: adrenal insufficiency

Flashcard 916: How do serum aldosterone levels change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 917: Most commonly, patients with euthyroid sick syndrome will have: - serum TSH ___ - total serum T4 _ - total serum T3 _ - reverse T3 ___

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 918: _____itis is characterized by episodic chest pain that worsens with movement or changes in position; without warmth, swelling, erythema, or other cardiovascular / pulmonary signs or symptoms

Answer: Costochondr

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 919: What ethnicity is associated with increased risk for prostate adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: African Americans > Caucasians > Asians

Flashcard 920: Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by _____ serum iron

Answer: increased

Flashcard 921: _____ is a neurologic complication of tertiary syphilis

Answer: Tabes dorsalis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 922: West nile virus can result in _____

Answer: meningoencephalitis

Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 923: Sickle cell anemia is a cause of _____ anemia

Answer: normocytic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 924: Compensation for aortic stenosis leads to a prolonged _____ stage

Answer: asymptomatic

Flashcard 925: What is the treatment of Parvovirus B19 in the immuno-compromised? _____

Answer: IVIG and RBC transfusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 926: _____ is a regional cerebral ischemia that results in focal neurologic deficits lasting > 24 hours

Answer: Ischemic stroke

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 927: Which thyroid imbalance presents with lid lag / retraction? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 928: A(n) _____ state is due to excessive procoagulant proteins or defective anticoagulant proteins

Answer: hypercoagulable

Flashcard 929: Which infectious skin disorder is an acute, painful infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue? _____

Answer: Cellulitis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 930: Subclavian steal syndrome typically occurs due to hemodynamically significant stenosis of the _ artery proximal to the origin of the _ artery

Answer: subclavian

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vascular-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 931: One of the most feared complications of type 2 diabetes is _____

Answer: hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome

Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 932: _____ cardiomyopathy is primarily characterized by decreased compliance of the ventricular endomyocardium

Answer: Restrictive

Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 933: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by Heparin? _____

Answer: Hyperkalemic (type 4) RTA

Flashcard 934: What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? _____

Answer: Chronic renal failure

Extra: * excess PTH secreted by kidneys Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 935: Ivabradine is indicated for chronic _____ in patients who cannot take β-blockers

Answer: stable angina

Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Cardiovascular #REF!Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Antiarrhythmics?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 936: Paths of Progression after Primary Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection: _____ infection, which occurs by reactivated infection due to immunosuppression (HIV, old age, cancer, etc)

Answer: secondary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 937: ECG changes associated with acute pericarditis include widespread, diffuse _ elevation and/or _ depression

Answer: ST segment

Flashcard 938: What cancer has a higher incidence in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? _____

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 939: What type of heart valve does viridans streptococci infect? _____

Answer: Previously damaged valves

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 940: Extrapulmonary restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ A-a gradients

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 941: Vitamin D2/D3 are less useful than Calcitriol in the treatment of hypocalcemia due to hypo_____

Answer: parathyroidism

Flashcard 942: The "accelerated stage" of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia may present with _____ due to thrombocytopenia

Answer: bleeding

Extra: ** bleeding * The chronic stage presents with thrombocytosis Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 943: What cardiac pathology results in global enlargement of the heart and dilation of all chambers? _____

Answer: Myocarditis

Extra: * due to lymphocytic inflammation of myocardial tissue + edema -> weakened tissued + dilated chambers Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 944: _____ hyperaldosteronism is characterized by high aldosterone and high renin

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 945: _____ is a common viral cause of atypical pneumonia in the elderly

Answer: Influenza

Flashcard 946: The major risk factor for osteoarthritis is _____; additional risk factors include obesity, joint trauma, and female gender

Answer: age (> 60)

Flashcard 947: Conditions that increase red blood cell turnover can cause falsely _____ HbA1c in patients with diabetes mellitus

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 948: In Central cyanosis, there is _____ blood flow, and patients will have warm extremities

Answer: normal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/cyanotic-congenital-heart-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 949: What organ is most commonly affected by systemic amyloidosis? _____

Answer: Kidney

Flashcard 950: The levels of free thyroid hormone are _____ in pregnancy and oral contraceptive use

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 951: Patients with Buerger disease often experience _____ phenomenon

Answer: Raynaud's

Flashcard 952: One classic location for a(n) pheochromocytoma outside of the adrenal medulla is the organ of Zuckerkandl at the _____ artery root

Answer: inferior mesenteric

Flashcard 953: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased reflexes? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 954: Cardiac tamponade may be caused by malignancies / radiation therapy; infections (most commonly _____), drugs, and connective tissue diseases

Answer: viral

Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki Pericardial effusion in myocarditis Transthoracic echocardiogram (parasternal window; long axis; ventricular diastole) The mitral valve (M) is open. An anechoic space surrounds the heart, indicating pericardial effusion (green overlay). LV: left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle

Flashcard 955: The massive onset of hyperuricemia in Tumor Lysis Syndrome can lead to _____

Answer: acute renal failure

Extra: Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 956: What skin appearance is classically seen in carbon monoxide poisoning? _____

Answer: Cherry-red appearance

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 957: Clinical features of emphysema include dyspnea and cough with _____ sputum production

Answer: minimal

Flashcard 958: _____ may cause kinking of the IVC which results in a decreased cardiac output

Answer: Tension pneumothorax

Flashcard 959: Tumor lysis syndrome is most common with treatment of _____ and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer: lymphoma

Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 960: IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia is commonly associated with _____ infection and infectious mononucleosis

Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Extra: Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other: - may lead to jaundice, ↑ bilirubin, reticulocytosis - due to IgM (cold-agglutinin) antibodies that cross-react with EBV and RBCs/platelets (cold is Miserable)

Flashcard 961: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, classically involves the PIPs and MCP? _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 962: Lesions in actinic keratosis are typically found in _____ in sun exposed areas (face, scalp, ears, hands)

Answer: older adults

Flashcard 963: What is used to transiently raise the platelet count due to symptomatic bleeding in immune thrombocytopenic purpura? _____

Answer: IVIG

Flashcard 964: Angioinvasive aspergillosis will present with fever, cough and _____

Answer: hemoptysis

Flashcard 965: Hypertensive encephalopathy is characterized by a(n) _____ headache and nausea / vomiting followed by nonlocalizing neurologic symptoms

Answer: progressive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 966: Which thyroid imbalance presents with bradycardia and dyspnea on exertion? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 967: Patients with renal artery stenosis will present with _ and _ bruits

Answer: abdominal

Flashcard 968: People with sickle cell trait may develop _____ infarction in the setting of physiologic stressors (dehydration, air travel, sepsis)

Answer: splenic

Extra: * e.g. severe hypoxia, severe dehydration (stenuous exercise) and severe acidosis (sepsis) Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 969: How do levels of plasma renin and aldosterone change in Gitelman syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (due to decreased Na+ reabsorption)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 970: Chronic cocaine abuse increases risk for _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: dilated

Flashcard 971: What is the treatment for Lymphocytic Hypophysitis? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids

Flashcard 972: Aortic stenosis due to rheumatic disease may be distinguished from stenosis due to "wear and tear" by the presence of: 1. _____ 2. Fusion of the commissures

Answer: Coexisting mitral stenosis

Flashcard 973: The intravascular hemolysis caused by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria occurs episodically, often while _____

Answer: sleeping

Extra: Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 974: Anemia of chronic disease is associated with a(n) _____ free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)

Answer: increased

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 975: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is seen in _____, HUS, and HELLP syndrome

Answer: TTP

Extra: * Clods and sheared ball in foul pole mesh (MAHA) right above "Touch That Plate" (TTP) and "HUSsah" (HUS) = HUS & TTP cause MAHA https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki Robbins:

Flashcard 976: Secondary pulmonary hypertension due to Lung Disease may arise due to _____ of lung parenchyma (e.g. COPD / Interstitial lung disease) or hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea, high altitude)

Answer: damage / inflammation

Flashcard 977: Coarctation of the aorta may cause upper extremity hypertension and aortic _____

Answer: dissection

Flashcard 978: Expansion of the ventricles in normal pressure hydrocephalus results in distortion of the fibers of the _____

Answer: corona radiata

Extra: * may be described as compression of descending cortical fibers (corona radiata) * periventricular tracts also stretched Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 979: In a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome, will repair of the precipitating cardiac defect prevent pulmonary vascular sclerosis from becoming irreversible? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 980: The most common cause of seizure in adults is typically _____

Answer: tumor

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 981: What is the best screening test for DIC? _____

Answer: Elevated D-dimer

Extra: Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 982: _____ is inflammation of the conjunctiva, resulting in a red eye

Answer: Conjunctivitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 983: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia leads to _____

Answer: hyperpigmentation

Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 984: _____ is an isomer of T3 that mirrors T4 levels

Answer: Reverse T3 (rT3)

Flashcard 985: _____ hypogonadism presents with increased GnRH

Answer: Primary and Secondary

Extra: * due to loss of negative feedback from gonadal hormones Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 986: Which paraneoplastic syndrome presents with progressive proximal muscle weakness, papules on the knuckles, and a rash around the eyes? _____

Answer: Dermatomyositis

Flashcard 987: What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with atherosclerosis who presents with crampy postprandial epigastric pain, food aversion, and weight loss? _____

Answer: Chronic mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 988: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis may present with _____ claudication

Answer: jaw

Flashcard 989: Which thyroid imbalance presents with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Infertility? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism AND Hyperthyroidism

Extra: - hypothyroidism is more associated with menorrhagia - hyperthyroidism is more associated with amenorrhea Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 990: Treatment of Conn syndrome consists of administration of a(n) _____ antagonist, such as spironolactone, followed by removal of the aldosterone-secreting tumor

Answer: aldosterone

Flashcard 991: Acromegaly causes impaired _ tolerance (i.e. insulin resistance), which may present as secondary _

Answer: glucose

Flashcard 992: Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic BP > _ mmHg and/or diastolic BP > _ mmHg

Answer: 130

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=1] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki 2 separate measurements from 2 separate occurrences

Flashcard 993: Which type of familial dyslipidemia is associated with corneal arcus? _____

Answer: Type IIa (familial hypercholesterolemia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 994: Osteoporosis may be secondary to _____-thyroidism

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 995: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with difficult to manage _____ due to increased sympathetic tone

Answer: systemic hypertension

Flashcard 996: Parenchymal destruction from malignancy can cause _____ pneumothorax

Answer: secondary spontaneous

Flashcard 997: At 11 days after inhalation injury, bronchoscopy will typically show _____

Answer: resolution

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 998: Toxic multinodular goiter is most often due to _____ mutations (60% of cases)

Answer: TSH receptor

Flashcard 999: The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually idiopathic, but may be secondary to: - massive _____ - interferon treatment - congenital kidney malformations that cause chronic kidney disease

Answer: obesity

Flashcard 1000: The maintenance stage of ATN presents with _____ serum creatinine and BUN levels

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1001: Diffuse Axonal Injury often results in _____

Answer: coma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1002: Septic emboli from endocarditis may seed the aortic wall and lead to development or worsening of aortic _____

Answer: aneurysm

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1003: Acute myeloid leukemia presents with _____ due to thrombocytopenia

Answer: petechiae and ecchymosis

Extra: * Functional pancytopenia is thrombocytopenia, anemia, and functional neutropenia despite leukocytosis Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1004: This image is an example of a "_____" deformity, which is most commonly associated with Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer: boutonniere

Flashcard 1005: Thoracic aortic aneurysms may extend proximally and block the coronary artery ostia leading to _____ disease

Answer: ischemic heart

Extra: * An ostium (plural ostia) in anatomy is a small opening or orifice Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1006: _____ echocardiogram may be used to detect lesions on heart valves, which aids in the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis

Answer: Transesophageal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1007: Infection of injured portions of the aorta (atherosclerotic plaque, catheterization injury) can lead to aortic _____ formation

Answer: aneurysm

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1008: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with hypothyroidism and myasthenia gravis who presents with shallow respirations, tachypnea, and tachycardia? _____

Answer: Myasthenic crisis

Extra: * Requires intubation -> risk of aspiration Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-myasthenia-gravis-and-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1009: The treatment for ischemic stroke is _____ if within 3 - 4.5 hours of onset and there's no hemorrhage/risk of hemorrhage

Answer: tPA

Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1010: What demographic is most commonly associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic syndrome? _____

Answer: Elderly type 2 diabetics, especially with limited ability to drink

Extra: Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki frequently presents with severe hyperglycemia and increased serum osmolality without acidosis/ketonemia (still have insulin which suppresses ketone production)

Flashcard 1011: What is the prognosis of Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease? _____

Answer: Poor prognosis

Flashcard 1012: SIADH is a cause of _____-osmotic volume expansion

Answer: hypo

Extra: * net gain in water -> ECF & ICF volume expand -> decreased in POsm and serum Na+ (euvolemic hyponatremia) Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan

Flashcard 1013: Hypertensive _____ is defined as severe hypertension (>180 / >120 mmHg) with acute end-organ damage

Answer: emergency

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1014: Which stage of Lyme disease can present with facial nerve palsy? _____

Answer: Stage 2

Flashcard 1015: 3 - 10 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage, _____ can occur in the areas surrounding the ruptured aneurysm, which may cause an ischemic infarct

Answer: vasospasm

Flashcard 1016: Nitrates may provide symptomatic relief of chronic, stable _____

Answer: angina

Flashcard 1017: A hyperkinetic pulse can occur with _____ and high-output conditions

Answer: aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1018: Patients with _____ deficiency may develop anaphylaxis to IgA-containing products (e.g. blood transfusions, gammaglobulins)

Answer: IgA

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1019: One treatment for refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension is repeated _____

Answer: lumbar puncture

Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1020: Vestibular schwannomas may extend outside the internal acoustic meatus to the _____ angle

Answer: cerebellopontine

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1021: Pleural effusion presents with _____ fremitus

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1022: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased TSH (if 1*) and increased free T3 / T4? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Extra: * excess thyroid hormone levels in hyperthyroidism exhibit negative feedback on the pituitary, causing low TSH levels Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1023: Which two vasculitides are associated with positive serum p-ANCA? _____

Answer: Churg-Strauss syndrome and Microscopic polyangiitis

Flashcard 1024: _____-myositis is an inflammatory disorder of skeletal muscle only

Answer: Poly

Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1025: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 1026: The Chvostek sign is twitching of the facial muscles elicited by tapping on the facial nerve; it is an indicator of _____

Answer: hypocalcemia

Flashcard 1027: What ethnicity has the highest risk of developing hypertension? _____

Answer: African Americans

Extra: FA 2019 changes this to >130/80 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1028: Patients with diabetic neuropathy present with a slowly progressive decrease in vibratory sensation, _____, and temperature sensation

Answer: proprioception

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1029: Does postpartum thyroiditis usually present with a goiter? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1030: Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt lymphoma occurs in older adults and presents with generalized _____

Answer: lymphadenopathy

Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1031: Carcinoid syndrome may cause right-sided valvular heart lesions such as _____ and pulmonic stenosis

Answer: tricuspid regurgitation

Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1032: Treatment of cystine kidney stones involves _____ of urine and a low-sodium diet

Answer: alkalinization

Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1033: Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when at least _____ of the 5 following criteria are met: 1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference > 40 inches in males, > 35 inches in females) 2. Fasting glucose (> 100-110 mg/dL) 3. Blood pressure (> 130/80 mmHg) 4. Triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL) 5. HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL in men, < 50 mg/dL in women)

Answer: 3

Flashcard 1034: Thyroid nodules may be studied using _____ radioactive uptake studies

Answer: 131I

Flashcard 1035: In tension pneumothorax, the trachea +/- mediastinum shifts _____ the side of collapse

Answer: away from

Extra: * due to air & pressure in the pleural cavity pushing the trachea +/- mediastinum Watch Pneumothorax [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-pneumothorax?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary-hypertension?ref=anki

Flashcard 1036: Hypothyroidism may be treated with _____

Answer: thyroid hormone replacement therapy (e.g. levothyroxine, triiodothyronine)

Flashcard 1037: What type of white blood cell is elevated in Churg-Strauss syndrome? _____

Answer: Eosinophils

Flashcard 1038: Does Pneumocystis pneumonia show consolidations on chest xray? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 1039: Cavernous sinus syndrome may present with decreased _____ and/or maxillary sensation

Answer: corneal

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1040: Common causes of death in SLE patients include _____ failure, infection, and cardiovascular disease

Answer: renal

Flashcard 1041: What kidney complication may be associated with bacterial endocarditis? _____

Answer: Glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1042: What is the treatment for Bartonella henselae in the immuno-competent (cat scratch disease)? _____

Answer: Azithromycin

Flashcard 1043: Oligodendroglioma may present with _____

Answer: seizures

Extra: Watch Adult CNS Tumors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-adult-cns-tumors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1044: Diabetes is a risk factor for _____ due to chronic inflammation, lipid oxidation, and advanced glycation end products

Answer: atherosclerosis

Extra: * all of these factors increase plaque formation Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/stable-angina-and-atherosclerosis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1045: Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-centromere antibody? _____

Answer: Limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1046: Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-Scl-70 antibody? _____

Answer: Diffuse scleroderma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki 1) Topoisomerase/Diffuse: Diffusely sprinkled on TOP 1b) Centromere/CREST: C for Centromere

Flashcard 1047: _____ is generally preceded by either group A strep pharyngitis AND/OR GAS skin infections (impetigo)

Answer: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1048: Primitive reflexes may re-emerge in adults following _____ lobe lesions due to loss of inhibition

Answer: frontal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1049: Q fever is associated with atypical _____ symptoms (cough, headache, fever)

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: Watch Coxiella burnetii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-coxiella-burnetii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1050: Dural venous sinus thrombosis is associated with _____ states

Answer: hypercoagulable

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1051: What is a last resort treatment for aplastic anemia? _____

Answer: Bone marrow transplant

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 1052: Platelet dysfunction (qualitative) causes "platelet" type bleeding in what areas of the body? _____

Answer: Skin & mucous membranes

Extra: * manifests as easy bruising, petechiae, & epistaxis https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1053: Growth hormone cell adenoma may be diagnosed by lack of GH _____ by oral glucose

Answer: suppression

Extra: * glucose suppression test Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1054: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with CD4 < 200 that presents with changes in personality and bizarre behavior? The patient also appears to have impaired attention and calculation. Brain MRI reveals a diffuse increase in intensity in the white matter. _____

Answer: HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction

Flashcard 1055: Nephrotic syndrome results in _____, which increases risk of infection

Answer: hypogammaglobulinemia

Flashcard 1056: One complication that may occur during the first 24 hours post-MI is _____, which is an important cause of death before reaching the hospital

Answer: arrhythmia

Flashcard 1057: Asthma is most often due to allergic stimuli (type _____ HSR), but may also be triggered by viral URIs and stress

Answer: I

Flashcard 1058: What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults? _____

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1059: What causes the midsystolic click in a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse? _____

Answer: Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae

Extra: can even cause rupture! Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1060: Do lower motoneuron lesions present with clasp knife spasticity? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1061: Acromegaly may present with _____ due to tongue enlargement and upper airway obstruction

Answer: obstructive sleep apnea

Flashcard 1062: What is the treatment for obstructive shock? _____

Answer: Relieve obstruction

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1063: What is useful for imaging of CNS tumors? _____

Answer: MRI

Flashcard 1064: Acinetobacter baumannii can cause ventilator-associated _____

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1065: What is the state of the adrenal glands in Cushing syndrome due to a paraneoplastic (ectopic) ACTH secretion? _____

Answer: Hyperplasia of both adrenal glands

Extra: *hyperplasia due to constant stimulation from ACTH Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1066: One possible complication of mitral stenosis is _____ and hoarseness due to left atrial dilatation and compression of surrounding structures

Answer: dysphagia

Flashcard 1067: Primary carnitine deficiency may present with _____-uria

Answer: myoglobin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 1068: IV β-blockers (e.g. labetalol, esmolol) are useful in the acute management of aortic _____

Answer: dissection

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (β-blockers) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1069: Pulmonary emboli are usually clinically silent as the embolus is usually _____ and self-resolves

Answer: small

Flashcard 1070: A triad of cardiac tamponade, massive hemorrhage, and hypovolemic shock is characteristic of _____ rupture

Answer: thoracic aortic aneurysm

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/aortic-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1071: The heart sound _____ can be associated with ventricular noncompliance

Answer: S4

Extra: Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 1072: Thrombosis most commonly occurs in the _____ of the leg below the knee

Answer: deep veins (DVT)

Flashcard 1073: What measurement characterizes the 5 stages of CKD and what stage requires dialysis? _____

Answer: GFR (mL/min); stage 5 (GFR < 15) requires dialysis

Flashcard 1074: What type of anemia is caused by TTP, HUS, DIC, and HELLP? _____

Answer: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 1075: _____ pneumonia presents with relatively mild upper respiratory symptoms

Answer: Interstitial (atypical)

Flashcard 1076: _____ angina is characterized by chest pain that arises with exertion or emotional stress

Answer: Stable

Flashcard 1077: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to sepsis, especially gram _____ bacteria

Answer: negative

Flashcard 1078: In a patient with a pulmonary emboli, V/Q lung scan shows mismatch due to abnormal _____

Answer: perfusion

Flashcard 1079: What is the differential diagnosis in a Cushing syndrome patient with suppressed ACTH? _____

Answer: 1. Exogenous glucocorticoids 2. Adrenal adenoma (or carcinoma, hyperplasia)

Flashcard 1080: Interstitial restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ A-a gradients

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1081: One possible complication of mitral stenosis is pulmonary _____ and eventual right-sided heart failure

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 1082: _____ is an antiphospholipid antibody that may result in false-positive VDRL and RPR tests

Answer: Anti-cardiolipin

Extra: * Antibodies against the phosphlipid Œ≤2-glycoprotein complex also bind to cardiolipin antigen, used in syphilis serology (VDR/RPR), and therefore lupus patients may have a false positive test result for syphilis Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1083: Aortic dissection usually occurs in the proximal _____ cm of the aorta (high stress region)

Answer: 10

Flashcard 1084: _____ is the progressive onset of heart failure over many years due to chronic ischemic myocardial damage

Answer: Chronic ischemic heart disease

Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 1085: What is the most common cancer in AIDS patients? _____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1086: West Nile virus is associated with confusion resulting from _____

Answer: encephalitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1087: _____ is a variant of hashimoto's that presents with transient hyperthyroidism followed sometimes by hypothyroidism

Answer: Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-gestational-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1088: Restrictive lung disease may be caused by poor structural apparatus, such as _____ and morbid obesity

Answer: scoliosis

Flashcard 1089: What is the treatment for severe or refractory hereditary spherocytosis? _____

Answer: Splenectomy

Flashcard 1090: One complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is autoimmune _____ due to high concentrations of cold agglutinins (IgM)

Answer: hemolytic anemia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1091: One of the most feared complications of type 1 diabetes is _____

Answer: diabetic ketoacidosis

Extra: *#1 car with broken BETAscotch candie wheels= type I diabetes is the result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1092: What demographic is more commonly affected by empty sella syndrome? _____

Answer: Obese women

Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 1093: What is a classic finding of pulmonary anthrax on CXR? _____

Answer: Widening of the mediastinum

Extra: Watch Bacillus anthracis & cereus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-bacillus-anthracis-and-cereus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1094: IIH (pseudotumor cerebri) can present with _____ due to impaired optic nerve axoplasmic flow

Answer: papilledema

Flashcard 1095: Peripheral Artery Disease causes _____ in the affected extremity due to deficient blood flow to hair follicles

Answer: hair loss

Flashcard 1096: Absence seizures are characteristically provoked by _____

Answer: hyperventilation

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/seizures?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1097: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as _____ (> 1 cm)

Answer: ecchymoses

Flashcard 1098: What are the heart chamber sizes in restrictive cardiomyopathy & constrictive pericarditis? _____

Answer: Normal ventricles & enlarged atria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1099: Cardiac tamponade may present with Beck's triad of _____, distended neck veins, and distant heart sounds

Answer: hypotension

Flashcard 1100: Which obstructive lung disease is associated with secondary (AA) amyloidosis? _____

Answer: Bronchiectasis

Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1101: Cauda equina syndrome is commonly due to epidural cord compression from a(n) _____

Answer: malignancy

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/spinal-cord-syndromes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1102: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis most commonly affects _____ and these patients commonly have a(n) saddle nose deformity

Answer: middle aged men

Extra: May result in an intersitial lung disease (ILD). Classified under ILD associated with granulomas Step Up to Medicine: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1103: What spinal cord level is most commonly affected by poliovirus? _____

Answer: Lumbar levels

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 1104: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy most often presents when patients are _____

Answer: teenagers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics/modes-of-inheritance/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1105: Which stage of Lyme disease is early and localized? _____

Answer: Stage 1

Flashcard 1106: Subarachnoid hemorrhage may cause _____

Answer: photophobia (fear of light)

Flashcard 1107: What is the treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Low-dose corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki versus giant cell arteritis, which requires high-dose; if PMR does not improve rapidly with steroids, another diagnosis should be suspected

Flashcard 1108: In _____ lung disease, the FEV1/FVC is decreased

Answer: obstructive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1109: _____ is death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of onset of symptoms

Answer: Sudden cardiac death

Flashcard 1110: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1111: Treatment of renal failure involves _____ or renal transplant

Answer: dialysis

Flashcard 1112: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used in the treatment of lupus nephritis? _____

Answer: Mycophenolate mofetil

Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1113: Guillain-Barré syndrome may present with _____ due to paralysis of motor neurons innervating the diaphragm

Answer: respiratory failure

Extra: * autoimmune mediated demyelinating disorder Watch Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-hydatidiform-mole-and-choriocarcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1114: Pituitary adenomas may be _ (hormone producing) or _ (silent)

Answer: functional

Flashcard 1115: The immune overdrive seen in ARDS in patients with coronavirus may be related to _____

Answer: cytokine storm

Extra: Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Research article on VTE prophylaxis in COVID patients: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7265858/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7265858/] Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 1116: S. bovis can produce subacute _____

Answer: endocarditis

Extra: Watch Enterococcus faecium & faecalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-enterococcus-faecium-and-faecalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1117: _____ syndrome is the result of chronic excess glucocorticoids by: 1. Adrenal gland hyperplasia 2. Pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids (most common) 3. ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) 4. Ectopic ACTH production (e.g. small cell lung carcinoma)

Answer: Cushing

Flashcard 1118: 11β-hydroxylase deficiency presents with _____ and hypertension

Answer: hypokalemia

Flashcard 1119: Osteoporosis can lead to _____ compression fractures, which result in loss of height and kyphosis

Answer: vertebral

Flashcard 1120: What is the rule in test for HIV? _____

Answer: HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1121: Complications of bronchiectasis include secondary _____ and hypoxemia with cor pulmonale

Answer: (AA) amyloidosis

Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1122: SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the head, resulting in "facial _____"

Answer: plethora

Flashcard 1123: Comatose patients who present with _ upper extremities and _ lower extremities are said to be in a state of decerebrate motor posturing

Answer: extended

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/coma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1124: Microcytic anemias are due to decreased production of _____

Answer: hemoglobin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 1125: Most patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) present in the _____ phase with insidious onset of symptoms

Answer: chronic

Extra: * e.g. patient will come into the hospital for a different issue, after labwork/tests -> CML will be discovered Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1126: Which cutaneous manifestation is seen in secondary syphilis? _____

Answer: Condyloma lata & Diffuse maculopapular rash

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1127: Carcinoid syndrome may cause carcinoid heart disease, which is characterized by _-sided valvular fibrosis leading to _ regurgitation and pulmonary valve stenosis

Answer: right

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 1128: Which form of polycythemia is associated with ectopic EPO production (e.g. malignancy, hydronephrosis & renal cysts) or exogenous EPO? _____

Answer: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia (innapropriate secondary erythrocytosis)

Flashcard 1129: Allergic rhinitis is associated with other atopic disorders, such as _____ and eczema

Answer: asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1130: Causes of _____ cardiomyopathy include amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, post-radiation fibrosis, and eosinophilic syndromes of the heart (loeffler endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis)

Answer: restrictive

Flashcard 1131: Which vasculitide may present with aortic regurgitation and severe renovascular hypertension? _____

Answer: Takayasu arteritis

Flashcard 1132: What is the most common type of functional pituitary adenoma? _____

Answer: Prolactinoma

Flashcard 1133: Polycythemia vera may present with transient _____ disturbances due to small foci of thrombosis and hemorrhage in the CNS

Answer: visual/neurological

Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll-hairy-cell-leukemia-and-adult-t-cell-leukemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1134: Aortic stenosis may cause _____ as RBCs are damaged while crossing the calcified valve, producing schistocytes

Answer: macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1135: IV drug users are susceptible to acute bacterial endocarditis of the _____ valve from staphylococcus aureus

Answer: tricuspid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1136: Adenovirus commonly causes the common cold, which will present with _____, coryza, and cough

Answer: pharyngitis

Extra: Watch Adenovirus (Adenoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-adenovirus-adenoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1137: What is the most common (and severe) form of renal disease in SLE patients? _____

Answer: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)

Flashcard 1138: Chronic urinary obstruction from BPH may cause _____

Answer: post-renal AKI

Extra: * due to urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis, and eventual post-renal azotemia/AKI Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1139: What is the most common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax? _____

Answer: COPD (due to parenchymal destruction)

Flashcard 1140: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis may present with paranasal sinus abnormalities and skin nodules / palpable _____

Answer: purpura

Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1141: Deep diabetic foot infections are commonly _microbial with secondary osteomyelitis due to _ spread from the wound.

Answer: poly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1142: Work-Up: 1) ↑ 24-hour urine catecholamines and metanephrines is suggestive of _____ followed by: 2) Adrenal CT/MRI to localize tumor 3) I-123 MIBG scan that is taken up by tumor

Answer: pheochromocytoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1143: Acute (< 1 month), uncomplicated back pain (e.g. lumbar strain) is treated with _____

Answer: NSAIDs/acetaminophen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1144: Treatment of TTP is _____

Answer: plasma exchange

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1145: _____ is an inflammatory disease that presents with early morning stiffness, proximal muscle pain, and elevated ESR and CRP

Answer: Polymyalgia rheumatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1146: At what age do you start screening for high blood pressure: _____

Answer: 18-years-old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1147: Paresthesia and pain but sparing of the the sensation over the thenar eminence is suggestive of _____ syndrome

Answer: Carpal Tunnel

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1148: BPH is usually associated with an unremarkable urinalysis _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1149: History of cancer, decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion and friction rub = _____

Answer: malignant pleural effusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1150: Impaired CSF reabsorption at the arachnoid villi leads to _____

Answer: normal pressure hydrocephalus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1151: Itchy, coin-shaped, well-demarcated erythematous plaques associated with dry skin is characteristic of _____

Answer: nummular eczema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1152: Contrary to opioid intoxication, _ is usually only mild in benzodiazepine overdose along with an absence of pupil _

Answer: respiratory depression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 1153: Bell's palsy involves a(n) _____ lesion of the facial nerve

Answer: peripheral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki vs. central = forehead/upper intact because of bilateral innervation

Flashcard 1154: - Hypertensive _ is defined as severe hypertension (≥180 / ≥120 mmHg) without acute end-organ damage - Hypertensive _ is defined as severe hypertension (≥180 / ≥120 mmHg) with acute end-organ damage

Answer: urgency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1155: Why is there thrombocytopenia in splenic sequestration crisis during acute severe anemia in sicle cell disease? _____

Answer: Platelets are trapped in spleen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1156: Hypovolemic hyponatremia is managed with _____

Answer: isotonic normal saline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1157: What kind of renal disease occurs in infective endocarditis? _____

Answer: Glomerulonephritis (immune complex-mediated)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1158: What is the most important modifiable risk factor for AAA formation and expansion? _____

Answer: Smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1159: What is the preferred adjuvant treatment for ER+ breast cancer in premenopausal women? _____

Answer: Tamoxifen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1160: Sturge-Weber syndrome is a neurocutaneous disorder associated with ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas, which may cause _____ or epilepsy

Answer: seizures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1161: What hereditary disease renders patients prone to warfarin-induced skin necrosis? _____

Answer: Hereditary protein C/S deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki due to relative decrease of protein C (anti-coagulant) relative to factors II, IX, and X (pro-coagulant) initially; treatment involves immediate warfarin cessation and administration of protein C concentrate

Flashcard 1162: Subclavian steal syndrome typically arises due to severe stenosis of the _____ artery, causing reversal of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery

Answer: proximal subclavian

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1163: One-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) for men (ages 65-75) who have ever: _____

Answer: Smoked

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1164: Pulsus bisferiens (2 strong peaks) carotid pulse is seen in _____

Answer: aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1165: Uremia presenting with _____, pericarditis, or bleeding is managed with urgent hemodialysis

Answer: encephalopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1166: Exogenous hyperthyroidism (or factitous hyperthyroidism): - Symptoms of hyperthyroidism but no _____ - Low RAI uptake in scintigraphy

Answer: goiter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1167: Demyelinating disease in young women (20-30) is _____

Answer: multiple sclerosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1168: Treatment of cardiogenic shock? _____

Answer: Administer inotropes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1169: Booming S1 is suggestive of _____

Answer: mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1170: Which type of parapneumonic effusion is characterized by low pH, low glucose, and neutrophilia? _____

Answer: Empyema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1171: What is performed in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules in patients with subnormal TSH levels? _____

Answer: Thyroid scintigraphy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1172: Mild pneumonia, non-productive cough, and patchy, diffuse interstitial infiltrate = _____

Answer: atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1173: Stable angina is often due to atherosclerosis of coronary arteries with >_____% stenosis

Answer: 70

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1174: _____ usually presents with distal weakness, absent DTRs, and can have sensory loss

Answer: Neuropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1175: Osteoarthritis classically presents with joint stiffness that _____ during the day

Answer: worsens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1176: What murmur is best heard with the patient in left lateral decubitus positioning and holding the breath in full expiration? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1177: What imaging modality is used to confirm the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta? _____

Answer: Echocardiogram

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1178: _____ pneumothorax may be due to mechanical ventilation with use of high pressures

Answer: Secondary spontaneous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1179: Albuterol/ipratropium nebulizer is used for acute _____

Answer: asthma attacks

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/lower-airway/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1180: In Guillain-Barré syndrome, elective intubation is given for patients with: - _____ - Respiratory distress - Severe dysautonomia - Widened pulse pressure

Answer: Decline in FVC >20mL/kg

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1181: What is the best initial therapy for hyperlipidemia? _____

Answer: Lifestyle modification (diet, exercise)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1182: Pseudoaneurysm is a local vascular complication of cardiac catheterization characterized by a(n) _____ bruit and painful, pulsatile mass

Answer: systolic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki diastolic pressure equalizes between the artery and the confined hematoma

Flashcard 1183: Treatment of acute adrenal insufficiency includes _ or _ with aggressive fluid support

Answer: hydrocortisone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1184: What type of abdominal pain is suspected in an old man who is post-MI (shock) or with Afib (emboli)? _____

Answer: Ischemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1185: Congenital bicuspid aortic valve increases the risk of infective _____

Answer: endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1186: What is the recommended screening protocol for abdominal aortic aneurysm? _____

Answer: One-time abdominal ultrasound for men who have ever smoked aged 65-75 years

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1187: What is the likely diagnosis in an HIV patient that presents with a two-month history of low-grade fever and a productive cough that is worst in the morning (CXR below)? _____

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1188: _____ describes normal BP readings in clinic but elevated average blood pressure throughout the day.

Answer: Masked hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1189: Asymptomatic monoclonal (≤ 10%) plasma cell expansion is suggestive of _____

Answer: MGUS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1190: Infective endocarditis in prosthetic valves is much harder to treat than in native valves _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1191: _____ is the best measure of fluid resuscitation.

Answer: Urine output

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1192: What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in young women? _____

Answer: Oral contraceptives

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/contraception/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1193: Which lung cancer is associated with SIADH as a paraneoplastic syndrome? _____

Answer: Small cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1194: Hemorrhagic shock is treated with _____

Answer: fluids → blood

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1195: Nephrotic syndrome results in _____, which manifests as pitting edema

Answer: hypoalbuminemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1196: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with pitting edema and leg pain that is worse in the evening accompanied by varicose veins and skin ulceration? _____

Answer: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1197: Hematuria and varying proteinuria is suggestive of _____ syndrome

Answer: nephritic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1198: Poor mineralization of bones leads to _____

Answer: osteomalacia/rickets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1199: C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency results in _ and pts should not use _

Answer: hereditary angioedema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/allergies/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1200: _____ syndrome is a(n) autoimmune phenomenon that results in fibrinous pericarditis following an MI (> 1 month)

Answer: Dressler

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1201: vertical/torsional nystagmus that lasts > 1 minute + postural instability and headache indicates _____ vertigo

Answer: central

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1202: What is the differential with low output urine flow postop? _____

Answer: Prerenal failure or intrinsic renal failure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1203: The autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease typically presents in _____

Answer: young adults

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1204: Iron deficiency anemia = _ RDW Thalassemia = _ RDW

Answer: high

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1205: In addition to hypoxemia, tachypnea, and CXR infiltrates, aspiration pneumonitis commonly presents with _ and _

Answer: fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1206: The most common hypercoagulable disorder among Caucasians = _____

Answer: Factor V leiden

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1207: Hypertension (Na+ retention) → edema = _____ syndrome

Answer: nephritic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1208: The duration of viral conjunctivitis is _____

Answer: 1-2 weeks

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1209: Post-trauma sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo worsened by sneezing = _____

Answer: perilymphatic (endolymphatic) fistula

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1210: _____ variant asthma = a form of asthma in which the predominant symptom is chronic, dry cough

Answer: Cough

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1211: Multiple myeloma is associated with free _____ excretion in the urine, known as Bence Jones proteinuria.

Answer: light chain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1212: What drug class should be added to a patients medications if they have diabetes and microalbuminuria? _____

Answer: ACE inhibitors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1213: MSK back pain is managed with _____

Answer: conservative management

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1214: History of hepatitis B, renal failure, mesenteric ischemia, motor/sensory neuropathy and purpura/nodules = _____

Answer: polyarteritis nodosa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1215: Anaphylatic shock and hypotension = IM epi and _____

Answer: IVF bolus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1216: Polycythemia vera is treated with _____

Answer: repeated phlebotomy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1217: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with back pain radiating to the buttocks and thighs? It is relieved when walking uphill or bicycling (hunched). _____

Answer: Spinal stenosis ("neurogenic claudication")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1218: What is the initial treatment of choice in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with SIADH? _____

Answer: Fluid restriction ± salt tablets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1219: Joint pain in lyme disease is typically _, while joint pain in hemarthrosis is _ (mild/severe)

Answer: severe

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1220: What is the target LDL goal for someone with CHD or a CHD equivalent (e.g. T2DM)? _____

Answer: < 100

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1221: Cherry-red spots on macula may be due to: _____ Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation) Central retinal artery occlusion

Answer: Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1222: _____ syphilis is diagnosed with CSF studies of RPR / FTA-Abs

Answer: Tertiary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/brain-inflammation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1223: Patients with androgen insensitvity syndrome (AIS) have normal axillary and pubic hair _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1224: Acute closed-angle glaucoma results in a(n) _____, red eye that is fixed and mid-dilated

Answer: painful

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1225: Which cause of community-acquired pneumonia is associated with COPD? _____

Answer: Haemophilus influenzae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1226: What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? _____

Answer: Chronic kidney disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1227: Testicular tumors = most common among _____

Answer: young males (15-35)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1228: What imaging do you do first if you suspect atelectasis? _____

Answer: CXR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1229: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a recent URI and a persistent productive cough without fever or significant CXR findings? _____

Answer: Acute bronchitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1230: Angina, syncope and CHF is suggestive of _____

Answer: aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1231: _____ is characterized by flat edges with poor demarcation

Answer: Cellulitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1232: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with pruritus, especially after bathing, splenomegaly, headaches, and pancytosis on laboratory exam? _____

Answer: Polycythemia vera

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1233: Does central vertigo present with postural instability? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1234: Reversible bronchoconstriction and inflammation of distal bronchioles is characteristic of _____

Answer: asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1235: The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in developed countries is _____, which is due to myxomatous valve degeneration

Answer: MVP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1236: Mild euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia is managed with _____

Answer: fluid restriction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1237: Multiple myeloma is diagnosed with SPEP and UPEP and confirmed with a(n) _____ showing > 10% plasma cells

Answer: bone marrow biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1238: _____ is a severe endocrine pathology that may result in lid lag

Answer: Thyroid storm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1239: Early (acute) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _ Late (chronic) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _

Answer: regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1240: Acute renal infarcation is accompaned by _____

Answer: hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1241: CURB-65 score ≥ 2 = _____

Answer: hospitalization is indicated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1242: Labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis is managed with _____

Answer: steroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1243: Pt presents with hypothermia and frostbite, which do you treat first? _____

Answer: Hypothermia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1244: What is the preferred test for the initial evaluation of pulmonary embolus in a pregnant woman? _____

Answer: V/Q scan

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1245: Holosystolic murmur radiates to axilla w/ left atrial enlargement: _____

Answer: Mitral regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1246: IgA Nephropathy = _ Minimal Change Disease = _

Answer: hematuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1247: Bilateral _____ can occur in acute PE due to cytokine-induced bronchoconstriction in response to hypoxia and infarction

Answer: wheezing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1248: Pain in the neck is more likely a(n) _____ lesion

Answer: nerve root

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1249: What is the treatment of choice (acutely) for uremic coagulopathy? _____

Answer: Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1250: Diagnostic (that is also treatment) for an acute asthma? _____

Answer: Reverse asthma with bronchodilators (SABA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1251: 5-day history of fever, new systolic murmur and splenomegaly is suggestive of _____

Answer: infective endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1252: Treatment can prevent most complications of Streptococcal Pharyngitis except for one. What it is? _____

Answer: Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1253: Pretest probability of coronary artery disease is intermediate in men with _____ (all ages)

Answer: atypical angina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1254: Mitral stenosis = _____ LVEDP

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1255: What is first-line treatment for hordeolum (stye)? _____

Answer: Warm compress and massage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki persistent hordeolum (> 1-2 weeks) or large chalazions may be managed with incision and curettage

Flashcard 1256: Prior to dental procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given if the patient has a surgical history of prosthetic _ or transplanted _

Answer: heart valve

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1257: What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia, and what is the treatment? _____

Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism; most often treated with surgery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1258: Primary prophylaxis against VZV is required in HIV patients with _ and _

Answer: close contact with infected persons

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1259: Prior to thyroidectomy, patients with suspected MEN2A or MEN2B should be screened for _____

Answer: pheochromocytoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1260: Nephrotic syndrome may result in a(n) _____-coagulable state

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1261: _____ may result in:

Answer: LV hypertrophy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1262: In the setting of pleurodynia, what can increased CK suggest? _____

Answer: Intercostal muscle necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1263: Women < 50 years of age with atypical angina have a low pretest probability (< 10 %) of coronary artery disease (CAD) _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1264: BMI > _ = overweight BMI > _ = obesity

Answer: 25

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1265: Refractory hypertension, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis is suggestive of _____

Answer: primary hyperaldosteronism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1266: What is the most important risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD)? _____

Answer: Smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1267: Alcohol cessation can reverse alcoholic cardiomyopathy _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1268: What laboratory measurement is used to stratify CKD into stages? _____

Answer: GFR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1269: What is the likely diagnosis in a young woman who has photosensitive skin, thrombocytopenia, and glomerulonephritis (RBC casts, low C3/C4)? _____

Answer: SLE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1270: OSA can lead to secondary _____

Answer: hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1271: What is the recommended management for symptomatic acute bronchitis? _____

Answer: NSAIDs, bronchodilators (symptomatic treatment)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1272: _____ will present with pulse oximetry readings of ~85% regardless of the true oxygen saturation level

Answer: Methemoglobinemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1273: Pericardiac knock (~S3) is heard in _____

Answer: constrictive pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1274: Myxedema is non-pitting edema due to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans associated with _____thyroidism

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1275: Nephrotic syndrome and SLE is suggestive of _____

Answer: membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1276: _____ A transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction.

Answer: Transient ischemic attack

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1277: What is the next step in management for a patient with moderate-high probability of DVT (modified Wells > 2)? _____

Answer: Compression ultrasonography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1278: Guillain-Barré syndrome can lead to _, so assess the patient's need for _

Answer: respiratory arrest

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1279: What is the treatment for sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Steroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1280: What is the likely diagnosis in a diabetic patient that presents with ptosis and a "down and out" pupil that is normal-sized and reactive? _____

Answer: Ischemic CN III palsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1281: _____ is a pulmonary pathology that may present with hyponatremia due to infection-induced ADH secretion

Answer: Lung abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1282: Hypothyroidism = _____volemic hyponatremia

Answer: eu

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1283: What phenomenon is illustrated in the image below? _____

Answer: Pulsus paradoxus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1284: Patient with morning stiffness, X-ray of knees show osteopenia and subcartilaginous cysts around joints is suggestive of _____

Answer: RA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1285: Post-resection of medullary thyroid carcinoma, _____ levels should be measured

Answer: calcitonin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1286: Pruritic cutaneous plaques and patches appear that develop brownish nodules = _____

Answer: mycosis fungoides

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1287: What is the likely diagnosis in a young patient with hypertension that develops severe hypokalemia after beginning a low-dose thiazide diuretic (e.g. muscle weakness, leg cramps)? _____

Answer: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1288: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis typically occurs in patients with _____ or cystic fibrosis

Answer: asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1289: What type of interventions are recommended to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults 65 years or older who are at increased risk of falling: _____

Answer: Exercise/PT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1290: Who should get a Tdap vaccine and how often? _____

Answer: All adults 19-65, q10y

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1291: Continuous murmur that disappears with flexion of head or in supine position = _____

Answer: venous hum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1292: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds? _____

Answer: Cardiac tamponade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki Pulsus in TamPonade (>10 mmHg ↓ systolic BP during inspiration)

Flashcard 1293: The ophthalmoplegia in Graves disease may cause decreased _ and _

Answer: convergence

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1294: A murmur with an opening snap is indicative of what pathology? [sound:z45 SO - Mitral Stenosis and Opening Snap (1).mp3] _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1295: Clinicians should offer or refer adults to intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions if they have a BMI of: _____

Answer: ≥30

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1296: What is the next step in management for a patient with suspected mild carpal tunnel syndrome? _____

Answer: Wrist splinting

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1297: _____ conjuctivitis is characterized by itchy sensation

Answer: Allergic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1298: Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: Outpatient w/o risk factors is managed with _ Inpatient (non-ICU treatment) is managed with _

Answer: macrolide OR doxycycline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1299: Systemic lupus ertheymatosus (SLE) symptoms? R: ___ A: _ S: _ H: ___ O: Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers R: Renal disease P: Photosensitvity A: Antinuclear antibodies I: Immunologic disorder N: Neurologic disorders

Answer: Rash

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1300: Pts with thyroid nodules that are _____ are more likely to be cancer

Answer: euthyroid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1301: Joint space narrowing and bone erosions describes which of the following: _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1302: Presenilin-1 / presenilin-2 mutations lead to _ Apo-E4 mutations lead to _

Answer: Alzheimer disease (early onset)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1303: Multiple white matter lesions separated by time and space is _____

Answer: multiple sclerosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1304: Ebstein anomaly = _____

Answer: tricuspid regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1305: How does septic shock affect the following? PCWP: ___ Cardiac index, early: _ SVR: _ MvO2: ___

Answer: normal or decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1306: Low voltage ECG and electrical alternans is suggestive of _____

Answer: pericardial effusion (cardiac tamponade)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki diagnosis of pericardial effusion can be more definitely made using echocardiogram, showing an anechoic dark space surrounding the heart (the effusion)

Flashcard 1307: _____ incontinence is due to an overactive bladder due to detrusor muscle hyperactivity

Answer: Urge

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1308: Bilateral proximal muscle weakness and rash (heliotrope, Shawl sign, malar, Gottron sign) is suggestive of _____

Answer: dermatomyositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1309: In addition to thiazides, calcium oxalate kidney stones may be treated with _____ supplementation and a low-sodium diet

Answer: citrate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1310: Young man with low back pain and dyspnea/cough = _____

Answer: testicular cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1311: What is the treatment of choice for an HIV patient with Pneumocystis pneumonia and a PaO2 of 54 mmHg (normal 75-105 mmHg)? _____

Answer: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1312: _____: An infarction of the central nervous system with resultant neurologic deficit that persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death within 24 hours

Answer: Ischemic stroke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1313: Pneumonia with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and AIDS is suggestive of _____

Answer: PCP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1314: What sign of glaucoma is shown below? _____

Answer: Optic disc cupping

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1315: What is the most likely diagnosis for an elderly patient with nausea, lethargy, polyuria, dry mucous membranes, and cough? _____

Answer: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1316: What syndrome is characterized by a triad of respiratory distress, neurologic dysfunction, and petechial rash? _____

Answer: Fat embolism syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1317: ACE inhibitors slow the progression of diabetic _____

Answer: nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1318: protein C / S deficiency = ↑ risk of _____

Answer: thrombosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1319: Pseudoaneurysm is a local vascular complication of cardiac catheterization characterized by a(n) _____ bruit and painful, bulging, pulsatile mass

Answer: systolic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1320: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in asymmetric motor weakness

Answer: Cauda equina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1321: _ = raised, sharp edges with good demarcation _ = flat edges with poor demarcation

Answer: Erysipelas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1322: Gout = _____

Answer: uric acid stones

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1323: Kussmaul's sign = _____ JVP during inspiration

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1324: The three major risk factors for thrombosis are _____, hypercoagulability, and endothelial cell damage (Virchow triad)

Answer: stasis in blood flow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1325: What is the FENa and urine [Na] in acute tubular necrosis (intrinsic renal failure)? _____

Answer: > 2% (elevated); > 40

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1326: Pulmonary edema is found in _____

Answer: AR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki - Compare with cardiogenic shock, where JVD + crackles + hypotension are all present

Flashcard 1327: β-blockers are a first line treatment for essential _____

Answer: tremor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1328: ECG changes associated with acute pericarditis include widespread, diffuse _ elevation and/or _ depression

Answer: ST segment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1329: Rapid lowering of glucose in DKA can lead to _____

Answer: cerebral edema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1330: A(n) _____ is indicated for severe or refractory post-lumbar puncture headaches from CSF leak syndrome

Answer: epidural blood patch

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1331: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a short systolic murmur (cardiac apex) that disappears with squatting? _____

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1332: Aortic stenosis may cause _____ as RBCs are damaged while crossing the calcified valve, producing schistocytes

Answer: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1333: Optimal daily calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women is _____ mg

Answer: 1200

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1334: Upper lobe cavitation is seen in _____

Answer: 2° TB

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1335: Primary hyperaldosteronism is characterized by _ plasma renin activity and _ plasma aldosterone concentration

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1336: What is the immediate treatment for severe hypercalcemia (> 14mg/dL or symptomatic)? _____

Answer: NS and calcitonin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1337: Which common heart murmur presents as a late systolic murmur w/ a midsystolic click? _____

Answer: MVP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1338: What is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in the United States? _____

Answer: Viral or idiopathic (>40%)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1339: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that experiences multiple episodes of transient, monocular vision loss described as a "curtain falling over the eye"? _____

Answer: Amaurosis fugax

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1340: A pt w/ hypothyroidism presents w/ hypothermia, hypotension, and coma. You suspect myxedema coma. What is the treatment? _____

Answer: Warmed IVF and warming blankets and IV T4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1341: Symmetric aching in a belt-like distribution = _____ back pain

Answer: MSK

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1342: Resistant hypertension, hypokalemia and abdominal bruit is suggestive of _____

Answer: renal artery stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1343: Can complex focal seizures present with automatisms? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1344: Hyperventilation from panic attack and SOB/tingling/light-headedness is managed with _____

Answer: breathe into paper bag

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1345: Ventilator Settings: CPAP: _ must breath on their own, but ventilator provides a(n) _ of gas at all times.

Answer: Patient

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1346: What is the most common cause of chronic aortic regurgitation in a young patient? _____

Answer: Congenital bicuspid valve

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1347: _____ are antihypertensives that can reduce the sensitivity of cardiac exercise stress testing

Answer: β-blockers and calcium channel blockers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1348: Arteriovenous fistula is a local vascular complication of cardiac catheterization characterized by a(n) _____ bruit and no mass

Answer: continuous

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1349: Typical presentation of pheochromocytoma? _____

Answer: Episodic hypertension, recurrent episodes of headaches, diaphoresis, and palpitations

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1350: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with elevated BUN and creatinine (< 20:1 ratio) after an episode of hypovolemic shock? _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1351: What is the greatest non-modifiable risk factor for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke? _____

Answer: Age

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1352: Strokes that affect the small branches (e.g. lenticulostriate) of the main arteries of the brain are termed _____ infarcts or small-vessel strokes

Answer: lacunar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1353: Prior to dental procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given if the patient has a surgical history of heart transplant with _____

Answer: valve abnormality

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1354: What is the workup for an acute exacerbation of asthma? (4) _____

Answer: Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) Physical exam ABG CXR: to r/o other causes of dyspnea; not helpful for asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1355: Spinal stenosis = walking _____ helps

Answer: uphill

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1356: Sudden, stepwise decline in executive function with cardiovascular risk factors (HTN, smoking, diabetes) = _____ dementia

Answer: vascular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1357: Cervical radiculopathy is treated _____

Answer: conservatively (e.g. NSAIDs)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1358: _____ may result in:

Answer: RA enlargement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1359: Deep Tendon Reflexes _____ = normal

Answer: 2/4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1360: _____ is a complication of Streptococcal Pharyngitis that presents 2-6 weeks after untreated Strep throat

Answer: Acute rheumatic fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1361: What RAIU scan finding is seen in Graves disease? _____

Answer: Diffuse uptake

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1362: Rebleeding is a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage that arises after _____

Answer: 1 day

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1363: CURB-65 score ≤ 1 is managed with _____

Answer: outpatient treatment indicated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1364: What is the treatment for primary hyperaldosteronism due to a bilateral adrenal hyperplasia? _____

Answer: Aldosterone antagonist (e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1365: Toxic shock syndrome is a bacterial infection causing distributive shock that may result in hematological signs such as _____

Answer: thrombocytopenia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1366: First line treatment in prolactinoma is _____

Answer: medication (dopamine agonist)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1367: Cold intolerance, lethargy and depression is most likely _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1368: Pulmonary hypertension can be accompanied with _____

Answer: tricuspid regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1369: What are CK levels in steroid-induced myopathy and polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1370: Fibromyalgia, Polymyositis, or Polymyalgia rheumatica? Stiffness > pain in proximal muscles with elevated ESR and normal creatine kinase. Chronic wide spread pain with normal labs. Proximal weakness with elevated ESR and creatine kinase. _____

Answer: PR, F, PM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1371: Acoustic neuromas are common among the elderly _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1372: What age range of diabetic patients should be started on statin therapy? _____

Answer: 40 - 75 years old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1373: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially when severe, is associated with weight _____

Answer: loss

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1374: _____ is an immune-mediated disorder that leads to lower limb motor weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and sensory dysfunction

Answer: Transverse myelitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1375: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly patient with syncope, dyspnea, and a slow-rising/delayed pulse? _____

Answer: Aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1376: _____

Answer: Takayasu arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1377: ↑ ESR/CK and bilateral proximal muscle weakness is suggestive of _ ↑ ESR/CRP and stiffness/pain in the shoulders, hip, and neck is suggestive of _

Answer: myositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1378: Before starting ART, patients with HIV should be given the _____ influenza vaccine

Answer: inactivated/killed

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1379: What is the clinical presentation of Coccidiodes infection in an immunocompetent individual? _____

Answer: Pneumonia with arthralgias

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1380: High-risk thromboembolism (DVT/PE) is managed with _ Low-risk thromboembolism (DVT/PE) is managed with _

Answer: heparin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1381: Which type of syncope is often preceded by nausea, bradycardia, and/or a feeling of warmth throughout the body? _____

Answer: Neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1382: What underlying cause of DVT must be ruled out in an older patient with their first episode of DVT and no history of immobilization, surgery, or provocative medications? _____

Answer: Malignancy (hypercoagulable state)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1383: In patients with osteoporosis, the risk for fragility fracture is highest in those with a history of _____

Answer: prior fragility fracture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1384: How do the following laboratory values change in secondary hyperparathyroidism (e.g. CKD)? PTH: Increased Ca2+: _ Phosphorus: _

Answer: Decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1385: PT/PTT values between DIC and TTP/HUS? _____

Answer: Elevated in DIC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1386: What is the normal range for ankle-brachial index (ABI)? _ Mild to moderate PAD? _

Answer: 1-1.4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1387: Which Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is an indication for intubation? _____

Answer: < 8

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1388: Which blistering skin disorder presents in an elderly person with tense blisters that don't rupture easily? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1389: What is the recommended screening test for prostate cancer? _____

Answer: None

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1390: Patients with an LDL ≥ _____ mg/dL are recommended to begin high-intensity statin therapy

Answer: 190

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1391: What is the management for a patient with post-ictal lactic acidosis? _____

Answer: Conservative management

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1392: Excess cortisol (e.g. Cushing's) leads to a(n) _____crease in white cell count

Answer: in

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1393: Lipid screening should begin at age _ (men) or age _ (women) in 5 year intervals

Answer: 35

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1394: Radiculopathy is a pathologic process affecting the _____

Answer: nerve root

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1395: Older adult with gait dysfunction, LMN signs in the arms and UMN signs in the legs is suggestive of _____

Answer: cervical myelopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1396: With painless thyroiditis, thyroid scintigraphy shows _____ radioiodine uptake

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1397: In addition to estrogen exposure, _____ to the chest (e.g. for lymphoma) and BRCA1/2 mutation increases risk for breast cancer

Answer: radiation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1398: _____[sound:41 SO - Aortic Stenosis.mp3]

Answer: Aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1399: What is the "COPDER" mnemonic for the treatment of COPD? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids Oxygen Prevention Dilators Experimental Rehabilitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1400: Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder associated with the valvular condition _____

Answer: mitral valve prolapse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1401: Pseudotumor cerebri = most common in _____

Answer: obese young women

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1402: What supportive medication is required to improve long-term survival in patients with β-thalassemia? _____

Answer: Chelation therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1403: _____ ulcer

Answer: Arterial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1404: Thyroiditis = _____thyroidism

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1405: Which neuromuscular junction pathology, MG or LEMS, is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness? _____

Answer: Myasthenia gravis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1406: Before extubation, patients intubated for medical reasons should undergo a(n) _____

Answer: spontaneous breathing trial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1407: Are antinuclear antibodies strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1408: Loss of consciousness after shaving / head turning / tight collars is suggestive of _____

Answer: carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1409: What is the most likely underlying etiology of DVT in a young, Caucasian patient that presents with leg swelling, positive D-dimer, and shortness of breath? _____

Answer: Factor V Leiden

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1410: Painful thyroid often following viral infection is suggestive of _____

Answer: subacute (De Quervain) thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki "QuerVAIN in PAIN"

Flashcard 1411: The sickled cells in sickle cell anemia get trapped in the capillaries, leading to _ and _

Answer: hemolysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1412: Thickened peritracheal stripe and splayed carina bifurcation _____ (2 diagnoses)

Answer: left atrial enlargement (2/2 mitral stenosis) or cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1413: The most common cause of cervical myelopathy in older adults is _____

Answer: spondylosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1414: A delayed, rumbling late diastolic murmur is indicative of what pathology? [sound:z45 SO - Mitral Stenosis and Opening Snap (1).mp3] _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1415: IV Ca2+ channel blockers such as _____ and clevidipine may be used in hypertensive emergency

Answer: nicardipine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1416: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with hematuria a few days after an upper respiratory infection with normal complement levels? _____

Answer: IgA nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1417: Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia presents in women with _____ hyper-androgen features (acne, hirsutism)

Answer: chronic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1418: How do you treat ARDS postop? _____

Answer: PEEP on ventilator

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1419: Thrombosis and history of miscarriages is suggestive of _____

Answer: antiphospholipid syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1420: Pulmonary embolism most commonly seen: 1) Chest x-ray: ___ 2) ECG finding: _ 3) Acid/base: ___

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1421: Chronic _ or _ abuse = dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer: alcohol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1422: Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is seen in _____

Answer: Kallmann syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1423: What is the likely cause of persistent mild thrombocytosis in a patient with a history of blunt abdominal trauma? _____

Answer: Secondary thrombocytosis (due to splenectomy)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1424: Androgen abuse presents with _____ body hair

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1425: Stages of CKD I - Normal/High: GFR ___ II - Mild: GFR _ III - Moderate: GFR _ IV - Severe: GFR _ V - Kidney failure: GFR ___

Answer: > 90

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1426: HTN and CAD/CHF: _ and _

Answer: β-blockers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1427: Adrenal incidentaloma > _____ = ↑ risk of carcinoma (surgical removal)

Answer: 4 cm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1428: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell): Identify: [sound:37 SO - S3 Gallop.mp3] _____

Answer: S3 Gallop

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1429: What are the risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension? _____

Answer: Female gender Tetracyclines Obesity vitamin A excess Danazol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1430: Treating Group A Strep pharyngitis prevents post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1431: Yearly lung cancer screening via low-dose chest CT is recommended for those between _ to _ years old who have a > 20-pack-year history and are current smokers/quit within the last 15 years

Answer: 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1432: What is the best screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism? _____

Answer: Early-morning plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1433: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease caused by ___-forming complexes; it more often affects _ and ___

Answer: complement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1434: Prior to dental procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given if the patient has a medical history of _____

Answer: infective endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1435: ↑ Preload = _____ intensity of HOCM murmur

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1436: _____ is due to blockage of the eccrine sweat ducts in the setting of increased heat or humidity

Answer: Miliaria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1437: Is a HbA1c of < 7% an indication of well-controlled diabetes? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1438: Graded exercise therapy decreases mortality in patients with PAD _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1439: Acute hypopituitarism can present with lethargy, coma, hypotension, tachycardia and is caused by _ or _

Answer: Sheehan's syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1440: Obstructive sleep apnea is diagnosed with _ and treated with _

Answer: polysomnography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1441: Euvolemic / hypervolemic hypernatremia is managed with _____

Answer: D5W

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1442: What is the earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy? _____

Answer: Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day)

Extra: * Late renal disease may manifest as severe albuminuria with reduced GFR https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1443: Hypovolemic hyponatremia can be divided into _ and non-_ causes

Answer: renal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1444: Exudative effusion and glucose < 30 mg/dL = _ or _

Answer: rheumatoid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1445: Non-life-threatening PE is managed with _ Life-threatening PE (e.g. RBBB, hypotension, syncope) is managed with _

Answer: anticoagulation (Xa inhibitor > heparin → warfarin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1446: Acute pericarditis presents with a pericardial _____ accumulation

Answer: fluid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1447: What is the treatment for anaphylaxis? _____

Answer: Epinephrine 1:1000 IM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/allergies/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1448: Which form of polycythemia is associated with lung disease, congenital heart disease, and high altitude? _____

Answer: Appropriate absolute polycythemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1449: Evidence of protein in the urine (albumin) is indication for _____ for those with diabetes

Answer: ACE-inhibitor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1450: Muscle Strength Evaluation _____ = muscle flicker, but no movement

Answer: 1/5

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1451: Prominent J waves on ECG are typically indicative of _____

Answer: hypothermia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1452: What does this show? _____

Answer: herniated disc (C5-C6)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1453: Adult with pruritic erythematous rash on flexor surfaces is suggestive of _____

Answer: atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/eczematous-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1454: Acute pericarditis commonly presents with sharp pain that is aggravated by _____ and relieved by sitting up and leaning forward

Answer: inspiration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1455: What makes a seizure "complex"? _____

Answer: Loss of consciousness (+LOC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1456: What is the management for patients with allergic conjunctivitis? _____

Answer: Cold compresses, topical ketorolac (NSAID), and topical ketotifen (antihistamines)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1457: After determining someone has cushing's syndrome (24 hour urine cortisol, late night salivary, or low-dose dexamethasone suppression test), one needs to test _____ levels

Answer: ACTH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1458: Which genital infection is characterized by a single painless ulcer (chancre) often with painless bilateral lymphadenopathy? _____

Answer: Treponema pallidum (primary syphilis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1459: Asplenic patients have ↑ risk of infection by _____, so give vaccines for S. Pneumo, H. Flu, and N. Meningitidis

Answer: encapsulated bacteria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1460: Hyperparathyroidism with high phosphate levels = _____

Answer: renal failure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1461: _____ syndrome is a pathology of the lower spinal cord that results in symmetric motor weakness

Answer: Conus medullaris

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1462: High A1c, high random glucose and high fasting glucose is suggestive of _____

Answer: inadequate basal insulin coverage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1463: Unstable pericardial effusion is managed with _ Stable pericardial effusion is managed with _

Answer: pericardiocentesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1464: Low-dose aspirin (81 mg) is used on adults aged 50 to 59 years with what percent of 10-year cardiovascular risk: _____

Answer: ≥10% 10-year cardiovascular risk

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1465: Three causes of holosystolic murmurs? _____

Answer: MR/TR or VSD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1466: Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by _____ presenting with numbness, pain, or tingling

Answer: median nerve compression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1467: A pt is thought to have Cushing's disease/syndrome. A 24 hr urine cortisol test confirms hypercortisolism. Follow up ACTH testing is low. What is the diagnosis? _____

Answer: Cushing's syndrome 2/2 adrenal tumor (get CT/MRI to confirm)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1468: "Rule of the Pupil" CN3 lesion (down/out) and pupil dilation = _ CN3 lesion (down/out) + no pupil dilation = _

Answer: PCOM aneurysm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1469: How do you anticoagulate DVT patients? _____

Answer: LMWH bridge to warfarin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1470: What are the dialyzable drugs/toxins? I_ S_ Theophylline Uremia Methanol Barbiturates Lithium Ethylene glycol Dabigatran

Answer: NH/isopropyl alcohol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1471: Anosmia and ↓ GnRH is suggestive of _____

Answer: Kallmann syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1472: Synovial fluid analysis in patients with pseudogout is characterized by _-shaped crystals made of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), that are _-birefringent

Answer: rhomboid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1473: Low-dose aspirin is used for primary prevention of what conditions: _____

Answer: Cardiovascular Disease & Colorectal Cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/colon-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1474: Pericardial effusion = _____ heart sounds and difficult to palpate maximal apical impulse

Answer: diminished

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1475: _____ may present with crusting of the eyelashes, thickened eyelid margins, and a history of waking with eyelashes stuck together

Answer: Blepharitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1476: Besides bone marrow biopsy, what is the next step in diagnosis of a suspected plasma-cell dyscrasia? _____

Answer: Whole-body CT scan

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1477: PE prophylaxis for patients with ↑ bleeding risk or recurrent DVTs is managed with _____

Answer: IVC filter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1478: What are the "Five A's" in discussing tobacco use and cessation? _____

Answer: Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1479: What is the initial treatment for spinal epidural abscess with evidence of spinal cord compression? _____

Answer: IV antibiotics +/- aspiration and surgical evaluation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1480: Staggering gait and Kyphoscoliosis Pes cavus HCM and Diabetes = _____

Answer: Friedreich ataxia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1481: An absence of DTRs in an elderly person is _____

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1482: Most effective intervention for slowing diabetic nephropathy = _____

Answer: HTN control

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 1483: Typical presentation of aldosteronoma? (4) ___ _ _ ___

Answer: Hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1484: Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina is associated with raynaud's and migraine; they all involve hyperactivity of _____ muscle

Answer: smooth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1485: MCC of aortic regurgitation in: developing countries: _ developed countries = _

Answer: rheumatic heart disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1486: Heat intolerance, tachycardia and ↑ reflexes is suggestive of _____

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1487: Productive cough, wheezing and cyanosis is characteristic of _____

Answer: chronic bronchitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1488: _____ involves 2/3 of: Motor abnormalities (Parkinsonian) Autonomic insufficiency (orthostatic hypotension, incontinence) Cerebellar ataxia

Answer: Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1489: At what age range would you screen overweight or obese patients for diabetes: _____

Answer: 40- to 70-years-old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1490: _____ is characterized by stiffness in the shoulders and hips, without muscular weakness

Answer: Polymyalgia rheumatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1491: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents 5 days post-CABG with large purple-black patches surrounded by erythema in the periumbilical area by sites of heparin injection? _____

Answer: Type 2 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1492: TIA will resolve within _____

Answer: 24 hours

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1493: Close contacts of a patient with meningitis due to H. flu should be treated with prophylactic _____

Answer: rifampin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1494: Stage 1 of Lyme disease involves _____ aka a "Bull's eye" rash and flu-like symptoms

Answer: erythema-migrans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1495: anti-U1 RNP antibodies are suggestive of _____

Answer: mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1496: _____ presents in older patients (>50 years old)

Answer: Giant cell arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1497: "Tearing" chest pain that radiates to the back and unequal radial pulses is suggestive of _____

Answer: aortic dissection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1498: What is the greatest risk in a patient with intermittent claudication secondary to peripheral arterial disease? _____

Answer: Myocardial infarction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1499: What is the likely cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis in a patient with a recent generalized tonic-clonic seizure? _____

Answer: Post-ictal lactic acidosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1500: COPD patient with lethargy is due to _ventilation leading to _ narcosis (PaCO2 > 60 mm Hg)

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1501: Spinal cord compression presents with signs of _____ motor neuron dysfunction distal to site of compression

Answer: upper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1502: Fever, rash, hematuria and eosinophils in urine is characteristic of _____

Answer: interstitial nephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1503: Viral _____-carditis may predispose patients to development of cardiac tamponade

Answer: peri

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1504: Which form of polycythemia is associated with ectopic EPO production (e.g. malignancy, hydronephrosis)? _____

Answer: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1505: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma causes nasal congestion with epistaxis, headaches, and spread to the _____ lymph nodes

Answer: cervical

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1506: What is the treatment for acute pericarditis? _ and _

Answer: NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1507: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young patients is commonly due to _, which may also present with _, seizure, or focal neurologic deficits

Answer: arteriovenous malformation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/neuro-brain-bleeds/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1508: What kind of ulcer is edematous, indurated, and hyperpigmented, commonly located at the medial malleolus? _____

Answer: Venous insufficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/leg-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1509: What is a Hampton hump? _____

Answer: Wedge-shaped opacity in peripheral lung w/ its base at thoracic wall; caused by pulmonary infarction Not specific for PE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1510: Prothrombin 20210A mutation = ↑ risk of _____

Answer: thrombosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1511: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly patient with significant smoking history that presents with a hard, non-tender submandibular lymph node and occasional ear pain? Physical exam is otherwise unremarkable. _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1512: HBV/HCV = _ and _

Answer: membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1513: MRSA and Pseudomonas = _____-acquired pnuemonia treated with Pip/Tazo (Zosyn) and Vancomycin

Answer: hospital

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1514: Which fluid is used to restore tonicity in hypernatremia that manifests slowly (several days)? _____

Answer: D5 1/2NS (5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1515: What is the best test to differentiate asthma from COPD? _____

Answer: Spirometry before and after an inhaled bronchodilator

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1516: If parkinsonism predates cognitive impairment by >1 year, this is suggestive of _____

Answer: Parkinson disease dementia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1517: Extrinsic causes of restrictive lung disease are characterized by a(n) _____ DLCO

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1518: What is the management for Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction? _____

Answer: Supportive - fluids, acetaminophen, NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1519: Three associated cardiac problems with Marfan: _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1520: History of acute rheumatic fever but currently asymptomatic - need prophylaxis? _____

Answer: Yes - with PCN

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1521: Systemic lupus erythematosus flare during pregnancy is distinguished from preeclampsia by the presence of _____ on urinalysis and classic symptoms of SLE (e.g. joint pain, malar rash)

Answer: RBC casts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/eclampsia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1522: _____ present with bilateral pressure that radiates to the neck and are muscular in origin

Answer: Tension headaches

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1523: What is the diagnosis in a patient with hypothyroidism and myasthenia gravis who presents with shallow respirations, tachypnea, and tachycardia? _____

Answer: Myasthenic crisis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1524: Tumor lysis syndrome is most common with treatment of _____ and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer: lymphomas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1525: The source of candidemia is more likely due to _____

Answer: intravascular catheter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1526: _____[sound:38 SO - Mid-systolic Click.mp3] Apex (Supine; Bell):

Answer: Mid-systolic click (MVP)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1527: The "knee-chest" position opens flow of CSF fluid to relieve headache = _____

Answer: ependymoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1528: _____ is commonly associated with: contrast agents aminoglycosides lead cisplatin

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1529: High intensity statins are recommended for: 1) Patients < 75 years old with clinical ___ 2) Patients with LDL > _ 3) ___ aged 40-75 with 10 yr. risk of ASCVD > 7.5%

Answer: ASCVD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1530: _____ = morning stiffness > 1 hour

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1531: Common viral causes of meningitis include _____ and HSV-2

Answer: enteroviruses (especially coxsackievirus)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1532: How does hypovolemic shock affect the following? PCWP: ___ Cardiac index: _ SVR: _ MvO2: ___

Answer: Decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1533: Guillain-Barré is managed with _ or _

Answer: IVIG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1534: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is managed next with _____

Answer: polysomnography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1535: _____ cell tumors can produce androgens that cause precocious puberty

Answer: Leydig

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1536: What is the next step in management for an unstable patient with suspected vertebral osteomyelitis and focal neurologic deficits? _____

Answer: Empiric antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1537: What is the treatment for a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia with renal artery stenosis? _____

Answer: ACE inhibitors and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty without stent placement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1538: What are the recommended screening guidelines for mammogram in patients with average risk of breast cancer? _____

Answer: 50-74, q2y

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1539: In the absence of SIADH, can infusion of normal saline cause hyponatremia? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1540: Chylothorax is differentiated from other causes of exudative pleural effusion by its milky-white color and elevated _____ levels

Answer: triglyceride

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1541: The main danger associated with creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels greater than 20,000 U/L is _____ due to myoglobinuria

Answer: acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1542: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient who presents with periorbital swelling and hematuria three weeks after a skin infection? _____

Answer: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1543: Most common cause of hypercalcemia is _____

Answer: 1° hyperparathyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1544: Antinuclear antibodies (anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA) _____

Answer: SLE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1545: _____: infection of lung parenchyma caused by agents that include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

Answer: Pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1546: _____ is the greatest risk factor for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

Answer: Hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1547: Ipsilateral dilated pupil with down/out gaze and ipsilateral paralysis and contralateral homonymous hemianopia = _____ herniation

Answer: uncal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1548: Subacute signs of increased ICP (headache, fever) in an HIV individual is suggestive of _____

Answer: Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1549: Obstructive sleep apnea is most commonly associated with ___ and presents with _ and ___

Answer: obesity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1550: Non-pharmacological treatments for venous insufficiency include leg _____ and compression leg stockings

Answer: elevation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1551: Pheochromocytoma may be accompanied by unexplained fasting _____

Answer: hyperglycemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1552: What is shown here? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1553: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly female that presents with back pain after lifting boxes? There is decreased spinal mobility 2/2 pain, which worsens with standing, walking, and lying down. There is tenderness to palpation at the fourth lumbar vertebra. _____

Answer: Vertebral compression fracture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1554: Most common cause of optic neuritis is _____

Answer: multiple sclerosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1555: RAI ablation can worsen Graves ophthalmopathy _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1556: What three tests should be performed prior to surgery on pt. w/ cardiac complications? _____

Answer: ECG Echo Cath

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1557: Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur over the left second intercostal space is suggestive of _____

Answer: pulmonic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1558: Abdominal pain, HTN, generalized fatigue and increase in creatinine within 6 months of renal transplantation = _____

Answer: acute rejection of the renal allograft

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1559: < 30 y.o. woman with breast lump, initially reassurance (watch/wait); if it persists, then get a(n) _____

Answer: ultrasound

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1560: What is the first sign in cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: Impaired diastolic filling

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1561: Following treatment of septic shock with antibiotics and steroid, patient deteriorates rapidly - cause? _____

Answer: Adrenal insufficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1562: Pt has pre-existing renal damage but needs contrast for a study, what are the next best steps? (3) _____

Answer: Vigorous fluids Prophylatic N-Acetyl-Cysteine Hold ACE/ARBs & diuretics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1563: Solitary Lung Nodule: 1) If Chest CT shows benign features, then _____ 2) If Chest CT shows "suspicious" features, then PET/biopsy 2) If Chest CT or patient has malignant features, then excision

Answer: serial CT scans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1564: Myotonic dystrophy = _____

Answer: autosomal dominant

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 1565: _____ conjunctivitis presents as follicular conjunctivitis, progresses to mixed papillary-follicular conjunctivitis, and may demonstrate corneal haziness with neovascularization

Answer: Trachoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1566: What is the likely diagnosis in a euvolemic patient with high serum osmolality and low urine osmolality? _____

Answer: Diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1567: Features of a low-risk solitary pulmonary nodule include size ≤ _____ cm, age < 40, and smoking cessation for > 15 years (or never smoked)

Answer: 0.8

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1568: _____ syndrome is a combination of herpes zoster (shingles) and facial/vestibulocochlear nerve palsy

Answer: Ramsay Hunt

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1569: A(n) _____ refers to damage to the spinal cord

Answer: myelopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1570: Treatment with _____ should be initiated immediately in patients with RPGN

Answer: IV glucocorticoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1571: Guillain-Barré syndrome may cause autonomic dysfunction, which can cause _____ and other arrhythmias

Answer: bradycardia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1572: What is the most common dermal manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome? _____

Answer: Livedo reticularis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1573: Criteria for _____ readiness includes: - pH > 7.25 - Adequate oxygenation on minimal support (FiO2 < 40 and PEEP < 5) - Intact inspiratory effort and mental alertness to protect airway

Answer: extubation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1574: Does cauda equina syndrome present with upper or lower motor neuron symptoms? _____

Answer: Lower only

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1575: All diastolic murmurs are considered abnormal _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1576: ↓ PTH and ↑ [Ca]: _____

Answer: PTH-independent hypercalcemia (cancer, granulomatous, vit D intoxication)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1577: Chronic kidney disease = goal BP < _/_

Answer: 130

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1578: Pulmonary HTN is defined as a pulmonary arterial pressure greater than _____ mm Hg at rest

Answer: 25

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1579: Nail clubbing (thyroid acropachy) in the setting of hyperthyroidism is specific for _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1580: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with anemia, painful osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, and recurrent infections? _____

Answer: Multiple myeloma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1581: Periorbital edema, ↓ reflexes/muscle weakness, bradycardia, weight gain and menorrhagia is seen in _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1582: What is the likely diagnosis in an older patient with significant smoking history that presents with hypercalcemia and low PTH? _____

Answer: Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1583: What is the recommended treatment for a patient with symptomatic SVC syndrome secondary to lung malignancy? _____

Answer: Radiation therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1584: Blood pressures should be lowered slowly (10-20% in the first hour) for hypertensive emergency due to possibility of _____

Answer: hypoperfusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1585: Reversible bronchoconstriction and inflammation of airways is characteristic of _____

Answer: asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1586: Who should receive Pertussis post-exposure prophylaxis? _____

Answer: Everyone -- household and close contacts of infected people regardless of immunization status

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1587: Clopidogrel is indicated for asymptomatic cartoid artery stenosis _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1588: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with fever, hypotension 2/2 vomiting/diarrhea, and a macular rash involving the palms/soles? The patient's last menstrual period was 3 days ago. _____

Answer: Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1589: What is the next step in management of a patient with atypical chest pain and mesenteric ischemia and a normal ECG? _____

Answer: Cardiac stress test

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1590: Telangiectasias, recurrent epistaxis and visceral AVMs is suggestive of _____

Answer: Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1591: _____[sound:44 SO - Aortic Regurgitation.mp3]

Answer: Mild aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1592: Women less than age 65 with _____ can receive DEXA scan early

Answer: increased risk of osteoporosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1593: What is the recommended treatment to reduce risk of stent thrombosis following drug-eluting stent placement? _____

Answer: Dual antiplatelet therapy for at least 12 months

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1594: When a patient comes in with galactorrhea and amenorrhea, you should first screen her _ level and order a(n) _ if it's elevated

Answer: prolactin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/secondary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1595: Vasospastic angina = _____

Answer: transient ST elevation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1596: _____ is a bacterial infection causing distributive shock that may affect the skin, resulting in a(n) petechial rash or skin that is cool and mottled

Answer: Meningococcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1597: The osmolarity of urine in patients with prerenal azotemia will be _____

Answer: high

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1598: Aortic stenosis and > 1 of the following: 1) Symptomatic (syncope, angina, dyspnea) 2) LVEF < 50% 3) Undergoing other cardiac surgery _____

Answer: Replace valve

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1599: _____ triad can be used to help diagnose insulinoma, surriptitious injection of insulin, or ingestion of insulin secretagogues

Answer: Whipple's

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1600: Patient presents with a blowing diastolic heart murmur with bounding pulses, widened pulse pressure, head bobbing, and eponym parade = _____ [sound:44 SO - Aortic Regurgitation.mp3]

Answer: aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1601: Does allergic conjunctivitis present with ocular pruritis and eyelid edema? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1602: What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with a tender breast lump and overlying pruritis, erythema, and edematous skin plaques? _____

Answer: Inflammatory carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1603: What is the next best step in working up a breast lump in a patient under 30? _____

Answer: Reassurance

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1604: Annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose CT in adults ages _ to _ years who have a(n) 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years

Answer: 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1605: _____

Answer: B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1606: Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by _____ during sleep

Answer: intermittent obstuction of the air flow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1607: How long after a myocardial infarction should surgery be deferred? _____

Answer: 6 months

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1608: What is the diagnostic procedure of choice for thyroid nodules in an euthyroid patient? _____

Answer: FNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1609: Erythematous papules post-heat exposure = _____

Answer: miliaria rubra

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1610: _____ is characterized by raised, sharp edges with good demarcation

Answer: Erysipelas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1611: Severe COPD may present with pulmonary _____, characterized by loss of lean muscle mass due to energy imbalance and systemic inflammation.

Answer: cachexia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1612: Acute onset of "electric shock" back pain radiating to legs = _____

Answer: lumbar disc herniation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1613: What is the most common leukemia in adults > 60 years old? _____

Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1614: Anemia of chronic kidney disease is managed with _____

Answer: EPO

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1615: _____ is more common

Answer: HOCM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1616: Asymptomatic and symptomatic mitral regurgitation and LVEF < 60% is managed with _____

Answer: surgical valve repair

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1617: The symptoms of Ménière disease are due to elevated _____

Answer: endolymphatic pressure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1618: HIV patient with ring-enhancing lesion, next step? _____

Answer: Empiric tx with Pyrimethamine & sulfidiazine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1619: What conditions are associated with MEN2A? (3) _____

Answer: Parathyroid adenoma Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1620: What patients are at greatest risk for IV contrast-induced AKI? _____

Answer: Preexisting renal damage (e.g. diabetes, glomerulonephritis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1621: What is the next step in management for a patient with acute renal failure and oliguria (< 250 mL/12 hours) with evidence of significant urine retention (e.g. suprapubic discomfort)? _____

Answer: Bladder catheterization

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1622: _____ associated with calciphylaxis (calcification) leading to ischemic skin necrosis

Answer: ESRD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1623: S3/S4 = Heard at ___ of the heart Use the _ position Use the ___

Answer: the apex

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1624: Exophthalmos (proptosis) is most likely _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1625: What produces a classic "square root sign" on ECG? _____

Answer: Constrictive pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1626: How can someone with aortic dissection develop an early descescendo diastolic murmur and increased creatinine? _____

Answer: Extension of aortic dissection into the aortic valve and kidneys

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1627: Sickle cell disease = ___ bilirubin and _ Hgb and ___ reticulocyte count

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 1628: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with hematuria a few days after an upper respiratory infection with normal complement levels? _____

Answer: IgA nephropathy (synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1629: Recent intracranial/spinal surgery, neoplasm, major GI or brain bleed are contraindications to _____ usage in ischemic/thrombotic stroke

Answer: tPA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1630: How are venous insufficiency ulcers treated? _____

Answer: Compression socks / elevate legs to reduce edema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/leg-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1631: Why does normocytic anemia in a patient with CKD occur? _____

Answer: Decreased production of EPO by renal peritubular cells

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1632: Combined oral contraceptives are used to treat severe inflammatory acne in females _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1633: What is the gold standard confirmatory test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia? _____

Answer: Serotonin release assay

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1634: von Willebrand disease presents with ___ platelet count + _ bleeding time and ___ PTT

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1635: Vasospasm is a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage that arises after _____

Answer: 3 days

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1636: The treatment for polycythemia vera is _____; second-line therapy is hydroxyurea

Answer: phlebotomy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1637: HOCM and MVP murmurs _____ with more preload

Answer: decrease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1638: Systemic scleroderma may affect the skin of the arms, chest, and back, leading to a(n) "_____" pigmentation

Answer: salt and pepper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1639: Fixed splitting of S2 is heard in a(n) _____

Answer: ASD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1640: Hypoparathyroidism can lead to calcifications in the _____

Answer: basal ganglia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1641: Treatment for single brain met? _ Treatment for multiple brain mets? _

Answer: Resection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1642: Nephrotic syndrome causes a(n) _____-coagulable state due to loss of antithrombin III

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1643: Ventilator Settings: PEEP: Ventilator provides a pressure of gas at the end of breathing cycle to keep _____ open; important in ARDS

Answer: alveoli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1644: A patient complaining of dizziness that manifests upon head movement states that the sensation lasts for < 1 min. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver yields rotary nystagmus during physical examination. What type of peripheral vertigo is the likely diagnosis? _____

Answer: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1645: Which infectious skin disorder is a superficial bacterial skin infection characterized by painful, non-itchy pustules and honey-colored crusting? _____

Answer: Impetigo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1646: Painful/tender thyroid is seen with _____

Answer: subacute (De Quervain) thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1647: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a history of prostate cancer that presents with severe back pain, decreased lower extremity DTRs, and urinary retention? _____

Answer: Epidural spinal cord compression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1648: CD20 (+) symptomatic CLL = _____

Answer: rituximab

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1649: Hypernatremia is due to loss of _____

Answer: water

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1650: Staging is important and the strongest predictor of prognosis for _____ lymphoma

Answer: Hodgkin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1651: Lemierre's syndrome refers to infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and most often develops as a complication of a bacterial _____ infection in young, otherwise healthy adults

Answer: sore throat

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1652: Acromegaly = diagnosed with _____

Answer: serum IGF-1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1653: Lupus is commonly associated with serositis, which can manifest as _ and _

Answer: pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1654: What is the recommended treatment for neurologic or cardiac manifestations of Lyme disease? _____

Answer: IV ceftriaxone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1655: If a patient with septic shock fails to respond to IV fluids, then _____ should be started to improve perfusion

Answer: vasopressors (e.g. dopamine)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1656: Normal pressure hydrocephalus presents with the triad of ___, _, and ___, that improves with serial lumbar punctures and is treated with a(n) VP shunt

Answer: urinary incontinence

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1657: IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia is commonly associated with _____ infection and infectious mononucleosis

Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1658: Can absence seizures present with automatisms? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1659: What is the most sensitive test for differentiating adrenal adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in patients without a discrete unilateral adrenal mass on imaging? _____

Answer: Adrenal venous sampling

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1660: Cerebellar dysfunction causing tremor with movement worsening closer to target is suggestive of _____

Answer: intention tremor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1661: SLE can often affect the _____, causing seizures or psychosis

Answer: brain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1662: Asthma classification and treatment: 1. ___ 2. _ 3. ___ 4. SABA + ↑ICS + LABA 5. SABA + ↑↑ICS + LABA + Oral steroids

Answer: SABA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1663: What is the recommended anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism in a patient with severe renal insufficiency (GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2)? _____

Answer: Unfractionated heparin followed by warfarin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1664: Sleep apnea is associated with _____ due to nocturnal hypoxia

Answer: pulmonary hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1665: Subacute bacterial endocarditis following a dental procedure likely indicates _____ infection

Answer: viridans group strep.

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1666: _____ is a complication in up to 1% of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer: Cerebral edema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1667: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with fever, weight loss, an early diastolic murmur, and a left atrial mass on echocardiography? _____

Answer: Cardiac myxoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1668: What are the three diabetic microvascular complications? _____

Answer: Retinopathy (retinal exam) Nephropathy (U/A for microalbuminuria) Neuropathy (monofilament)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1669: Patients with acute pericarditis are at increased risk for _____

Answer: cardiac tamponade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1670: Treatment of painless thyroidits is _____

Answer: β-blockers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1671: _ = young Asian women _ = elderly female with headache

Answer: Takayasu arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1672: For a patient with pneumonia, scores should be calculated for _ and _

Answer: CURB-65

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1673: Malignant breast cancer may lead to _____, either through bony metastasis or PTHrP production

Answer: hypercalcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1674: Circular bald spot with all hairs at equal length: Dx? ___ Etiology? _ Diagnostics? ___

Answer: Tinea capitis - superficial fungal infection caused by Trichophyton tonsurans

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/alopecia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1675: Which antibodies are specific for SLE (+ renal involvement)? _____

Answer: Anti-dsDNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1676: What is the likely cause of dyspnea in patients with ankylosing spondylitis? _____

Answer: Limited chest and spinal mobility

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/seronegative-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1677: von Willebrand disease presents with ___ platelet count + _ bleeding time and ___ PTT

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1678: Patients with COPD and signs of right heart failure or hematocrit > 55% should be started on home oxygen if PaO2 < _ mmHg or SaO2 < _%

Answer: 59

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1679: Red hot swollen joint is managed with _____

Answer: arthrocentesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1680: What is the likely diagnosis in a young patient with a heavy smoking history that presents with ulcers/gangrene of the distal fingers and toes? _____

Answer: Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1681: The HPV vaccine is typically administered beginning at age 11 - 12 and is recommended for everyone up until age _____

Answer: 26

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1682: Pt has muddy brown casts on U/A, high Cr despite normal urine output. Now his Cr continues to rise, but his urine output is next to nothing. His U/A shows blood, but no RBC: _ _

Answer: Myoglobin nephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1683: Atrial septal defects are usually asymptomatic, but may present with a(n) ___ on cardiac ausculation, and rarely _ HTN and ___ syndrome

Answer: fixed split S2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1684: _____ presents with gummas, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, and Argyll-Robertson pupil.

Answer: Tertiary syphilis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1685: Ménière disease typically presents with a triad of ___, _, and ___

Answer: tinnitus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1686: ↑↑ Hematocrit and ↓ EPO is suggestive of _____

Answer: polycythemia vera

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1687: What is the most common cause of death in dialysis and renal transplant patients? _____

Answer: Cardiovascular disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1688: What is the likely diagnosis in a woman with a history of transient ischemic attacks and recurrent miscarriages? _____

Answer: Antiphospholipid syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1689: Best diagnostic modality for outpatient asthmatic patient? _ Other, ways to diagnose asthma? Expected results? _

Answer: PFT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1690: What is the recommended treatment for patients with primary hyperaldosteronism that are poor surgical candidates? _____

Answer: Aldosterone antagonists (e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1691: Coronary angiography is reserved for patients with: - _____ - Stable angina with a high pretest probability of CAD - Stable angina with intermediate pretest probability and abnormal cardiac stress test results

Answer: Evidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1692: Pulmonary edema is seen in _____

Answer: dilated cardiomyopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1693: hCG = _____ thyroid function

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1694: Patient's asthma not well controlled on an albuterol inhaler alone (step 1 therapy) is managed with _____

Answer: low-dose ICS should be added

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1695: Hypertension, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia: _____

Answer: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1696: Does the DASH diet or decreasing dietary sodium decrease blood pressure more? _____

Answer: DASH diet

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1697: What is the likely diagnosis in a diabetic patient with a severely deformed foot? X-ray shows bony destruction, decreased bone mass, osteophytes, and loss of joint spaces. _____

Answer: Charcot joint (neurogenic arthropathy)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki loss of neurologic input results in trauma to weight-bearing joints, resulting in degenerative joint disease

Flashcard 1698: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with previous Hodgkin lymphoma status-post chemoradiation therapy that presents with dyspnea, JVD, ascites, and hepatomegaly? _____

Answer: Constrictive pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1699: _____ is proven to prolong life in hypoxemic COPD patients (< 88%, 55 mmHg)

Answer: Oxygen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1700: How do you treat DT's postop? _____

Answer: Benzos

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1701: Following splenectomy, an adult should be vaccinated in the following manner: PCV13: ___ after PPSV23: _ after Meningococcal: _ after Hib: ___ after

Answer: 2 weeks

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1702: How can anorexia affect the CVS? _____

Answer: Through electrolyte imbalances

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1703: _____ causes a sore throat, swollen tonsils with purulent exudate, anterior lymphadenopathy, lack of cough/rhinorrhea

Answer: Group A Strep (Pyogenes)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1704: Bloody exudative effusion = malignancy or _____

Answer: PE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1705: 24-hour urine cortisol measurement is an appropriate diagnostic test for suspected adrenal insufficiency _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1706: What is the more common type of macular degeneration? _____

Answer: Dry (>80%)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1707: Patient with rheumatoid arthritis begins to have cervical radiculopathy (weakness, pain, numbness in upper extremities) and UMN signs - next step? _____

Answer: Imaging of the cervical spine (X-ray, MRI)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1708: Skin hyperpigmentation and ↑ androgen implies ACTH-_____ Cushing's Syndrome

Answer: dependent

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1709: What is the likely diagnosis in a hemodynamically unstable patient that presents with fever, vomiting, and a diffuse, confluent maculopapular rash on the trunk and extremities? The patient recently had anterior packing for nosebleed or was using tampons. _____

Answer: Toxic shock syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 1710: What is the initial step in management for a patient with suspected epidural spinal cord compression? _____

Answer: IV glucocorticoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1711: Migraines typically present as a pulsating pain with _____, photophobia, or phonophobia

Answer: nausea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1712: Lacunar stroke of the posterolateral _____ results in sudden-onset contralateral loss involving all sensory modalities (pure sensory stroke)

Answer: thalamus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1713: _____ has the following: - Leukocyte counts > 50,000 - pH < 7.2 - Glucose < 60

Answer: Complicated parapneumonic effusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1714: Ambiguous genitalia as an infant and presents w/ primary amenorrhea, severe acne, tall stature, +/- osteoporosis = _____

Answer: aromatase deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1715: What is the recommended treatment for a patient with symptoms of hyperviscosity secondary to Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia? _____

Answer: Urgent plasma exchange

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1716: What is the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on TSH? _____

Answer: Increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1717: The best initial test to assess both the location and severity of the valvular lesions is a(n) _____

Answer: transthoracic echocardiogram

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1718: _____ is the presence of an organized rhythm (e.g. atrial fibrillation) without a palpable pulse

Answer: Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1719: _____ are painless, often bilateral, opacifications of the lens

Answer: Cataracts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1720: Metastatic breast cancer and confusion = _____

Answer: hypercalcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1721: What is the likely diagnosis in a male smoker with chest discomfort and the CXR findings below? _____

Answer: Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1722: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with mild hypoxemia, tachypnea, and CXR infiltrates hours after an episode of aspiration? _____

Answer: Aspiration pneumonitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1723: Which cervical spinal levels can be affected in RA? _____

Answer: C1 and C2 (and can cause subluxation)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1724: Is organ donation contraindicated from patients with HIV infection? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1725: Goldman Risk Index _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1726: C3/C4 levels are _____ in a lupus flare

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1727: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with an extensive smoking history who presents with digital clubbing and sudden-onset arthropathy of the hand/wrist? _____

Answer: Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1728: "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray _____

Answer: Tetralogy of Fallot

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1729: Pseudotumor cerebri = most common in _____ taking OCPs

Answer: obese, young women

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1730: Pneumonia may present with _ breath sounds and _ to percussion

Answer: decreased

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Flashcard 1731: Which type of lung cancer is associated with hypercalcemia (ectopic PTHrP production)? _____

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1732: Rheumatoid arthritis = _____ inflammatory arthritis with > 3 joints involved (small joints like hands, feet, wrists)

Answer: symmetric

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1733: Herniated disc = _____ month before doing radiographic imaging

Answer: 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1734: Exudative pleural effusions must meet one of Light's criteria, which are: Pleural protein/serum protein > ___ Pleural LDH/serum LDH > _ or Pleural LDH ___ upper limit of normal serum LDH

Answer: 0.5

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1735: What is the likely source of an androgen-secreting tumor in a female with elevated testosterone and elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels? _____

Answer: Adrenal tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1736: What is the next step in management for a patient with severe asthma exacerbation with an elevated PaCO2? _____

Answer: Endotracheal intubation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1737: _____ is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries

Answer: Tuberculosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1738: qSOFA criteria requires ≥ 2 of the following: RR > _____ SBP < 100 AMS

Answer: 22

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1739: What is the underlying etiology in a patient with severe COPD who develops altered consciousness and seizures after administration of supplemental O2? _____

Answer: O2-induced CO2 retention

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1740: Pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis is characterized by _ protein, _ leukocytosis, and low glucose levels

Answer: very elevated

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Flashcard 1741: Seizure that is localized to one hemisphere, impairs consciousness and with motor automatisms (lip smacking, chewing). Diagnosis? _____

Answer: Complex partial seizure (focal seizure with impaired awareness)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1742: _____ is a form of heat stroke that typically affects elderly patients in the absence of strenuous activity

Answer: Non-exertional heat stroke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1743: Hampton's hump on CXR is suggestive of _____

Answer: PE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1744: What are the two possible mechanisms for febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions? _____

Answer: Accumulation of cytokines or type II HSR with host antibodies against donor HLA/WBCs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1745: Miller Fisher Syndrome is a variant of Guillain-Barré that presents with _____, cerebellar ataxia, and areflexia

Answer: ophthalmoplegia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1746: _____ is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death within 2 days of acute MI

Answer: Ventricular fibrillation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1747: Carvallo Sign: _____ = ↑ venous return (↑ right sided heart sounds)

Answer: inspiration

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Flashcard 1748: Acute myocardial infarction may also present with a new-onset _____ bundle branch block

Answer: left

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Flashcard 1749: The Dix-Hallpike manuever is used to diagnose _____

Answer: BPPV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1750: Black and elderly patients respond well to _____ and long-acting dihydropyridine CCBs for treatment of primary hypertension

Answer: hydrochlorothiazide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1751: What is the treatment for massive, life-threatening pulmonary embolism? _____

Answer: Intra-arterial tPA or thrombectomy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1752: What is the diagnosis in a patient with HIV, decreased lower limb sensation, and numbness and pinpricks in his feet? _____

Answer: Peripheral neuropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1753: What is the treatment of choice for Parkinson's disease patients that are functional AND under 70 years old? _____

Answer: Dopamine agonists (e.g. pramipexole, ropinirole)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1754: Which neuromuscular junction pathology, MG or LEMS, is characterized by proximal muscle weakness? _____

Answer: Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1755: Orthostatic hypotension is managed with _____

Answer: rehydrate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1756: What is the recommended treatment for type IV renal tubular acidosis? _____

Answer: Fludrocortisone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1757: Euvolemic hyponatremia is suggestive of _____

Answer: SIADH

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Flashcard 1758: Most cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis have a high rate of spontaneous remission _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1759: What is the diagnosis in an AIDS patient with multiple contrast-enhanced mass lesions in the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter on CT scan or MRI? _____

Answer: Toxoplasmosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1760: _____ vertigo is a form of vertigo that presents with nystagmus that is constant

Answer: Central

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1761: One complication associated with lung cancer (pancoast tumor) is _____ syndrome due to compression of the stellate or superior cervical ganglia

Answer: Horner

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1762: In knee osteoarthritis, exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscles can reduce abnormal loading on the joint and protect the _____ from further stress

Answer: articular cartilage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1763: What is Eisenmenger syndrome? _____

Answer: Reversal of a left → right shunt when RV hypertrophy makes it stronger than the LV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1764: _____ is an immunologic blood transfusion reaction that can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer: Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1765: _____ shock = generalized vasodilation due to spinal trauma and low CO

Answer: Neurogenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1766: In ESRD, calciphylaxis is associated with increased levels of _ and _

Answer: phosphate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1767: When syncope presents suddenly upon exertion, what is most likely cause? _____

Answer: Mechanical obstruction to blood flow (valvular dysfunction)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1768: What is the likely diagnosis in a young adult that presents with headache, fatigue, persistent dry cough, and mild sore throat? There is a faint macular rash on the arms/legs and increased interstitial markings on CXR. _____

Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (atypical pneumonia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1769: (+) QRS in lead I (+) QRS in lead II frontal axis = _____

Answer: normal axis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1770: Carpal tunnel syndrome step-up treatments? _____

Answer: Splint → injection steroids → oral steroids → surgery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1771: β-blockers are a standard therapy in myocardial infarction but should be avoided in patients with _____ or bradycardia

Answer: decompensated CHF

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1772: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is characterized by periodic _____ complexes on EEG

Answer: sharp wave

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1773: Screening modality for breast cancer for pt w/ normal risk = _ Screening modality for breast cancer for pt w/ high risk (family hx, radiation) = _

Answer: mammography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1774: What lifestyle modification reduces hypertension the most? _____

Answer: Weight loss

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1775: Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by _____ in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient

Answer: EBV DNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1776: Myelodysplastic syndrome is primarily seen in older adults and those who have had previous _____ therapy

Answer: chemo- or radiation

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Flashcard 1777: Toxic shock syndrome is a form of distributive shock that may affect the CNS, resulting in _____

Answer: confusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1778: What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome? _____

Answer: Development of acute cerebral edema d/t rapid extraction of osmotically active substances (e.g. urea, NaCl) can develop acute cerebral edema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1779: Diabetes and (-) urine microalbumin and LDL > 190 is managed with _____

Answer: statin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1780: What is a common endocrine complication of stroke? _____

Answer: SIADH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1781: What is the treatment for a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Before or after biopsy? _____

Answer: High-dose corticosteroids immediately - BEFORE biopsy returns

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1782: Initial treatment for sciatica is _____

Answer: NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1783: Which of the following symptoms is the worst single finding predictive of aortic stenosis: Angina Syncope CHF _____

Answer: CHF

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Flashcard 1784: _____ rhinitis is an upper airway pathology characterized by nasal congestion and postnasal drip

Answer: Nonallergic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1785: What is the likely diagnosis in an African-American patient that presents with polyuria and nocturia? Serum Na+ levels and urinalysis are normal. _____

Answer: Hyposthenuria (secondary to sickle cell trait)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 1786: Scleroderma _____ is associated with a(n) microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Answer: renal crisis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1787: Divers who rapidly ascend can develop _____ emboli

Answer: air

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Flashcard 1788: What is the likely diagnosis in a middle-aged female with fatigue, GI symptoms, and skin hyperpigmentation? _____

Answer: Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1789: Prosthetic valve endocarditis = _____

Answer: Staph. epidermidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1790: What is the test of choice to diagnose pulmonary embolism in clinically stable patients with a high likelihood of PE (modified Wells > 4)? _____

Answer: CT angiography

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Flashcard 1791: What is the prophylactic management against rabies for a patient with a low-risk wild animal bite? _____

Answer: No treatment

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Flashcard 1792: What is the recommended management for a patient with uremic encephalopathy? _____

Answer: Hemodialysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1793: What are the recommended cardiovascular screening tests in a healthy 52 year old male? _____

Answer: Hypertension: all adults (age 18 or older) Lipid screening: men >35 or women >45 Aspirin if 50-59 with >10% 10-year CVD risk

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki Sources: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer https://www.aafp.org/afp/2019/0601/p670.html

Flashcard 1794: Limited scleroderma is also referred to as "CREST syndrome": C: ___, _ R: _ E: _ S: _ T: ___

Answer: Calcinosis cutis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1795: IVIg is indicated for patients with Goodpasture syndrome _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1796: Which type of testicular tumor secretes massive amounts of testosterone and estrogen, leading to precocious puberty and gynecomastia? _____

Answer: Leydig cell tumor

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Flashcard 1797: Chronic corticosteroid use can predispose to what MSK pathology? Osteoporosis and _____

Answer: Avascular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1798: What differentiates coma from persistent vegetative state? _ has depressed cerebral function, Whereas _ has absent cerebral function

Answer: Coma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/coma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1799: ADPKD or ARPKD = _ BP, so treat with _

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1800: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased heat production (cold intolerance)? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1801: How is septic shock treated? ___ (first-line), _ and ___

Answer: IV fluids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1802: Generalized seizures can lead to _ laceration and LOC with _ state

Answer: tongue

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1803: Hypertensive urgency = treated with _ Hypertensive emergency = treated with _

Answer: PO

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1804: Mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS should use _ tidal volumes and _ PEEP

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1805: Patient presents with periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia _____

Answer: Nephrotic syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1806: Alcohol and smoking = _____ risk of osteoporosis

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 1807: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is one of the outcomes of ESRD _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1808: What is the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis? _____

Answer: Mild analgesic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1809: What is the recommended screening protocol for abdominal aortic aneurysm? _____

Answer: One-time abdominal ultrasound for men aged 65-75 with a history of smoking or past history

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1810: ↑ FEV1 by > 15% after bronchodilator is diagnostic for _____

Answer: asthma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1811: anti-histone antibodies are suggestive of _____

Answer: drug-induced SLE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1812: Brain abscesses smaller than 2.5 cm and those with no signs of ICP are managed with _____

Answer: empiric antibiotics for bacterial brain abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1813: What initial tests should be performed in a patient with suspected adrenal insufficiency? 1. ___ 2. _ 3. ___

Answer: Morning serum cortisol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1814: In patients with stable angina and intermediate pretest probability of CAD, follow-up with _____ should occur

Answer: cardiac stress testing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1815: What test distinguishes between an underexcretor or overproducer in gout? _____

Answer: 24 hour urine collection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1816: _____

Answer: C

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1817: Treatment of cavernous sinus thrombosis is _____ and drainage of paranasal sinuses

Answer: antibiotics

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Flashcard 1818: Pt who skin rash on face w/ RBC casts: _____

Answer: Lupus glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1819: In young patients, biscuspid aortic valve can cause aortic _____

Answer: regurgitation (aortic stenosis in older patients)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1820: When does hypermetabolic syndrome typically occur? (3) _____

Answer: Severe burns Sepsis Hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/burns/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1821: S1Q3T3 ECG abnormality = _____

Answer: pulmonary emboli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1822: ↓ [Ca], ↓ phosphate, ↑ PTH = _ → secondary hyperparathyroidism ↓ [Ca], ↑ phosphate, ↑ PTH = _ → secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: vitamin D deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1823: Treatment of small vs. large pneumothorax? _____

Answer: Observation/oxygen vs. needle aspiration/chest tube

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1824: What is the first line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia? _____

Answer: Carbamazepine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/seizures/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1825: Are nonpharmacologic treatments or pharmacological treatments used first in treatment of OA? _____

Answer: Non-pharm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1826: "Swan neck" and "Boutonniere" deformities are associated with _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1827: Cardiac tamponade is a(n) _____-sided heart failure

Answer: right

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1828: Hereditary tremor worsened by movement is characteristic of a(n) _____

Answer: essential tremor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1829: _____ disease is characterized by exertional leg pain and dermal atrophy (thin/shiny skin, loss of hair)

Answer: Peripheral arterial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1830: Thalassemia = _ red blood cell count Iron deficiency anemia = _ red blood cell count

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1831: _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1832: Triad of: (1) necrotizing vasculitis of the skin (2) necrotizing granulomas in lower and upper airway (hemoptysis + sinusitis and otitis media) (3) necrotizing glomerulonephritis (kidney, RPGN) _____

Answer: Wegener granulomatosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1833: Aortic stenosis = _____ s2

Answer: soft

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1834: Hypertensive intraparenchymal hemorrhage typically occurs in the _____ and the adjacent internal capsule; other common sites include the cerebellum, thalamus, and pons

Answer: basal ganglia (especially putamen)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1835: Ipsilateral headache, neck pain, partial horner syndrome (ptosis/miosis) and absent flow in ICA is suggestive of carotid artery _____

Answer: dissection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1836: How does patellofemoral pain syndrome present and in what population? _____

Answer: Anterior knee pain in physically active women

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ortho-injuries/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1837: Androgenic symptoms associated with Cushing syndrome (e.g. acne, irregular menses) are seen with ACTH-_____ hypercortisolism

Answer: dependent

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1838: Aortic dissection can lead to _____

Answer: pleural effusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1839: Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the _ and _ cortex

Answer: frontal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1840: Most transudative pleural effusions are caused by: _____ cirrhosis nephrotic syndrome

Answer: CHF

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1841: Should those with hypovolemic shock be given vasopressors? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1842: _____

Answer: C

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1843: What are the "Three D's" of prerenal azotemia? _____

Answer: Diuresis Diarrhea Dehydration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1844: Burn injury = _____

Answer: LR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1845: The severity of previous allergic reactions predicts the severity of future reactions _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1846: Outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia is managed with _____

Answer: macrolide or doxycycline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1847: What is the first step in management of pseudotumor cerebri (benign/idiopathic intracranial hypertension) in a patient taking OCPs? _____

Answer: Withdrawal of the OCPs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1848: What is the initial management for a patient with suspected acute limb ischemia? _____

Answer: Anticoagulation (e.g. IV heparin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1849: Hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, exophthalamos and pretibial myxedema is suggestive of _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1850: _____[sound:45 SO - Mitral Stenosis and Opening Snap.mp3] Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):

Answer: Mitral stenosis (with opening snap)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1851: Why is the diagnosis of lupus nephritis important to make in the setting of SLE? _____

Answer: Severity of the disease dictates treatment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1852: Loss of all reflexes and motor function, hypotension and bradycardia are symptoms of _____ shock

Answer: neurogenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1853: The p wave aVR should always be (_____)

Answer: -

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1854: Opioid overdose and RR < 8 is managed with _____

Answer: intubate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1855: Central retinal artery occlusion is most commonly caused by an embolized atherosclerotic plaque from the ipsilateral _____ artery

Answer: internal carotid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1856: Initial management of knee osteoarthritis may include exercises to strengthen the _____ muscle

Answer: quadriceps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1857: What is the first-line treatment for pseudotumor cerebri (benign/idiopathic intracranial HTN)? _____

Answer: Acetazolamide (± furosemide)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1858: Before doing TSH level / ultrasound to evaluate thyroid nodule, what do you do? _____

Answer: H&P

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1859: Opening snap followed by diastolic rumbling murmur is most likely _____ [sound:z45 SO - Mitral Stenosis and Opening Snap.mp3]

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1860: What is the first step in management of pulmonary embolism with the following Wells score? Wells score >4: _ Wells score ≤4: _

Answer: anticoagulation with heparin (before diagnostic testing)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1861: If BP measurements differ from arm-to-arm, an average measurement of the limb with _____ readings should be used

Answer: higher

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1862: DKA is managed with _____

Answer: IV fluids (0.9% NS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1863: What is the treatment for constrictive pericarditis? _____

Answer: Diuretics first; then pericardiectomy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1864: Bell's palsy is managed with _____

Answer: steroids +/- acyclovir

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1865: Sickle cell and priapism, acute chest, or stroke → _____

Answer: exchange transfusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1866: _____ presents with productive cough and pleuritic chest pain

Answer: Pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1867: What type of Strep. pyogenes infection precipitates rheumatic fever? _____

Answer: Pharyngitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1868: _____ = often bilateral with grouped lesions

Answer: LCIS/invasive lobular carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1869: Hypotonic hyponatremia and ↑↑↑ Cr = _____

Answer: renal failure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1870: Stage 2 hypertension should be treated with _____ medications

Answer: two

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1871: Putaminal hemorrhage often results in contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss due to involvement of the adjacent _____

Answer: internal capsule

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1872: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly patient that presents with a 6-month history of unilateral knee pain? The pain is worse in the evening and with activity. _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1873: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with sinusitis/otalgia, lung nodules/cavitations, and elevated creatinine/hematuria? _____

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1874: Newly diagnosed hypertension with BP < 150/90 mm Hg: begin therapy with _ primary antihypertensive(s) Newly diagnosed hypertension with BP > 150/90 mm Hg: begin therapy with _ primary antihypertensive(s)

Answer: one

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1875: Anything that causes mydriasis will _____ acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer: worsen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1876: _____ is a CNS complication of drowning

Answer: Cerebral edema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1877: "Worst headache of my life" is suggestive of _____

Answer: subarachnoid hemorrhage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1878: What is the treatment of choice for mild hypovolemic hypernatremia? _____

Answer: D5W

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1879: Initially, Hashimoto thyroiditis presents as _____

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1880: Blood glucose < 800 = _ Blood glucose > 800 = _

Answer: DKA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/diabetic-emergencies/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1881: Chronic cough in Pertussis leads to increased intrathoracic pressure, which subsequently increases risk of _____

Answer: pneumothorax

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1882: All patients with acute COPD exacerbation should receive inhaled bronchodilators (albuterol/ipratropium nebulizer) and systemic _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1883: What retinal pathology is associated with a "blood and thunder" appearance on funduscopy? _____

Answer: Central retinal vein occlusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1884: Which stroke subtype is characterized by abrupt neurological symptoms that are typically maximal at the start? _____

Answer: Embolic ischemic stroke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1885: Mild asthma is defined as: - Use of short acting bronchodilator < _ - Nocturnal awakenings < _ - Use of < 2 inhalers / year

Answer: 2X / week

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1886: Ischemic strokes are generally classified as being of _ or _ origin

Answer: thrombotic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1887: Symptoms of intracranial hypertension includes headache worse at _____, nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes

Answer: morning

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1888: What valvular defect is a possible complication of aortic dissection? _____

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1889: Diagnosis of polymyositis or dermatomyositis is made with _____ and confirmed with muscle biopsy

Answer: EMG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1890: Acute angle-closure glaucoma is characterized by sudden, painful vision loss with "_____" around lights

Answer: halos

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1891: Diffuse goiter and diffuse radioactive iodine uptake = _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1892: What is the likely diagnosis in a tall patient with kyphoscoliosis, neuromas on the lip/tongue, and medullary thyroid cancer? _____

Answer: MEN 2B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1893: _____ is a respiratory complication of drowning that is more common with contaminated water

Answer: Pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1894: _____: a sharp or burning pain that radiates which typically radiates to the buttocks and to the posterior thigh

Answer: Sciatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1895: Outpatient therapy is appropriate for patients with a CURB-65 score _____

Answer: < 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1896: Synthetic cathinone intoxication typically causes manifestations of _____ and markedly altered mental status

Answer: sympathetic stimulation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1897: _ is managed with ABVD chemotherapy regimen _ is managed with R-CHOP therapy

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1898: _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1899: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a wide pulse pressure and "pounding heart" sensation, especially in the left lateral decubitus position? _____

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1900: What is the next step in management for a patient that has primary amenorrhea and a dysfunctional endocrine axis, but intact uterus? _____

Answer: FSH levels

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1901: After the initial presentation of an ischemic stroke, what additional tests should you do to assess for a cause? ___ to assess for atrial fibrillation/MI _ to assess for any infected cardiac valves or thrombi in heart ___ to assess for carotid stenosis

Answer: ECG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1902: What is the best initial therapy for osteoporosis? _____

Answer: Vitamin D and Ca and bisphosphonates

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/menopause/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1903: Characteristics of _____: - Hyperelasticity of skin - Joint hypermobility - Tendency towards bleeding

Answer: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1904: Herniated disc pain usually is _____, radiating along the thigh to below the knee (sciatica)

Answer: radicular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1905: What is the next step in management for a patient that presents with warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage? _____

Answer: IV vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1906: _____ is the most common respiratory complication of drowning

Answer: ARDS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1907: Midbrain atrophy with an intact pons is seen in patients with _____

Answer: progressive supranuclear palsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1908: Woman aged 40-50 and morning stiffness/pain > 1 hour that improves with use + systemic symptoms = _____

Answer: rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1909: Ménière disease = _____-frequency sensorineural hearing loss

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1910: Asthma wheezing that disappears = _____ sign

Answer: bad

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1911: Claudication of calf only = PVD of _____

Answer: femoropopliteal distribution

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1912: Suspicious thyroid nodules (cold, growing) should be evaluated with _____

Answer: FNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1913: Euvolemic hyponatremia = _____

Answer: SIADH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1914: _____

Answer: Miliaria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1915: Patients with left-sided endocarditis are at an increased risk of pulmonary embolism _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1916: What is the likely drug intoxication in a patient that presents with slurred speech, lethargy, and difficulty walking? Pupils are 5 mm (normal) and respiratory rate is 8/min. _____

Answer: Benzodiazepine or alcohol overdose

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 1917: _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1918: What is the next step in management for a solitary pulmonary nodule discovered on routine CXR? _____

Answer: Compare with previous CXR; if no previous imaging, get CT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1919: Bilateral, simple renal cysts associated with cerebral aneurysms is suggestive of _____

Answer: ADPKD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1920: What is the recommended primary prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) for HIV patients with CD4 count <50/mm? _____

Answer: None :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1921: Stroke ≤ 4.5 hrs = _ stroke > 4.5 hrs = _

Answer: tPA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1922: Suspected pleural effusion is managed with _____

Answer: diagnostic thoracocentesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1923: Mucosal neuromas and marfanoid body habitus = MEN _____ due to mutations in the RET gene

Answer: 2B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/men-syndromes/acquire?ref=anki both MEN2A/B have pheo and medullary thyroid..

Flashcard 1924: What pathogen is the most common cause of spinal epidural abscess? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus (65%)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1925: Anti-topoisomerase antibodies are seen in _____

Answer: diffuse systemic scleroderma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1926: _ = release of preformed hormone _ = overproduction of thyroid hormone

Answer: Thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 1927: Following a (+) PPD, first order a(n) _____ to differentiate between active and latent TB

Answer: a chest x-ray

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1928: Primary CNS lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma is most often seen in patients with _____

Answer: HIV/AIDS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1929: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with significant smoking history who presents with shoulder pain, weight loss, and the imaging findings below? _____

Answer: Pancoast (superior sulcus) lung tumor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1930: Ventricular aneurysm is a an early complication of myocardial infarction _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1931: What is the typical underlying etiology of acromegaly? _____

Answer: Pituitary somatotroph adenoma (excessive secretion of GH)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1932: FEV1 ≤ _ = moderate persistent asthma (+ LABA) FEV1 ≤ _ = severe persistent asthma (+ oral steroid)

Answer: 80%

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1933: To grade GCS of verbal response: 5: ___ 4: _ 3: _ 2: _ 1: ___

Answer: Appropriate words and oriented

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1934: _____ should be abstained for 24 hours before a fasting lipid panel

Answer: Alcohol

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1935: What is the tx of post-op MI? _____

Answer: PCI/Heparin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1936: Should you go to O.R. for pulmonary contusion? _____

Answer: No - Conservative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1937: Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is recommended for patients with a(n) _ heart valve or previous _ prior to certain invasive procedures (e.g. tooth extraction)

Answer: prosthetic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1938: Restrictive lung disease is characterized by an FEV1/FVC ratio _____% of predicted

Answer: > 70

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1939: What is the diagnosis in a patient with constipation, obesity, voice hoarseness, indurated, cool, dry skin, and pretibial swelling? _____

Answer: Myxedema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1940: Temporal lobe encephalitis or a hemorrhagic LP is caused by _____

Answer: HSV-1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/brain-inflammation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1941: Is there pulmonary edema in cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1942: How do you calculate the heart rate on an ECG? _____

Answer: 300 / # big boxes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1943: Massive PE = PE with _____ Sub-massive PE = PE with evidence of right heart strain

Answer: hypotension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1944: Goals of sepsis therapy include: CVP at 10-12 Urine output > _____ cc/kg/hour MAP > 65 SvO2 > 70%

Answer: 0.5

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1945: What is the recommended treatment for a hemodynamically unstable patient with cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: Emergency pericardiocentesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1946: Subacute bacterial endocarditis following a dental / respiratory tract incision procedure likely indicates _____ infection

Answer: viridans group strep.

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1947: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a recent seizure who has a large amount of blood on urinalysis with few RBCs on microscopy? _____

Answer: Myoglobinuria (secondary to rhabdomyolysis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1948: Treatment of neurogenic shock? _____

Answer: Fluid and pressors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1949: _____ = louder with valsalva

Answer: HOCM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1950: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and a heart murmur that increases with inspiration? _____

Answer: Carcinoid syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1951: Elevated DHEAS and normal testosterone = _ tumor Normal DHEAS and elevated testosterone = _ tumor

Answer: adrenal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1952: Thrombolytic therapy (e.g. tPA) is indicated for patients with ischemic stroke if given within _____ of symptom onset

Answer: 3 - 4.5 hours

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1953: Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain) may initially present with ___, which is then followed by _ and often ends with ___

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1954: What is the treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus? Long-term therapy (everyone): _ Acute exacerbations (flare): _ Active glomerulonephritis: IV cyclophosphamide → PO mycophenolate mofetil

Answer: hydroxychloroquine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1955: Aortic stenosis = _____ LV oxygen demand

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1956: Pericardiac knock (early diastolic sound, ~ S3) is heard in _____

Answer: constrictive pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1957: What is the most effective intervention to slow progression of diabetic nephropathy? _____

Answer: Tight blood pressure control

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1958: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia typically presents with _____ and neurologic deficits without CRAB symptoms of MM

Answer: visual

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/plasma-cell/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1959: Can RAI ablation of thyroid tissue lead to permanant hypothyroidism? _____

Answer: Yes Which is actually easier to manage than Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1960: Is it normal if elderly patients are unable to operate common appliances? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1961: Signs of decreased _____ activity indicate a poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Answer: bone marrow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1962: Goiter = _____

Answer: can be both hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1963: Klinefelter syndrome may present with _____ libido

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 1964: _____ ITP = platelets < 100,000 for > 1 year

Answer: Chronic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1965: What is the first step in management of T2DM after the diagnosis is made (A1C > 6.5%)? _____

Answer: Life style changes and metformin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1966: _____ is a possible mass effect complication of lung cancers that involves impaired venous drainage from the head, neck and upper extremities

Answer: Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1967: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with Marfan syndrome that presents with sudden-onset tearing chest pain? _____

Answer: Aortic dissection

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1968: What is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation in developed countries? _____

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1969: Frequently ↑ serum uric acid values are seen in SIADH _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1970: The American Heart Association recommend exercise stress testing for men >_ and women >_ years of age before they undertake vigorous exercise

Answer: 45

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1971: Individuals at increased risk of _____ should have a screening serum lipid profile in adults of age 45–75 year

Answer: cardiovascular disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1972: Pretest probability of coronary artery disease is intermediate in women with atypical angina > age _____ or typical angina age 30 - 50

Answer: 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1973: What is the likely diagnosis in a young adult female with prolonged bleeding and ecchymoses and isolated thrombocytopenia on laboratory exam? _____

Answer: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1974: Whatis the most common cause of generalized lymphadenopathy in patients > 65 years? _____

Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1975: Deep venous thrombosis is treated with ___ to prevent thrombus propagation, _ to bust the clot, and a(n) ___ for treatment-refractory patients

Answer: anticoagulants

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1976: Myocardial contusion should be monitored with _____ to screen for arrhythmias and cardiac function

Answer: ECG and cardiac enzymes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/chest/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1977: What is the most common cause of death in Marfan syndrome patients? _____

Answer: Aortic dissection (presents with sudden-onset tearing chest pain)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1978: What is the prophylactic management against rabies for a patient with a dog, cat, or ferret bite and an animal that is available? _____

Answer: Quarantine and treat accordingly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1979: What is the recommended treatment for patients with SIADH who have severe hyponatremia (e.g. seizures, coma)? _____

Answer: Hypertonic (3%) saline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1980: The episodes of Ménière disease last _____ than BPPV

Answer: longer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1981: What kind of pneumococcal vaccine is given to HIV patients? _____

Answer: 13 - 23

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1982: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) is managed with _____

Answer: steroids and cyclophosphamide

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1983: Which trace mineral deficiency manifests as thyroid dysfunction and cardiomyopathy? _____

Answer: Selenium deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1984: A differential time to positivity greater than _____ indicates that the source of the bloodstream infection is most likely a(n) central line

Answer: 2 hours

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1985: Palpation of a tender "cord" = _____ vein thrombosis

Answer: superficial

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1986: Holosystolic murmur that increases on inspiration = _____

Answer: tricuspid regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 1987: Constipation, ↓ reflexes/muscle weakness and bradycardia is most likely caused by _____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1988: Erysipelas may be accompanied by _____, presenting as red streaks radiating along the course of lymphatic vessels

Answer: lymphangitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1989: _____ may be confirmed via flow cytometry, which detects a lack of CD-55 and CD-59

Answer: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1990: Chronic kidney disease → ↓ _____ → anemia

Answer: EPO

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 1991: What is the recommended treatment for post-surgical DVT in a patient with ESRD? _____

Answer: Unfractionated heparin followed by warfarin (for at least 3 months)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1992: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with prosthetic mitral valve that presents with shortness of breath and bibasilar crackles? Her INR is 1.5. _____

Answer: Prosthetic valve thrombosis (~ mitral stenosis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 1993: CREST, renal crisis and heart and interstitial lung disease is suggestive of _____

Answer: diffuse scleroderma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1994: One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is _____ anemia

Answer: autoimmune hemolytic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1995: _____ = life-threatening hyperthyroidism precipitated by acute stress (e.g. infection, trauma, surgery)

Answer: Thyroid storm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1996: Giant cell arteritis and impaired vision = _____

Answer: high dose IV steroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1997: How do you treat septic shock? Treating sepsis: IV broad spectrum antibiotics Treating shock: aggressive _____ and pressors

Answer: IV fluids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1998: Systemic sclerosis may manifest in the hands with _____ in the interphalangeal joints

Answer: contractures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 1999: Ulnar deviation of phylanges is seen in _____

Answer: rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2000: What is the most important intervention for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy? _____

Answer: Adequate IV hydration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki also avoid nephrotoxic NSAIDs that will further vasoconstrict

Flashcard 2001: What is the treatment of androgen insensitivity syndrome (phenotypic female with 46-XY)? _____

Answer: Bilateral gonadectomy after puberty

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki gonad-stimulated puberty helps attain adult height (the testes still produce testosterone); cryptorchid gonads have a small risk of developing into a dysgerminoma or gonadoblastoma after puberty and thus should be removed

Flashcard 2002: Uremia = _____ platelet aggregation

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2003: One complication that may occur 3 - 14 days post-MI is _____, which causes cardiac tamponade

Answer: ventricular free wall rupture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2004: _ = weight gain and male pattern hair growth _ = above and masculinization (clitoromegaly, deep voice, muscles)

Answer: Hirsutism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2005: Only prosthetic valves can lead to schistocytes _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2006: Diabetes and microalbuminuria = add _____

Answer: ACE-I

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2007: What is the most important predisposing risk factor associated with aortic dissection? _____

Answer: Hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2008: The presence of _____ in the setting of SLE should raise concern for lupus nephritis and requires that a(n) renal biopsy be performed

Answer: proteinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2009: What type of chest pain is often associated with pneumonia? _____

Answer: Pleuritic chest pain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2010: Hyperpigmentation and hyperkalemia/hyponatremia/hypotension are more often seen in _____ adrenal insufficiency

Answer: primary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2011: Pretibial myxedema is seen in _____

Answer: Graves disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2012: Central retinal artery occlusion = _ of retinal veins Central retinal vein occlusion = _ of retinal veins

Answer: narrowing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2013: _____ should be done in all newly diagnosed hypertensive patients to look for changes associated with hypertensive heart disease

Answer: ECG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2014: _____ presents as dizziness, syncope, tinnitus, and a focal neurologic deficit

Answer: Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2015: Sickle cell disease and fever is managed with _____

Answer: antibiotics

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2016: What is the greatest risk factor for osteoporosis? _____

Answer: Advanced age

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2017: What is the FENa in patients with intrinsic renal failure? _____

Answer: > 2%

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2018: What is the best next step in management of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction? _____

Answer: Intravenous normal saline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2019: What is the treatment of choice for Dressler's syndrome? _____

Answer: NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 2020: Inppropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ O2 saturation

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2021: "Triphasic bursts" or "sharp wave complexes" on EEG = _____

Answer: creutzfeldt jakob

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dementia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2022: Asthma palpable purpura sinusitis neuropathy _____

Answer: Churg-Strauss syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2023: Bacillary angiomatosis is a complication of Bartonella henselae that presents with raised _____ lesions on the skin

Answer: red vascular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 2024: Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-Scl-70 (DNA topoisomerase I) antibody? _____

Answer: Diffuse scleroderma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2025: Adults over 65 should receive a(n) _____-time dose pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

Answer: one

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2026: Are ACE inhibitors indicated in a patient with diabetes and albumin/creatinine ratio of 15mg/g? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2027: Ventilator Settings: Assist-Control: ventilator delivers the same _____ during every inspiration, whether initiated by the ventilator or by patient

Answer: tidal volume

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2028: What is the cause of hyperreflexia in the setting of a hydatidiform mole? _____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism from elevated β-hCG

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2029: _____ are more common in underweight individuals

Answer: Stress fractures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2030: What cardiac catheterization complication presents with sudden hemodynamic instability and ipsilateral flank/back pain? _____

Answer: Retroperitoneal hematoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2031: How does cardiac index change in septic shock? _____

Answer: Increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2032: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient on several medications with swelling and tenderness of the hand and knee joints and acute pericarditis? _____

Answer: Drug-induced lupus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2033: What is the initial management of choice (besides pain control) for patients with type B aortic dissection? _____

Answer: IV β-blockers (e.g. labetalol, esmolol, propranolol)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2034: Identification of dyslipidemia and calculation of 10-year CVD event risk requires lipid screening in adults ages: _____

Answer: 40- to 75-years-old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2035: An _____ is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with insulin resistance

Answer: oral glucose tolerance test

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2036: What is the difference between hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency? Hypertensive emergency is characterized by _____

Answer: end-organ damage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2037: What is the likely underlying cause of syncope in an elderly patient that stood up after a period of bed rest? _____

Answer: Orthostatic hypotension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2038: _____ = diabetic neuropathy

Answer: Bladder outlet obstruction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2039: Patients who are overweight or obese and have additional cardiovascular disease risk factors should be educated on: _____

Answer: Healthy diet and exercise

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2040: _____

Answer: Hemiplegic migraine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2041: What is first-line treatment options for nonpurulent cellulitis w/ systemic signs of infection? (2) _____

Answer: Nafcillin or cefazolin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2042: _____ is characterized by exertional leg pain (claudication) and dermal atrophy (thin/shiny skin, loss of hair)

Answer: Peripheral arterial disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2043: How do you definitively dx a PE? _____

Answer: CT angiogram

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2044: _____ rhinitis is an upper airway pathology associated with eczema and asthma

Answer: Allergic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2045: Pyelonephritis that doesn't improve is suggestive of _____, which is diagnosed with CT/ultrasound

Answer: perinephric abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2046: Do absence seizures present as episodes lasting 1-2 minutes? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2047: Postrenal AKI causes: _____ Urethral/uretral (stone, cancer) Crystals in tubule (oxalate, urate)

Answer: Bladder (BPH, cancer, neurogenic bladder)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2048: What is the most appropriate pain management for a patient with advanced prostate cancer with bony metastasis, status-post orchiectomy? _____

Answer: Radiation therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2049: Hypertensive urgency or emergency = _____

Answer: 180/120

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2050: Sepsis is an acute life-threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated _____ response to infection

Answer: immune

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2051: How does secretion of the following hormones change in secondary adrenal insufficiency? Glucocorticoids: ___ Androgens: _ Mineralocorticoids: ___

Answer: decreased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2052: MCC of secondary HTN = _____

Answer: renal artery stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2053: Most patients with acute, uncomplicated low back pain experience _____ in the first few weeks

Answer: spontaneous resolution of their symptoms

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2054: Myasthenic _____ is often precipitated by infection, surgery, and medications and can lead to severe respiratory muscle weakness and respiratory failure

Answer: crisis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2055: Treatment of Kallman syndrome and craniopharyngioma is _____

Answer: hormone replacement therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2056: Which movement disorder presents as a high-frequency tremor with sustained posture (e.g. outstretched arms), often with a family history of tremor? _____

Answer: Essential tremor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2057: What is the likely diagnosis in an adolescent girl with delayed puberty, clitoromegaly, and osteoporosis? Laboratory exam reveals undetectable estrogen and elevated testosterone levels. _____

Answer: Aromatase deficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2058: What are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease? _____

Answer: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis Diabetes nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2059: The most significant complication of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is _____

Answer: blindness

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2060: Metastases to brain _ > _ > melanoma > colon > kidney

Answer: Lung

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2061: Malignant pleural effusions are _____

Answer: exudative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2062: In spinal stenosis, leaning forward _____ pain

Answer: improves

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2063: The most common cause of hypothyroidism that is non-iatrogenic = _____

Answer: Hashimoto thyroiditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2064: What type of bursitis is seen with repetitive kneeling? _____

Answer: Prepatellar bursitis ("housemaid's knee")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2065: These are all manifestations of _____

Answer: NF1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2066: What retinal pathology is associated with AV nicking, copper/silver wiring, and/or flame hemorrhages on funduscopy? _____

Answer: Hypertensive retinopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2067: Platelets < _____ is symptomatic

Answer: 100,000

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2068: Complications of CLL / SLL include: _____ Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Progression to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter transformation)

Answer: Infection (hypogammaglobulinemia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2069: Does carpal tunnel present with sensory loss in the forearm? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2070: Thrombectomy is done for large strokes within _____ hours

Answer: 24

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2071: Sickle cell patient and anemia → _____

Answer: folate and iron

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics?ref=anki

Flashcard 2072: What is the next step in management for a patient with a clean or minor wound and an uncertain immunization history or <3 tetanus doses? _____

Answer: Tdap

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2073: All patients with carotid artery stenosis should receive medical therapy with _____

Answer: anti-platelets (aspirin) and statin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2074: _____ hypotension can be due to volume depletion or autonomic nervous system dysfunction

Answer: Orthostatic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2075: _____ may be used to manage individuals with severe hypothermia (core body temperature < 28°C [82°F])

Answer: Extracorporeal blood rewarming

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2076: LDL < 70 and no disease = _____

Answer: no statin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2077: What is the likely diagnosis in a young adult female with stroke-like symptoms and a positive RPR test despite no clinical evidence of syphilis? _____

Answer: Anti-phospholipid syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2078: Stanford type A aortic dissection = ___ aorta + treated _ Stanford type B aortic dissection = _ aorta and treated ___

Answer: ascending

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2079: _____ is a bacterial infection causing distributive shock that may affect the skin, resulting in a(n) diffuse erythematous macular rash

Answer: Toxic shock syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2080: Pheochromocytomas are associated with: MEN 2A/2B _____ von Hippel-Lindau disease

Answer: Neurofibromatosis type 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2081: What imaging study is used for the definitive diagnosis of cardiac tamponade? _____

Answer: Echocardiography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2082: Major GI or brain bleed are contraindications to _____ usage in stroke

Answer: tPA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2083: Aortic stenosis may present with _____, angina, and dyspnea on exertion

Answer: syncope

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2084: What is the recommended anti-hypertensive agent(s) for a patient with chronic kidney disease (regardless of age/race/proteinuria)? _____

Answer: ACE-inhibitor/ARB

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2085: Once a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is established, patients should receive a CT or MRI of the chest to evaluate for _____

Answer: thymoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2086: What is an appropriate prophylactic regimen to help prevent tumor lysis syndrome? _____

Answer: IV fluids and allopurinol or rasburicase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2087: Do absence seizures present with a postictal phase? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2088: Risk factor for AAA = _ Risk factor for aortic dissection = _

Answer: smoking

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2089: Nonblanching petechiae and palpable purpura = _____

Answer: neisseria meningitidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2090: Gottron's papules and Heliotrope Rash is suggestive of _____

Answer: dermatomyositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2091: Blowing diastolic murmur with widened pulse pressure and eponym parade? _____ [sound:44 SO - Aortic Regurgitation.mp3]

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2092: Deep Tendon Reflexes _____ = hyperactive reflex (clonus)

Answer: 4/4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2093: _thorax = dullness on percussion _thorax = hyperresonance on percussion

Answer: Hemo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2094: Treatment of adrenal insufficiency: _ for both primary and secondary add fludrocortisone for _

Answer: glucocorticoid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2095: Dyslipidemia is diagnosed if LDL _____ and/or if HDL levels < 40 mg/dL

Answer: > 130 mg/dL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2096: What procedure is both diagnostic and therapeutic for septic arthritis? _____

Answer: Arthrocentesis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2097: Lupus is commonly associated with _____

Answer: pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2098: 3+ lifetime doses, clean wound, 10+ years since booster 3+ lifetime doses, dirty wound, 5+ years since booster _____

Answer: TDAP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2099: What other condition often coexists with polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Giant cell arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2100: Patient presents with unilateral Cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, and multiple endocrine abnormalities. Diagnosis? _____

Answer: McCune-Albright syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2101: Lupus nephritis next step before treatment? _____

Answer: Urinalysis → Biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki Performing a screening UA are imperative. If things are off, perform Bx. Only a Bx will be able to tell us the severity of lupus nephropathy (ie. nephritis, or glomerulosclerosis, or glomerular scarring). It also guides treatment (e.g. scarring is not treatable).

Flashcard 2102: _ race and increasing _ = ↑ risk of breast cancer

Answer: White

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2103: What is the preferred method for diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in symptomatic patients? _____

Answer: Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2104: Strep. pyogenes (group A) pharyngitis typically presents with: ___ fever _ cough ___ rhinorrhea

Answer: (+)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2105: Patient presents with skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and fatigue _____

Answer: Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2106: Dilated bronchi and recurrent infections is suggestive of _____

Answer: bronchiectasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2107: A dip-and-plateau sign in the y-descent is found in: _ _

Answer: Constrictive pericarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2108: Dietary modifications for the treatment of Ménière disease include decreased intake of _____, alcohol and salt

Answer: caffeine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2109: Treatment of GAS with penicilin will prevent _ but not _

Answer: rheumatic fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2110: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is treated with IV _ and IV _

Answer: fluids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2111: What secondary cause of hypertension is associated with epistaxis, tremor, and tachycardia? _____

Answer: Cocaine intoxication

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki

Flashcard 2112: What valvular defect is heard as a holosystolic murmur at the cardiac apex with radiation to the axilla? _____

Answer: Mitral regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2113: What is the next step in management of a patient with multiple myeloma and Ca2+>14mg/dL? _____

Answer: Treatment of hypercalcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2114: Is cigarette smoking a risk factor for cellulitis? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2115: _____thyroidism can cause hypertension

Answer: Hypo/Hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 2116: What is the management for patients with carbon monoxide poisoning? _____

Answer: 100% oxygen therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2117: - If you have hyperkalemia associated with ECG changes, first step is to stabilize _____ by administering IV calcium gluconate - Then administer insulin + glucose in order to quickly shift K+ into cells

Answer: cardiac myocyte membrane

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2118: What does persistent headache or back pain in a woman who recently had breast cancer suggest? _____

Answer: Metastasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2119: _____ may be associated with atypical chest pain and anxiety

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2120: _____

Answer: Brown-Sequard

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2121: Autonomic dysreflexia is a complication of spinal cord injury above T6 whereby noxious stimuli can cause an unregulated _____ response leading to severe hypertension

Answer: sympathetic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2122: High likelihood of PE, what to do first? _____

Answer: Anticoagulate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2123: _ = patchy infiltrates occurring < 1 day post-trauma _ = bilateral infiltrates occurring 1-2 days after trauma

Answer: Pulmonary contusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2124: What is the creatinine/albumin ratio in diabetic patients is an indication for ACE inhibitors? _____mg/g

Answer: 30-300

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2125: Prosthetic valve = ↑ risk of thromboembolism due to prosthetic valve _____

Answer: thrombosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2126: No cortisol suppression with high dose dexamethasone (8 mg) is characteristic of _ Yes cortisol suppression with high dose dexamethasone (8 mg) is characteristic of _

Answer: ectopic ACTH production (small cell)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2127: What is the recommended screening protocol for osteoporosis? _____

Answer: One-time DEXA scan for all women ≥ 65

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/menopause/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2128: Patients with COPD who have resting PaO2 < _ mmHg or SaO2 < _% are candidates for long-term home O2 treatment

Answer: 55

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2129: Does conus medullaris syndrome present with upper or lower motor neuron symptoms? _____

Answer: Both upper and lower

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2130: Which stroke subtype is characterized by early focal neurologic symptoms that worsen over minutes to hours with possible features of increased ICP (e.g. vomiting, headache, reduced alertness)? _____

Answer: Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2131: What is the HgbA1C goal in diabetics? _____

Answer: < 7%

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2132: What is the management for a hospital-bound patient who develops burn wound sepsis? _____

Answer: Vancomycin and cefepime

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2133: Splenic abscess is typically due to _____

Answer: infective endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2134: Is smoking cessation associated with a mortality benefit in patients with COPD? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2135: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy aka _ is extreme burning/tingling non-dermatomal pain after a(n) _

Answer: complex regional pain syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2136: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with pitting edema and leg pain that is worse in the evening accompanied by varicose veins and skin ulceration? _____

Answer: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2137: What enzyme is often elevated in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia? _____

Answer: LDH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 2138: Secondary pulmonary hypertension may arise with recurrent pulmonary _____ or microthrombi

Answer: embolism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2139: Depressive symptoms and fatigue, sleep disturbance, impaired concentration/irritability in an obese person is suggestive of _____

Answer: obstructive sleep apnea

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-disorders/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2140: Asymptomatic SIADH = _ Symptomatic SIADH = _

Answer: fluid restriction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2141: Anosmia, ipsilateral atrophy of optic nerve and papilledema associated with meningioma is suggestive of _____ syndrome

Answer: Foster-Kennedy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2142: Which type of parapneumonic effusion is characterized by the following values: pH < 7.2 Glucose < 60 mg/dl WBC > 50,000/mm3 Gram stain/culture: positive _____

Answer: Empyema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2143: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is due to chronic _____ failure where the parathyroid becomes autonomous and secretes PTH all day, causing chronic hyperparathyroidism

Answer: renal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2144: _____: Central nervous system (CNS) damage secondary to intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer: HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2145: All adult patients who are _____ should receive the pneumococcal vaccine

Answer: smokers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2146: Interstitial lung disease is characterized by a(n) _ DLCO and a(n) _ pattern

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2147: What is the only (common) heart murmur that can be treated with balloon valvotomy/valvuloplasty? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis *and aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2148: A fever on the second day, especially if atelectasis wasn't fixed, can turn into _____

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2149: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: very increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2150: Elevated ACE and hypercalcemia is most likely _____

Answer: sarcoidosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2151: Presence of PAD is a very strong predictor of co-existing _____

Answer: coronary artery disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2152: What is the recommended treatment for a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction? _____

Answer: NSAIDs (e.g. ibuprofen)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 2153: Aortic stenosis may cause symptoms of angina when the aortic valve area is <_____

Answer: 1cm2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2154: What is tx for pulmonary embolism? _ _ if anticoag is CI

Answer: Heparin for ppx/bridge to Coumadin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2155: COPD is the coexistence of _ and _

Answer: chronic bronchitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2156: Aortoiliac occlusion (Leriche syndrome) is characterized by a triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock _, _, and absent/diminished femoral pulses

Answer: claudication

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2157: _____ hyperparathyroidism is due to chronic renal failure where the parathyroid becomes autonomous and secretes PTH all day, causing chronic hyperparathyroidism

Answer: Tertiary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2158: IV drug users are susceptible to acute bacterial endocarditis of the _____ valve from staphylococcus aureus

Answer: tricuspid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2159: The etiology of acute bronchitis is _____ in > 90% of cases

Answer: viral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2160: Activated protein C resistance is suggestive of _____

Answer: factor V Leiden

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2161: Does a graded exercise therapy reduce mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki Currently, insufficient data; first-line tx remains clopidogrel therapy

Flashcard 2162: "Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints, increased bleeding tendency" _____

Answer: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V collagen defect) Type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2163: _____ encephalitis = EEG changes such as high amplitude slow waves and periodic discharges in the temporal +/- frontal lobes

Answer: HSV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2164: Patients with _____thyroidism are at increased risk for carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ortho-hand/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2165: What is the management for K+ excretion in a patient with hyperkalemia due to chronic kidney disease, refractory to medication? _____

Answer: Hemodialysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2166: Medullary thyroid carcinoma or pheochromocytoma = MEN _____

Answer: 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2167: What are USPSTF recommendations for screening for lipid disorders? Men ___ and women _ Adults ___ who are increased risk for cardiovascular disease (level B)

Answer: 35+

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2168: Post-carotid endartectomy → intraparenchymal hemorrhage = _____

Answer: hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2169: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, aka _ is pain after a(n) _

Answer: complex regional pain syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2170: Does fat embolism or alcohol withdrawal present with hypoxia? _____

Answer: Fat embolism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2171: Telangiectasia is a feature of carcinoid tumors _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2172: What is the chemotherapy regimen for small cell lung carcinoma? _____

Answer: Cisplatin-etoposide therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2173: _____ presents in young patients (<50 years old)

Answer: Temporomandibular disorder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2174: Screening for high blood pressure should be performed annually in patients _____

Answer: > 40 years

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2175: Imaging modality of choice to examine the entire urinary tract: _____

Answer: CT urography

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2176: Approximately 10–20% of patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) will have involvement of the _____

Answer: thoracic aorta

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2177: Muscle Strength Evaluation _____ = movement, but not against gravity

Answer: 2/5

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2178: Systolic ejection murmur cresc/decresc, louder w/ squatting, softer w/ valsalva. and parvus et parvus/tardus pulse _____

Answer: aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2179: A 23 year old man develops severe headache, seizures and projectile vomiting over a period of two weeks. He has low grade fever, and was recently treated for acute otitis media and mastoiditis. What is it most likely to be? _____

Answer: Brain abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2180: Cushing syndrome is more likely to present with hypo_____

Answer: kalemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2181: What is the management for asymptomatic sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Monitoring

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2182: Imaging test of choice for PE if patient has renal failure (GFR < 30) = _____

Answer: V/Q scan (showing normal V and low Q)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2183: What is the most common cause of lower extremity edema? _____

Answer: Venous insufficiency (valvular incompetence)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2184: What is the clinical definition of CKD? _____

Answer: Elevated Cr with > 3 months of reduced GFR (< 60mL/hr or Cr~2)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2185: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ levels of erythopoietin

Answer: low

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2186: Small cell lung carcinoma may produce the posterior pituitary hormone _ leading to _

Answer: ADH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2187: What musculoskeletal pathology is associated with Turner syndrome? _____

Answer: Osteoporosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2188: Complications of acute kidney injury include ___, _, _, ___, and infection

Answer: hypervolemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2189: Initial management for fibromyalgia includes either SNRIs or TCAs _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2190: Severe sepsis is defined by sepsis and _ Septic shock is defined by sepsis and _

Answer: organ dysfunction responsive to fluid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2191: Postpartum thyroiditis is associated with _____ antibodies

Answer: anti-thyroid peroxidase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2192: _____ is a spinal pathology described as compression of nerve roots causing pain, weakness, and numbness of limbs

Answer: Radiculopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2193: Claw toe and hammer toe may suggest underlying _____

Answer: diabetic neuropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2194: What cause of stroke progresses acutely over minutes/hours with early onset of focal neurologic symptoms and increased signs of intracranial pressure (e.g. headache, vomiting, bradycardia)? _____

Answer: Intracerebral hemorrhage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2195: Chronic renal failure (uremia) = _ bleeding time and _ PT/PTT

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2196: What is the best initial therapy for hypertension? _____

Answer: Lifestyle modifications Weight loss, Na restriction, exercise, dietary changes, smoking cessation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2197: Lupus nephritis next step before treatment? _____

Answer: Biopsy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2198: What viral pathogens are most commonly associated with viral myocarditis? _____

Answer: Coxsackie B Adenovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2199: What is the most important and first thing to ask a pt that complains of dizziness? _____

Answer: What do you mean? (e.g. determine between presyncope and vertigo)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2200: Klinefelter syndrome presents with _____ body hair

Answer: sparse

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki

Flashcard 2201: Bone mets to the spine is managed with _____

Answer: radiation therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2202: Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is caused by occlusion of the _____ artery

Answer: posterior inferior cerebellar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2203: Symptoms of intracranial hypertension _____ with leaning forward, Valsalva, cough

Answer: worsen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2204: Prostate cancer = _____

Answer: age

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2205: If a pt has CKD what do you do 24 hrs prior to surgery _____

Answer: Dialysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2206: In patients with SLE, thrombocytopenia may manifest through _____-mediated peripheral destruction

Answer: immune

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2207: Meralgia paresthetica can be improved by losing _____ or wearing looser clothes

Answer: weight

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2208: What is the next step in management for a healthy patient with 16-mm induration at 48 hours following PPD testing, normal chest X-ray, and no acid-fast bacilli? _____

Answer: 9 months of isoniazid and pyridoxine (B6)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2209: What neurological pathology manifests as Parkinsonism with orthostatic hypotension, impotence, incontinence, or other autonomic dysfunction? _____

Answer: Multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager syndrome)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2210: Pneumothorax = _ neck veins Hemothorax = _ neck veins

Answer: distended

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2211: _____ hemolytic anemia is associated with drugs, cancer, and SLE

Answer: Warm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2212: Horner's syndrome and upper extremity pain is suggestive of _____

Answer: pancoast tumor (superior sulcus)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2213: What are the ESR and CK levels in steroid-induced myopathy and polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2214: What is the urine Na+ in patients with diuretic abuse? _____

Answer: Increased (>40mEq/L)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2215: Pseudohyponatremia (isotonic hyponatremia) is caused by _____

Answer: hyperlipidemia/hyperproteinemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2216: What is the likely diagnosis in an obese patient with daytime hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and respiratory acidosis? _____

Answer: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2217: Obesity is associated with increased risk of fracture _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2218: What is the next step in management for a patient with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia with a CXR demonstrating lobar infiltrate? _____

Answer: Gram stain/culture of respiratory secretions

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 2219: (+) QRS in lead I (-) QRS in lead II frontal axis for ventricular depolarization = _____

Answer: left deviation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2220: Simple pneumothorax: Breath sounds: ___ Percussion: _ Fremitus: ___

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2221: Does peripheral vertigo present with postural instability? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2222: Management of cauda equina syndrome involves emergent MRI and administration of _____

Answer: glucocorticoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2223: ↑ Mitral stenosis severity = _____ gap between S2 and opening snap

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2224: Thalassemia, when major, is treated with ___ and prophylactic _ to prevent ___

Answer: blood transfusions

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2225: What is the only (common) heart murmur that is susceptible to balloon valvuloplasty? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2226: What is the recommended treatment for severe, stage III COPD? _____

Answer: ICS and SABA and LABA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2227: Mild uncomplicated pyelonephritis = _ complicated pyelonephritis = _

Answer: oral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2228: Aortic stenosis is typically caused by: _____ Congenital bicuspid valve (middle age) Rheumatic fever

Answer: Calcification (old, normal wear and tear)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2229: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with back pain after carrying heavy packages? Physical exam reveals paravertebral tenderness. (most common cause of acute back pain) _____

Answer: Lumbosacral strain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2230: Concerning HIV serology, the _ represents your current infection risk, while the _ represents where you are headed

Answer: CD4 cell count

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/hiv/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2231: What is the initial treatment for a macroprolactinoma (> 10mm) or symptomatic microprolactinoma? _____

Answer: Dopamine agonists (e.g. cabergoline, bromocriptine)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2232: Back pain and the following: _____

Answer: Dexamethasone (this pt has alarm s/s of cord compression)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2233: Consolidation of the lung results in ___ breath sounds, _ tactile fremitus, and ___ to percussion (e.g. lobar pneumonia)

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki fluid is present within the lung in the thoracic cavity and sound travels faster in solid or liquids than air - imagine a consolidated mass increasing things. (opposite of effusions which insulate/decrease sounds coming from the lung)

Flashcard 2234: Pursed-lip breathing is seen in _____

Answer: emphysema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2235: How do you treat symptomatic hypocalcemia? _____

Answer: IV calcium gluconate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2236: What is the preferred next step for diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in symptomatic patients? _____

Answer: ABI with Doppler < 0.9

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2237: Shock is defined as systolic BP < _____ or urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr

Answer: 90

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2238: Is weight loss or exercise more important to reduce risk of osteoarthritis? _____

Answer: Weight loss

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2239: What is the next best study in an elderly patient who comes in with headaches, blurry vision, peripheral neuropathy, and an elevated gamma gap? The ESR is elevated and retinal examination shows "sausage-link" (dilated, segmented, tortuous) retinal veins. _____

Answer: SPEP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2240: Smoking cessation in COPD will reverse the lung damage _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2241: Patients should receive a low- to moderate-dose statin for the prevention of CVD events and mortality when all of the following criteria are met: 1) Ages ___ 2) _ or more CVD risk factors 3) A calculated 10-year risk of cardiovascular event of ___

Answer: 40- to 75-years old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2242: Severe unilateral headache and jaw claudication is suggestive of _____

Answer: giant cell arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2243: Embolization leading to acute mesenteric ischemia usually occurs in which artery? _____

Answer: Superior mesenteric artery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2244: What would the platelet count and bleeding time show for uremia-induced platelet dysfunction? Platelet count = _ Bleeding time = _

Answer: normal

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2245: What valve is most commonly damaged by S. viridans? _____

Answer: Mitral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2246: Patients with abnormal joints (e.g. RA, OA) have a(n) _____ risk of septic arthritis

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2247: HbA1c > _____ = start insulin

Answer: 10

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2248: Bilateral lower limb edema and purpura around ankle = _____

Answer: Stasis dermatitis (secondary to venous insufficiency)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/eczematous-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2249: Increased vascular markings and ↔ DLCO = _____

Answer: chronic bronchitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2250: How does hormone replacement therapy change cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women? _____

Answer: Increase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2251: Stroke is managed with _____ to exclude hemorrhage before tPA can be given

Answer: noncontrast CT

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2252: What are the "5 H's and 5 T's" of ACLS? H'sT's___Toxins_Tamponade_Tension pneumothorax_Thrombosis___Trauma

Answer: Hypothermia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/acls-easy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2253: #1 cause of ARDS is _____

Answer: sepsis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2254: Necrotizing dilation and destruction of bronchi is characteristic of _____

Answer: bronchiectasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2255: Clinical Presentation: "Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), cutaneous neurofibromas, pheochromocytomas, optic gliomas" _____

Answer: "Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, AD, chromosome 17)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2256: Which 2 adult vaccines are recommended for all COPD patients? _____

Answer: Pneumococcal; Influenza

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2257: Critical illness polyneuropathy is a complication of _ characterized by axonal injury of the peripheral nerves resulting in _

Answer: sepsis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2258: CLASSIC PRESENTATIONS Clinical Presentation: "Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints, increased bleeding tendency" _____

Answer: "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type V collagen defect, type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED)"

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2259: What is the likely underlying cause of resistant hypertension in a patient with diffuse atherosclerosis and >30% creatinine elevation after starting ACE inhibitors? _____

Answer: Renovascular disease (e.g. renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/urology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2260: Because cryoglobulins precipitate out of the blood at cool temperatures, they may present in the extremities with _____ syndrome

Answer: Reynaud

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2261: Post-adrenalectomy hypotension, hypoglycemia, ↓ Na and ↑ K = _____

Answer: adrenal insufficiency

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2262: Von Willebrand disease = ___ PC, _ BT, _ PT and ___ PTT

Answer: ↔

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2263: Low risk LCIS is managed with _ High risk LCIS is managed with _

Answer: tamoxifen

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2264: What murmur is best heard with the patient sitting up, leaning forward, and holding the breath in full expiration? _____

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2265: Chronic renal failure: ___ HCO3- _ K+ _ Ca2+ ___ Phosphate

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2266: What are recommendations for AAA screening? _____

Answer: Men 65-75 who have ever smoked

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2267: Headache, vision changes and tinnitus (whoosing sound) with normal mental status is suggestive of _____

Answer: pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/headache/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2268: Strokes involving the anterior cerebral artery typically cause motor and/or sensory loss that is most pronounced in the contralateral _____ limb

Answer: lower

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2269: Stage III peripheral arterial disease (PAD) = _____

Answer: ischemic pain at rest

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2270: How do you treat the pain control in rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2271: _____ is more common

Answer: Cervical myelopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2272: At what age should screening for osteoporosis be done in women: _____

Answer: ≥ 65

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2273: Which type of nephrotic syndrome is seen in African Americans, obese individuals, HIV-positive individuals, and individuals who use heroin? _____

Answer: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2274: Post-prosthetic valve new murmur is suggestive of _____

Answer: prosthetic valve dysfunction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2275: Uncomplicated outpatient pyelonephritis is managed with _ Uncomplicated inpatient pyelonephritis is managed with _

Answer: fluoroquinolones

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2276: Acute management of cluster headaches includes _____ and 100% O2

Answer: sumatriptan

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2277: Treatment regimens for patients with CKD: - BP control <130/<80 = give ___ - BG 80-110: give _ - HTN & electrolytes: _ - Hgb b/w 11-12: give _ - Give ___ to avoid secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: ACE-i

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2278: _____ syndrome may be diagnosed by reproducing weakness, numbness, or tingling in the hand after holding it above the head for several minutes

Answer: Carpal tunnel

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2279: Which two antibodies are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis? _____

Answer: Anti-TPO antibody (↑ anti-microsomal antibodies) Anti-TG antibody

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2280: Which arthritis classically involves the PIPs and DIPs? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (also the 1st CMC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2281: Acute splenic sequestration is a complication of Sickle cell disease that can cause _____ due to occlusion of the splenic vessels and pooling of large volumes of red blood cells within the spleen

Answer: hypotension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2282: Visual field defects, headache and ↓ testosterone is suggestive of _____

Answer: prolactinoma (pituitary adenoma)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2283: BP > 130/80 + > 10% ASCVD risk = lifestyle modification and add _____

Answer: 1 med

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2284: "Bone break fever" (muscle pain/fever), retroorbital pain and hemorrhage (skin/nose) = _ transmitted by _

Answer: dengue fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 2285: _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2286: Cluster headaches may be associated with _____ and rhinorrhea

Answer: lacrimation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2287: Why does hypertension ocur in ADPKD? _____

Answer: Cyst expansion → localized renal ischemia → increased renin release

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2288: Lambert-Eaton syndrome is often associated with _____

Answer: small cell lung cancer

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2289: Restless leg syndrome is associated with _ deficiency and _ disease

Answer: iron

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2290: The murmur and symptoms of _____ are the same as aortic stenosis

Answer: HOCM

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2291: Statins reduce risk of future vascular events in patients with a history of TIA or _____

Answer: stroke

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2292: _____[sound:43 SO - Mitral Regurgitation.mp3] Apex (Supine; Bell):

Answer: Mitral regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2293: How do you treat malignant hyperthermia? _____

Answer: Administer O2, cooling blankets, dantrolene, and watch for myoglobinuria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2294: _____ neuralgia can cause intense pain that feels like a sharp, jabbing, electric shock in the back of the head and neck

Answer: Occipital

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2295: Prior infection leading to headache, fever/leukocytosis, periorbital edema and diplopia is suggestive of _____

Answer: Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2296: Patients with tinea pedis may develop _____ as a complication

Answer: cellulitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2297: Angiodysplasia is more common in patients with chronic _____ disease and von Willebrand disease

Answer: kidney

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2298: Severe unilateral headache, vision changes and jaw claudication is suggestive of _____

Answer: giant cell arteritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki presentation: unilateral headache (temporal), jaw claudication vision loss (ophthalamic)

Flashcard 2299: Which type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HIV, heroin use, and obesity? _____

Answer: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 2300: Post-menopausal hormonal therapy is associated with _ HDL and _ LDL

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2301: ___ the head of the bed, _ventilating, and ___ are used to treat increased ICP

Answer: Elevating

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2302: Urine pH < 5.5 and hyperkalemia = _____

Answer: hyperkalemic RTA (type 4)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2303: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with pitting edema and leg pain that is worse in the evening accompanied by varicose veins and skin ulceration? _____

Answer: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2304: _____ is a type III hypersensitivity that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or impetigo skin infection

Answer: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2305: What valvular change commonly occurs as a late complication of rheumatic fever? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2306: Disseminated intravascular coagulation presents with ___ PT/PTT _ fibrinogen ___ D dimer

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2307: Anticardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant, and anti-β2 glycoprotein are seen in _____

Answer: antiphospholipid syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombophilia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2308: Hospital acquired pneumonia = pneumonia > _____ hours after admission

Answer: 48

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2309: What are the risk factors for mesenteric ischemia? (3) _____

Answer: Atherosclerosis Embolic source Hypercoagulable disorders

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gi-bleed/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2310: Management of mild-moderate sunburn is typically supportive (e.g. oral _____, topical aloe or cool compresses)

Answer: NSAIDs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2311: What to keep in mind before adding new asthma medications? _____

Answer: Make sure they're using inhalers properly and w/ proper adherence; use spacers if need be

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2312: What is the recommended management for a patient with a DVT and contraindications to anticoagulation (e.g. warfarin) or recurrent DVTs? _____

Answer: IVC filter

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki IVC filters are also useful for patients with recurrent proximal DVT who have failed anticoagulation contraindications meaning active bleeding, recent surgery, hemorrhagic stroke; IVC filters are also useful for patients with recurrent proximal DVT who have failed anticoagulation

Flashcard 2313: Which form of polycythemia is associated with dehydration and burns? _____

Answer: Relative polycythemia (hemoconcentration)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2314: Small cell carcinoma is primarily treated with _____

Answer: chemotherapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2315: Where can psoriasis be commonly found? _____

Answer: Scalp Gluteal folds Elbows Knees

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2316: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient on a ventilator who develops hypotension, tachycardia, and unilateral absence of breath sounds? _____

Answer: Pneumothorax

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2317: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with elevated BUN and creatinine (< 20:1 ratio) after an episode of hypovolemic shock? There are pigmented granular casts and renal tubular epithelial cells on microscopy. _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki - prolonged hypotension → ischemia and necrosis. - characterized by muddy brown casts [due to epithelial cell sloughing off into urine] - distinguishing features from pre-renal AKI include BUN:creatinine ratio < 20:1, urine Na+ > 20 mEq/L, and FeNA > 2% [can't suck Na back in]

Flashcard 2318: What is the tx of DVT (postop fever day 5)? _____

Answer: U/S, heparin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2319: What blunt chest trauma complication presents with a triad of hypotension, distended neck veins, and distant heart sounds? _____

Answer: Cardiac tamponade ("Beck's triad")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2320: <3 lifetime doses of the tetanus vaccine and dirty wound is managed with _____

Answer: TDAP and TIG (tetanus IVIg)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2321: Diabetes screening recommended in adults 40-70 who are _____

Answer: overweight/obese

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2322: MEN 2A and 2B are associated with _____

Answer: medullary thyroid carcinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2323: _____ can cause an aplastic crisis in patients with hemoglobinopathies

Answer: Parvovirus (B19)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2324: Causes of _____ cardiomyopathy include amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, post-radiation fibrosis, and hemochromatosis

Answer: restrictive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2325: _____

Answer: C

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2326: Sickle cell and chronic hemolysis → folate deficiency = _ reticulocyte count and _ MCV

Answer: ↓

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2327: Shock, acute onset chest pain and pulseless electrical activity 5 days post-MI with clear lungs is suggestive of _____

Answer: ventricular free wall rupture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2328: Condition? _____

Answer: Cardiac tamponade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2329: ↑ CK and bilateral proximal muscle weakness is seen in _____

Answer: myositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2330: Headache, diplopia, papilledema and normal mental status is suggestive of _____

Answer: pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2331: The symptoms of serotonin syndrome can be remembered with the "3 A's": _____

Answer: Neuromuscular hyperActivity (clonus, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, tremor, seizure) Autonomic stimulation (hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea) Agitation

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2332: What is the next step in management for a patient that develops a cardioembolic stroke secondary to bacterial endocarditis? _____

Answer: IV antibiotics and observation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2333: Septic arthritis not responding to vancomycin is managed with _____

Answer: adding ceftriaxone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2334: Woman on OCPs and HTN is managed with _____

Answer: discontinue OCP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2335: In addition to plasma free metanephrine, a change in _____ can help support diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

Answer: chromogranin A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2336: Walking, bathing, dressing, eating, continence, toileting, grooming = _____

Answer: ADL

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2337: After a hip fracture, surgery may be delayed up to 72 hours to evaluate for _____

Answer: surgical risk/ensure medical stability

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2338: Before undergoing vigorous exercise, a(n) _____ test should be performed in those with cardiac risk factors

Answer: exercise stress

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2339: What neurological pathology typically presents with nerve damage in two or more nerves in separate parts of the body in a patient with vasculitis? _____

Answer: Mononeuritis multiplex

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2340: Pulsus paradoxus (↓ amplitude of systolic BP by > 10 during inspiration) is most likely _____

Answer: cardiac tamponade

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2341: Pt has muddy brown casts on U/A, high Cr despite normal urine output .Now his Cr continues to rise, but his urine output is next to nothing: _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2342: What position reduces atelectasis in the posterior lung (where most of the lung mass is located)? _____

Answer: Prone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2343: What do you do for management of diabetes if lifestyle and metformin doesn't work? _____

Answer: Add 2nd agent (sulfonylurea)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2344: Which thyroid abnormality is associated with hyperlipidemia (e.g. hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia)? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki patients may also develop hyponatremia and asymptomatic elevations in CK and AST/ALT

Flashcard 2345: What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with increased BUN and creatinine following cardiac catheterization? _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2346: Anaphylaxis refractory to 1 dose of IM epi without respiratory failure signs is managed with _____

Answer: repeat IM epi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2347: Anti-centromere antibodies is suggestive of _____

Answer: limited scleroderma (CREST)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2348: Continuous machine like murmur _ Wide fixed and split S2 _

Answer: PDA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2349: What is the likely diagnosis in a middle-aged patient that develops coarse facial features, digit enlargement, arthralgias, hypertension, and carpal tunnel syndrome? _____

Answer: Acromegaly

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2350: MCC of acute bacterial endocarditis? _____

Answer: S. aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2351: What is the initial treatment for prerenal acute kidney injury? _____

Answer: IV normal saline

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2352: What is the likely diagnosis in a young woman that presents with joint pain/swelling, especially in the wrists and MCP/PIP joints? She also experiences morning stiffness that lasts for > 1 hour. _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki morning stiffness and involvement of the MCP/PIP joints is classic; may also have rheumatoid nodules (e.g. on the elbow)

Flashcard 2353: What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome? _____

Answer: Prolonged glucocorticoid therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2354: Symptoms of nerve root S1 (herniation at L5/S1 disc) causes weak foot _____ (cannot toe-walk) with loss of the Achilles (ankle) reflex

Answer: plantarflexion (tibial nerve)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/back-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2355: Cold dry skin = _thyroidism Warm moist skin = _thyroidism

Answer: hypo

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2356: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that develops persistent headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and poor sleep for the past month after hitting their head? _____

Answer: Post-concussive syndrome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2357: _____ Macular degeneration can develop more rapidly

Answer: Wet

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2358: Is echocardiography warranted in pericarditis? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2359: Amenorrhea and galactorrhea and infertility = _____

Answer: prolactinoma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2360: DCIS is managed with _____

Answer: lumpectomy and radiation and hormonal therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2361: ASCVD patients age > 75 or diabetics with < 7.5% ASCVD risk can be put on a(n) _____-intensity statin

Answer: moderate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cholesterol/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2362: Postpartum thyroiditis is often characterized by an initial brief _-thyroid phase followed by a(n) _-thyroid phase

Answer: hyper

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2363: Can visual and auditory changes occur as a prodrome of syncope? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2364: What is the age range for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening in men who have smoked: _____

Answer: 65- to 75-years-old

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2365: A conduction abnormality (e.g. AV block) in setting of infective endocarditis suggests what? _____

Answer: Perivalvular abscess

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2366: Bicuspid valve predisposes to aortic stenosis (older patients) and _____ (young adults)

Answer: aortic regurgitation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2367: _____ murmurs are always pathologic

Answer: Diastolic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2368: All patients with acute COPD exacerbation should receive inhaled bronchodilators and PO/IV _____

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki corticosteroids have been shown to improve lung function and promote a shorter hospital stay; supplemental O2, antibiotics and ventilatory support should be administered when indicated

Flashcard 2369: Patient presents with a pill-rolling resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, and shuffling gait is suggestive of _____

Answer: Parkinson's disease

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2370: What condition is shown by the funduscopic picture shown below? _____

Answer: Macular Degeneration

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2371: What is the work up for pneumonia? _____

Answer: CXR, ABx

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2372: A pt presents c/o of a rash on his face. Physical exam reveals a red, hot, swollen lesion w/ erythematous streaks suggesting ascending lymphadenitis. He also c/o fever and chills. What is the most likely dx? _____

Answer: Erysipelas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2373: If cognitive impairment predates parkinsonism, this is suggestive of _____

Answer: Lewy body dementia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/tremor/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2374: Which type of nephrotic syndrome is most commonly associated with renal vein thrombosis? _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 2375: What type of pleural effusion, transudative or exudative, is commonly seen with pneumonia (e.g. parapneumonic effusion)? _____

Answer: Exudative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2376: Tight blood glucose control in diabetes reduces the risk of _____vascular complications

Answer: micro

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki

Flashcard 2377: Thyroid nodules in _____ patients are almost never cancer

Answer: hyperthyroid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2378: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy aka complex regional pain syndrome is pain after a(n) _____

Answer: trauma

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2379: Which artery is likely affected in a stroke resulting in motor/sensory deficits in the lower limb and urinary incontinence? _____

Answer: Anterior cerebral artery

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2380: What is the most common method of spread of septic arthitis? _____

Answer: Hematogenous spread

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2381: What should be suspected/considered in a pt that develops painful neck pulsations and grabs their neck in pain? _____

Answer: Embolic stroke 2/2 carotid dissection

Extra: Watch Aortic Aneurysm [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-aortic-aneurysm?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2382: _____ more than 1 week after parathyroidectomy is known as Hungry Bone syndrome

Answer: Hypocalcemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2383: Embolic stroke is most commonly due to _____

Answer: atrial fibrillation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2384: Middle aged person with unilateral hip pain on palpation, external rotation, or resisted abduction associated with overuse = _____

Answer: Trochanteric bursitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2385: ED/inpatient treatment for acute asthma exacerbation: 1. ___ 2. _ 3. ___ -If no improvement w/in 3 hours of continuous nebs → ICU -If better (100% improvement & symptom free) → discharge -Anywhere in between, admission → albuterol and ipratropium q4hrs w/ ongoing oral/IV steroids

Answer: O2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2386: In addition to central diabetes insipidus, desmopressin (DDAVP) may be used to treat _____, which is associated with hemarthrosis and prolonged bleeding after minor procedures

Answer: hemophilia A

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2387: What is the likely underlying cause of hypertension in a young patient with depression, kidney stones, and hypercalcemia? _____

Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2388: What are USPSTF recommendations for hypertension screening? _____

Answer: Screen adults (18+) for HTN by measurement of BP (level A)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/screening/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2389: Is IM epinephrine indicated for anaphylaxis in the absence of respiratory symptoms? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2390: Seizure with alternating stiffness and shaking with LOC points to a(n) _____

Answer: tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/seizure/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2391: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a history of peripheral arterial disease that presents with pain, pallor, paresthesias, and pulselessness in one limb? _____

Answer: Acute limb ischemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2392: The pentad of symptoms seen in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) may be remembered using the mnemonic FAT RN: _____

Answer: Fever Anemia (MAHA) Thrombocytopenia Renal symptoms Neurologic symptoms

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/thrombocytopenia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2393: Urine aldosterone level measurement is an appropriate diagnostic test for evaluation of suspected adrenal insufficiency _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2394: What is the preferred initial test for evaluating patients with suspected acromegaly? _____

Answer: IGF-1 level

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2395: In patients with tracheomalacia, _____ is heard on physical exam

Answer: expiratory stridor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2396: What is the treatment for mild nonallergic rhinitis? _____

Answer: Intranasal glucocorticoids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2397: What serologic markers are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus? Sensitive, but not specific: _ Specific, but not sensitive: anti-dsDNA and _ Drug-induced lupus: anti-histone Reflects disease severity: CRP

Answer: ANA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2398: Rash starting on palms/soles of feet moving towards trunk along with flu-like symptoms and history of outdoor activities is suggestive of _____

Answer: rocky mountain spotted fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki places you use when you're rock climbing

Flashcard 2399: Oxytocin toxicity leading to hyponatremia can cause _____

Answer: seizures

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2400: Treatment of choice in patients with primary CNS lymphoma is _____

Answer: high-dose methotrexate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2401: Sickle cell disease splenic sequesteration crisis = _ reticulocyte count Sickle cell disease aplastic crisis = _ reticulocyte count

Answer: ↑

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2402: What is the likely diagnosis in a young adult female with bilateral joint pain/swelling? Laboratory examination reveals pancytopenia and proteinuria. _____

Answer: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/lupus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2403: Heels or balls of feet = ___ ulcer Tips of toes / lateral malleolus = _ ulcer Medial malleolus = ___ ulcer

Answer: diabetic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2404: Which type of infective endocarditis involves less virulent organisms infecting abnormal native valves? _____

Answer: Subacute endocarditis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2405: People with sickle cell trait can develop _____ infarction in the setting of stressors (air travel, dehydration)

Answer: splenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2406: _____ may result in:

Answer: LA enlargement

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2407: Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis require vascular access _____

Answer: F (Only hemodialysis requires vascular access)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2408: _ = patchy, irregular alveolar infiltrate occurring < 1 day after trauma _ = bilateral, patchy alveolar infiltrate occurring 1-2 days after trauma

Answer: Pulmonary contusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki - think about contusion → trauma to one side of chest usually - vs. ARDS where everything's inflamed and leaking

Flashcard 2409: _____ ulcer

Answer: Pressure

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2410: In a patient on mechanical ventilation, it is recommended to use the lowest _____ that maintains the oxygen saturation above 90%.

Answer: FiO2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2411: Arteriolar and soft tissue calcification leading to tissue ischemia and necrosis is suggestive of _____

Answer: calciphylaxis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2412: Postrenal AKI: Pathology: _____ Diagnostics: sonogram to look for residual urine & hydroureter/hydronephrosis Treatment: stent obstruction or remove it

Answer: caused by obstruction to outflow at any level → ureters have to be blocked bilat whether old man w/ BPH or gout (uric acid crystal deposition)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2413: ABCs: _ is influenced by FiO2 and PEEP _ is influenced by TV * RR

Answer: Oxygenation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2414: FEV1/FVC < 70% = _____ lung disease

Answer: obstructive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2415: Pancoast tumor often involves the _____ nerve

Answer: ulnar

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2416: In patients with SLE, leukopenia may manifest through _____-mediated peripheral destruction

Answer: immune

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2417: Best prognostic indicator of COPD = _____

Answer: FEV1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2418: Screening test for thyroid disorders = _____

Answer: TSH

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2419: Where is the pain felt with osteoarthritis of the hips? _____

Answer: Groin region

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2420: Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is caused by a single-known inhalation exposure to chemical irritants leading to asthma-like symptoms. The predominant cell responsible for airway infiltration are _____

Answer: neutrophils

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2421: Which electrolyte disturbance causes prolonged PR interval, loss of the p wave, and wide QRS on ECG? _____

Answer: High K+ (hyperkalemia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2422: anti-Jo (anti-synthetase) antibodies are suggestive of _____

Answer: myositis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2423: What is the likely diagnosis in an elderly patient with sudden loss of vision in the left eye for the past hour? Examination of the eye reveals subtle retinal whitening. Cardiac examination is significant for a left carotid bruit. _____

Answer: Central retinal artery occlusion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/adult-ophtho/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2424: Elderly white female with muscle aches in shoulders and hips with rapid response to low-dose steroids is suggestive of _____ (associated with giant cell arteritis)

Answer: polymyalgia rheumatica

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2425: What is the treatment of symptomatic MVP in pregnancy? _____

Answer: β-blockers

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2426: A(n) decreased interval between S2 and the opening snap sounds of a mitral stenosis murmur correlates with _____ disease severity

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2427: Salt retention is a feature of nephritic syndrome _____

Answer: T

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2428: What is the preferred diagnostic study for patients with renal insufficiency or hemodynamic instability with suspected aortic dissection? _____

Answer: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2429: Airway swelling after starting ACE-Inhibitor is suggestive of _____

Answer: angioedema

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/allergies/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2430: Otitis externa maligna = _____

Answer: Pseudomonas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2431: A pt presents c/o of a skin lesion on his face. Physical exam reveals an erythematous pigmented lesion with a sandpaper-like yellow-brown scaly appearance. The pt states that he spends a lot of time in the sun working in construction. You suspect actinic keratosis. What is the first-line treatment? _____

Answer: Cryosurgery (esp. if it is a small lesion) Multiple lesions 5-FU, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2432: Why are hormone-containing methods of contraception avoided in patients with breast cancer? _____

Answer: Estrogen and progesterone may have proliferative effect on breast tissue

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 2433: What are the current recommendations regarding PSA screening in asymptomatic patients? _____

Answer: Conroversial; should be determined on a case-by-case basis by the physician and patient

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2434: 3 lifetime tetanus doses and: - clean wound with last booster within 10 years, or - dirty wound with last booster within 5 years _____

Answer: No Tdap needed → discharge

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2435: In Lemierre syndrome, septic thromboemboli from the neck can seed other organs, leading to multiple _____ on CXR

Answer: peripheral lung nodules

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2436: What is the recommended treatment for a patient with a painless genital ulcer and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy? Serum RPR is negative. _____

Answer: Empiric penicillin treatment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2437: Greatest risk factor for stroke = _____

Answer: hypertension

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2438: _____ should be checked for pre-op risk for surgery

Answer: Aortic stenosis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 2439: MCC of subacute endocarditis in damaged native valves? _____

Answer: Viridans streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2440: What is the recommended treatment for carboxyhemoglobinemia (CO poisoning) in patients with signs of confusion/agitation? _____

Answer: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2441: What is first-line treatment for Lyme carditis? _____

Answer: IV ceftriaxone

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2442: What is the diagnostic test for COPD? _____

Answer: PFTs

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2443: Clubbing of the fingers and toes with swelling and pain is managed with _ with _

Answer: Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki note the clubbing can occur in the fingers OR toes!

Flashcard 2444: _____ vertigo is a form of vertigo that presents with nystagmus that is fatigable

Answer: Peripheral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/dizziness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2445: Pt w/ RBC casts on U/A: _____

Answer: Glomerulonephritis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2446: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that develops post-operative high fever, tachycardia, hypertension, and lid lag with no muscle rigidity? Serum creatine kinase is slightly elevated. _____

Answer: Thyroid storm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2447: What are the four perfusion-related causes of prerenal AKI? _____ Hypotension (sepsis, CHF) Renovascular (NSAIDs, renal artery stenosis, fibromuscular dysplasia) Large vessel (thrombosis, dissection)

Answer: Hypovolemia (bleed, cirrhosis, nephrosis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2448: Neurogenic shock results from failure of the _____ to maintain vascular tone, which can lead to priapism

Answer: SNS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2449: Tophi is a complication of chronic pseudogout _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2450: In secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH levels are elevated secondary to _____ in chronic renal disease

Answer: hypocalcemia (or hyperphosphatemia)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2451: Stable angina = _____

Answer: usually ST depression

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2452: ↓ Ca2+ and ↓ PTH is seen in _____

Answer: primary hypoparathyroidism

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2453: When treating PCP in HIV patients, TMP-SMX should be administered with _____ if hypoxic

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2454: What is the treatment for HOCM? _____

Answer: Avoiding dehydration (preserving preload) BBs (increased diastolic time to maximize preload)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2455: The most reliable clinical sign of DVT is _____

Answer: unilateral leg swelling

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2456: _____ is an anemia due to decreased synthesis of globin chains

Answer: Thalassemia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/microcytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2457: Stage I hypertension is classified as systolic BP >___ or diastolic BP >_, while stage II hypertension is classified as systolic BP >_ or diastolic BP >___

Answer: 130

Flashcard 2458: What is the cutoff for when antimicrobial prophylaxis against Lyme disease begins? _____

Answer: <36 hours

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2459: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient who overdosed on cocaine and presents with elevated K+ and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)? _____

Answer: Rhabdomyolysis (leads to ATN/renal failure)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki

Flashcard 2460: Inspiratory/Expiratory/Biphasic stridor? _____

Answer:

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2461: Thyroid nodule and normal or elevated TSH is managed with _____

Answer: FNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid-nodules/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2462: Treatment for facial nerve palsy may include _____ if due to a traumatic etiology (edema)

Answer: corticosteroids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki

Flashcard 2463: Does PE cause a new onset murmur? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2464: Pruritus is not associated with chronic venous insufficiency _____

Answer: F

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2465: _____ involves severe anterograde amnesia lasting about 24 hours

Answer: Transient global amnesia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 2466: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurological disorder that on EMG and nerve conduction studies will show _____ and positive sharp waves

Answer: fibrillation potentials

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 2467: What is the normal range of Sodium (Na+), serum?

Answer: From 136 to 145 mEq/L

Flashcard 2468: What is the normal range of Thyroxine (T4), serum?

Answer: From 5 to 12 ug/dL

Flashcard 2469: What is the normal range of Uric acid, serum?

Answer: From 3.0 to 8.2 mg/dL

Flashcard 2470: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Mean corpuscular volume?

Answer: From 80 to 100 um3

Flashcard 2471: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hemoglobin A1c?

Answer: From 0 to 6 %

Flashcard 2472: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count: Lymphocytes?

Answer: From 25 to 33 %

Flashcard 2473: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin?

Answer: From 25.4 to 34.6 pg/cell

Flashcard 2474: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Segmented neutorphils?

Answer: From 54 to 62 %

Flashcard 2475: What is the normal range of Thyroid-stimulating hormone, serum or plasma?

Answer: From 0.5 to 5.0 uU/mL

Flashcard 2476: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Female)?

Answer: From 0 to 20 mm/hr

Flashcard 2477: What is the normal range of Creatinine, serum?

Answer: From 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL

Flashcard 2478: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hemoglobin, blood (Female)?

Answer: From 12.0 to 16.0 g/dL

Flashcard 2479: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hemoglobin, blood (Male)?

Answer: From 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL

Flashcard 2480: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hematorcrit (Male)?

Answer: From 41 to 53 %

Flashcard 2481: What is the normal range of Magnesium (mg2+), serum?

Answer: From 1.5 to 2.0 mEq/L

Flashcard 2482: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Platelet count?

Answer: From 150000 to 400000 /mm3

Flashcard 2483: What is the normal range of Potassium (K+), serum?

Answer: From 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

Flashcard 2484: What is the normal range of Body mass index (adult)?

Answer: From 19 to 25 kg/m2

Flashcard 2485: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hematorcrit (Female)?

Answer: From 36 to 46 %

Flashcard 2486: In which disease the following deficiencies will present in, in relation to platelets aggregation due to ristocetin? -Glycoprotein Ib receptors -Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptors -Hageman factor -Thromboxane A2 -von Willibrand factor

Answer: Glycoprotein Ib receptors: Bernard soulier syndrome. Presents with thrombocytopenia, enlarged platelets, mucocutaneous bleeding. Ristocetin will not be able to bind VWF. Normal plasma addition won't help because of sufficient vWF. -Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptors: Glanzmann thrombasthenia.Platelets aggregation in response to ristocetin is normal, as leels of wWf and GPIb receptors are normal. -Hageman factor: congenital deficiency of factor XII (12). Presents with high PTT without bleeding diathesis. (tendency to bleed). It could cause the reverse. (blood clot) -Thromboxane A2: Associated with Aspirine Tx, Aspirine will block COX thus causes lack of TXA2. It will cause lack of aggregation of platelets. But ristocetin test will be normal.

Flashcard 2487: 17 y/o girl comes for follow up on anemia. -She has taken iron supplements regularly since being diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia 3 months ago. -She has occasional gingival bleeding when brushing her teetch. -Heavy menses. -Further evaluation: patient's platelets do not aggregate appropriately in response to ristocetin. -When normal plasma is added to the solution of patient platelets and ristocetin, appropriate platelets aggregation occurs. -What is the most likely deficient in this patient?

Answer: Von Williebrand factor when normal plasma (contain VWF) is added, appropriate aggregation will take place. Ristocetin activates VWF to bind to GpIb for platelets to aggregate. Rx: Desmopressin, because it could stimulate VWF release from endothelium.

Flashcard 2488: 47 y/o woman comes with joint pain and swelling in her hands for the past several months. -Complains of easy fatigability that has gradually worsened. -Morning activities are especially difficult for her due to prolonged stiffness. -Examination: joints reveals warmth, swelling & tenderness involing PIP joints, PCP joints, & wrists bilaterally. -Serum with high sepecificity for this patient's condition are most likely to react with what?

Answer: Citrulinated peptides. very specific for Rheumatoid arthritis (95%-98%). More specific than Fc portion of human IgG (80%).

Flashcard 2489: 38 y/o patient present with hypercoagulability, paradoxical partial thromboplastin time (PTT) prolongation, and recurrent miscarriages. -What is the most likely antibody present and DX?

Answer: Antiphospholipid antibodies. Antiphospholipid syndrome. due to blood clots with recurrent miscarriage.

Flashcard 2490: Patient present with acute Gout, and renal disease. -What is the best line of Tx?

Answer: Colchicine not NSAIDs due to renal disease.

Flashcard 2491: What is the 1st line of Tx for acute gout.

Answer: NSAIDS

Flashcard 2492: 54 y/o patient presents with gout but 2 days ago had stomach problems, he couldn't eat. -What is the best line of Tx for his gout?

Answer: Colchicine not NSAIDs due to Peptic ulcers It will inhibit neutrophils by decreasing their activation.

Flashcard 2493: 55 y/o man is found to have abnormal serum chemistries on lab testing. -He has history of hypertension, for which he's being treated with pharmacology therapy, weight reduction, & decreased sodium intake. -Lab results: Serum Na 134 K 3.8 BUN 18 Creatine 0.8 Calcium 11 Blood Glucose 98 PTH: Decreased What is the most likely responsible for these findings? a. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia b. Hypothyroidism c. Medication d. Primary hyperPTH e. Secondary hyperPTH

Answer: Medication Thiazided retain calcium while suppressed PTH hormone.

Flashcard 2494: What are the followings in relation to rhumatoid arthritis? -Centromeres -Citrulinated peptides -Double-stranded DNA -Fc portion of human IgG -Nuclear basic proteins -Phospholipids

Answer: Centromeres: Are associted with CREST syndrome (anti-centromeres antibodies) -Citrulinated peptides: Rheumatoid arthritis (very specific) -Double-stranded DNA: SLE -Fc portion of human IgG: Rheumatoid arthritis but not specific, anti-citrulinated proteins is more specific. -Nuclear basic proteins: (ANA) Antinuclear antibody test. for SLE, & nonspecific for connective tissue disease. -Phospholipids: (anti-phospholipids) found in SLE and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Flashcard 2495: 40 y/o woman comes with 3 months history of progressive physical activity due to fatigue. -Physical exam: tired appearing woman with conjunctival and palmar pallor. -Labs: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Hematocrit 28% MCV: 72 fL Histology: Decreased activity of what enzymes most likely explains the anemia found in this patient?

Answer: Delta- Aminolevulinate synthase (ALA synthase) due to sideroblastic anemia.

Flashcard 2496: A 48 y/o woman comes with headache, dizziness, and nausea for the past several hours. -Patient has been burning wood in the fireplace to warm her house after losing electricity during a snowstorm. -Physical Exam: unremarkable. -The substance responsible for this patient's condition most likely impairs hemoglobin function through which mechanisms?

Answer: Competitive binding to heme. will create carboxyhemoglobin, has high oxygen affinity. due to Carbon monoxide poisoning. Rx: High flow or hyperbaric oxygen.

Flashcard 2497: _____ puberty, excessive levels of growth hormone cause increased periosteal bone growth, increased organ size, glucose intolerance, and coarsening of facial features

Answer: After

Flashcard 2498: What is the most common inherited bleeding/coagulation disorder? _____

Answer: von Willebrand disease

Flashcard 2499: Peyronie disease is associated with _____ dysfunction

Answer: erectile

Flashcard 2500: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase platelet count?_____

Answer: Platelets

Flashcard 2501: Hydroxyurea is used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, particularly _____ disorders

Answer: myeloproliferative

Flashcard 2502: What blood disorder is associated with ischemic priapism?_____

Answer: Sickle cell anemia (sickled RBCs get trapped in vascular channels)

Flashcard 2503: Prolactinomas can result in decreased estrogen, resulting in _____ in females

Answer: osteoporosis (bone)

Flashcard 2504: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as easy _____

Answer: bruising

Flashcard 2505: Does essential thrombocythemia (ET) present with significant risk for hyperuricemia and gout? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2506: One possible complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia is _____, due to backup of fluid into the kidney

Answer: hydronephrosis

Flashcard 2507: What is the mode of inheritance of myotonic dystrophy?_____

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 2508: What is the treatment for Buerger disease?_____

Answer: Smoking cessation

Flashcard 2509: Serious burns can lead to _____ shock

Answer: hypovolemic

Flashcard 2510: Trastuzumab (herceptin) is used to treat HER2+ _____ cancer

Answer: breast

Flashcard 2511: Pneumothorax presents with _____ breath sounds on the affected side

Answer: diminished

Flashcard 2512: Which form of cancer is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in men? _____

Answer: Prostate cancer

Flashcard 2513: Sleep apnea often presents clinically with daytime _____

Answer: sleepiness

Flashcard 2514: Treatment for overflow incontinence includes _____ and/or relief of obstruction (e.g. -blockers for BPH)

Answer: catheterization

Flashcard 2515: What is the treatment of Parvovirus B19 in the immuno-competent?_____

Answer: Supportive

Flashcard 2516: Breast/prostate cancer is the _____ most common cancer by incidence

Answer: 1st

Flashcard 2517: Do patients with erectile dysfunction due to medical etiologies have nocturnal penile tumescence?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2518: Which coagulation disorder presents with recurrent hemarthroses, spontaneous / easy bruising, and bleeding after surgery? _____

Answer: Hemophilia (A, B, C)

Flashcard 2519: Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by _____ % saturation

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 2520: What type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is the most common type?_____

Answer: Hypermobility type (joint instability)

Flashcard 2521: The majority of patients (>60%) with Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome have involvement of the _____ cranial nerves

Answer: oculobulbar

Flashcard 2522: _____ muscular dystrophy typically presents in adolescence or early adulthood

Answer: Becker

Flashcard 2523: Which form of polycythemia is associated with ectopic EPO production (e.g. malignancy, hydronephrosis & renal cysts) or exogenous EPO? _____

Answer: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia (innapropriate secondary erythrocytosis)

Flashcard 2524: Treatment for anemia of chronic disease involves addressing the _____

Answer: underlying cause

Flashcard 2525: What is the treatment for ATIII deficiency? _____

Answer: High dose heparin, followed by warfarin (specific)

Flashcard 2526: _____ occurs due to pathologic activation of the coagulation cascade

Answer: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Flashcard 2527: Which Herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 2528: Fibromyalgia is associated with a(n) _____ serum creatine kinase (CK)

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2529: Patients with central retinal artery occlusion should be evaluated for an _____ source (e.g. carotid artery atherosclerosis, cardiac vegetation, patent foramen ovale)

Answer: embolic

Flashcard 2530: Chronic heart transplant rejection typically presents as _____

Answer: accelerated atherosclerosis

Flashcard 2531: How does the ESR change in a patient with Takayasu arteritis?_____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 2532: Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with a(n) _____ serum creatine kinase (CK)

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2533: The most common subtype of von Willebrand disease presents with _____ vWF levels

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 2534: A _____ state is due to excessive procoagulant proteins or defective anticoagulant proteins

Answer: hypercoagulable

Flashcard 2535: Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis

Answer: medium

Flashcard 2536: _____ is the most common primary malignancy of bone in people > 40 - 50 years old

Answer: Multiple myeloma

Flashcard 2537: Neutropenia may result from severe _____

Answer: infection (e.g. gram-negative sepsis)

Flashcard 2538: Which two pneumoconioses increase the risk for Caplan syndrome?_____

Answer: Coal worker's pneumonconiosis and Silicosis

Flashcard 2539: What is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia? _____

Answer: Infection (due to hypogammaglobulenemia)

Flashcard 2540: _____ is characterized by a triad of asthma, aspirin-induced bronchospasms, and nasal polyps

Answer: Aspirin-intolerant asthma

Flashcard 2541: What is the main cause of death in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? _____

Answer: Venous thrombosis

Flashcard 2542: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ plasma volume

Answer: increased

Flashcard 2543: Treatment of ARDS includes addressing the _____

Answer: underlying cause

Flashcard 2544: Which form of polycythemia is associated with lung disease (ex. COPD / obstructive sleep apnea), congenital heart disease, high altitude, or low birth weight? _____

Answer: Appropriate absolute polycythemia (appropriate secondary erythrocytosis)

Flashcard 2545: _____ patients are more likely to have disseminated candidiasis (hematogenous).

Answer: Neutropenic (specific)

Flashcard 2546: What demographic is classically affected by Buerger disease? _____

Answer: Heavy smokers, males < 40 years old

Flashcard 2547: What demographic is classically affected by giant cell (temporal) arteritis? _____

Answer: Elderly females (> 50)

Flashcard 2548: Rhabdomyolysis typically presents with muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and _____calcemia

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 2549: What is the level of testosterone in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome?_____

Answer: Decreased (seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, abnormal Leydig cell function)

Flashcard 2550: What demographic is associated with the chronic form of immune thrombocytopenic purpura? _____

Answer: Women of childbearing age

Flashcard 2551: Hereditary angioedema presents in childhood with recurrent episodes of swelling _____ urticaria

Answer: without (with or without)

Flashcard 2552: Polycythemia vera may present with symptoms of _____ of the blood (e.g. blurry vision, headache)

Answer: hyperviscosity

Flashcard 2553: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 2554: What eye pathology is associated with sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Uveitis

Flashcard 2555: What genitourinary pathology is associated with sickle cell anemia? (males)_____

Answer: Priapism

Flashcard 2556: Rheumatic fever most commonly results in damage and stenosis of the _____ valve

Answer: mitral

Flashcard 2557: How does sickle cell trait typically present?_____

Answer: Generally asymptomatic (no anemia)

Flashcard 2558: Most often, severe fungal infections occur in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised/suppressed

Flashcard 2559: What is the treatment for dermatomyositis and polymyositis? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids, followed by immunosuppressant therapy

Flashcard 2560: What type of microcytic anemia may be caused by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia

Flashcard 2561: Non-pharmacologic treatment for fibromyalgia may include regular _____

Answer: exercise

Flashcard 2562: Aromatase inhibitors (3) are used to treat ER positive breast cancer in _____-menopausal women

Answer: post

Flashcard 2563: Dermatomyositis and polymoysitis present with bilateral _____ muscle weakness (proximal or distal)

Answer: proximal

Flashcard 2564: Death from a saddle pulmonary emboli is due to _____ dissociation

Answer: electromechanical

Flashcard 2565: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis may present with _____ due to involvement of the temporal artery

Answer: unilateral headache

Flashcard 2566: Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur as a primary disorder, or as a secondary disorder (e.g. with _____)

Answer: SLE

Flashcard 2567: Which infectious skin disorder is an infection involving the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics? _____

Answer: Erysipelas

Flashcard 2568: Raynaud phenomenon is called Raynaud _____ when it is primary (idiopathic)

Answer: disease

Flashcard 2569: Most notably, the serum tumor marker CA 15-3 / CA 27-29 are seen elevated in _____*and what does it indicate?

Answer: Breast Cancer

Flashcard 2570: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is associated with symptoms of _____ (due to large size of IgM pentamer)

Answer: hyperviscosity

Flashcard 2571: Patients with Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria can present with Abdominal Pain, Dysphagia, and Erectile Dysfunction because hemoglobin can act as a _____ scavenger

Answer: Nitric Oxide

Flashcard 2572: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased libido?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism AND Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2573: _____ is defined as a reduction in circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass

Answer: Anemia

Flashcard 2574: Which is more common, myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome?_____

Answer: Myasthenia gravis

Flashcard 2575: What is a last resort treatment for aplastic anemia?_____

Answer: Bone marrow transplant

Flashcard 2576: What is the treatment (2) for distributive shock? _____

Answer: IV fluids, pressors

Flashcard 2577: Monoclonal gammopathy of underdetermined significance (MGUS) is common in the _____ (age group)

Answer: elderly

Flashcard 2578: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with polymyalgia rheumatica?_____

Answer: Women > 50 years old

Flashcard 2579: Marcus Gunn pupil occurs due to _____ nerve damage or severe retinal injury

Answer: optic

Flashcard 2580: Cavernous sinus syndrome may present with _____ syndrome due to disruption of sympathetic fibers in the carotid plexus

Answer: Horner

Flashcard 2581: _____ (anti-Jo-1) autoantibodies are associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Answer: Anti-synthetase

Flashcard 2582: Osteoporosis may be secondary to _____-thyroidism

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 2583: Pituitary adenoma may present with _____ due to compression of normal pituitary tissue

Answer: hypopituitarism

Flashcard 2584: What ethnicity is associated with increased risk for prostate adenocarcinoma? _____

Answer: African Americans > Caucasians > Asians

Flashcard 2585: In a patient with Hypertensive Retinopathy, the presence of papilledema requires _____ of blood pressure

Answer: immediate lowering

Flashcard 2586: Sarcoidosis may present with a _____-like arthropathy

Answer: rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 2587: Patients with CN VI lesions may squint to reduce diplopia, producing a '_____''

Answer: pseudo-ptosis

Flashcard 2588: What is the treatment for antiphospholipid syndrome? _____

Answer: Anticoagulants

Flashcard 2589: _____ are used for treatment and long-term prevention of DVT

Answer: Oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin)

Flashcard 2590: What is the treatment for delirium? _____

Answer: Address the underlying condition

Flashcard 2591: Lesions to CN IV (trochlear) may present with head tilting _____ the lesioned side

Answer: away from

Flashcard 2592: Osteoporosis is characterized by _____ serum PTH

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2593: What is used to transiently raise the platelet count due to symptomatic bleeding in immune thrombocytopenic purpura? _____

Answer: IVIG

Flashcard 2594: Treatment of cystic fibrosis includes chest _____, which aids in mucus clearance

Answer: physiotherapy

Flashcard 2595: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase Hb and O2 carrying capacity?_____

Answer: Packed RBCs

Flashcard 2596: What is the treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica?_____

Answer: Low-dose corticosteroids

Flashcard 2597: Osteoporosis is characterized by _____ serum alkaline phosphatase

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2598: Poorly-demarcated raised lesions on extensor surfaces of the extremities is characteristic of _____ leprosy

Answer: Lepromatous

Flashcard 2599: Which cause of crescentic glomerulonephritis may also cause a restrictive lung disease?_____

Answer: Goodpasture syndrome

Flashcard 2600: _____ pupil is a unilaterally dilated pupil that reacts sluggishly to light, but better to accommodation

Answer: Adie

Flashcard 2601: Polyarteritis nodosa is characterized by innumerable renal _____ and spasms on arteriogram

Answer: microaneurysms

Flashcard 2602: The directional term of internuclear ophthalmoplegia (e.g. right or left) refers to which eye is _____

Answer: paralyzed

Flashcard 2603: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia has normal _____, which is a distinguishing feature from a CN III lesion

Answer: convergence

Flashcard 2604: Which complement deficiency results in increased risk for Systemic lupus erythematosus / Glomerulonephritis? _____

Answer: Early Complement Deficiencies (C1-C4)

Flashcard 2605: In patients with Sickle Cell Anemia, Hydroxyurea is used prophylactically to reduce _____

Answer: veno-occlusive crises

Flashcard 2606: _____ emboli, an important complication of atrial septal defect, are emboli that arise on the right-side of the body and crossover to lodge on the left side

Answer: Paradoxical

Flashcard 2607: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Fluent speech2. Intact comprehension3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Conduction aphasia

Flashcard 2608: McArdle disease is associated with _____ from electrolyte abnormalities

Answer: arrhythmia

Flashcard 2609: One sign of lateral cerebellar lesion is _____, which is the reduced ability to perform alternating movements quickly (e.g. pronation and supination of forearm)

Answer: dysdiadochokinesia

Flashcard 2610: Refeeding Syndrome is seen in significantly malnourished anorexic / hospitalized patients after being given a food / nutrition bolus without _____

Answer: slow titration

Flashcard 2611: Which electrolyte disturbance causes stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones?_____

Answer: High Ca2+ (hypercalcemia)

Flashcard 2612: Acute complications of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are treated with _____, which removes IgM from the serum

Answer: plasmapheresis

Flashcard 2613: Myasthenia gravis presents with muscle weakness that _____ with muscle use

Answer: worsens

Flashcard 2614: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to sepsis, especially gram _____ bacteria

Answer: negative

Flashcard 2615: Vaso-occlusive infarcts in the pulmonary microcirculation due to sickle cell anemia causes _____

Answer: acute chest syndrome

Flashcard 2616: Polycythemia vera increases risk of venous _____

Answer: thrombosis

Flashcard 2617: What is the treatment for osteopetrosis? _____

Answer: Bone marrow transplant (osteoclasts are derived from monocytes)

Flashcard 2618: _____ -myositis is an inflammatory disorder of skeletal muscle only

Answer: Poly

Flashcard 2619: Nasal polyps are associated with _____ in adults

Answer: aspirin-intolerant asthma

Flashcard 2620: Which electrolyte disturbance causes tetany, seizures, QT prolongation, twitching, and spasm? _____

Answer: Low Ca2+ (hypocalcemia)

Flashcard 2621: Osteoporosis is characterized by _____ serum Ca2+

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2622: What demographic is associated with Goodpasture syndrome? _____

Answer: Young adult males

Flashcard 2623: Blood transfusions may result in _____ due to RBC lysis in old blood units

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 2624: Multiple myeloma is associated with high serum IL-_____, which stimulates plasma cell growth and immunoglobulin production

Answer: 6

Flashcard 2625: Treatment of aplastic anemia includes _____, such as EPO, GM-CSF, and G-CSF

Answer: marrow-stimulating factors

Flashcard 2626: What does the J in JeNES criteria represent?_____

Answer: Joint (migratory polyarthritis)

Flashcard 2627: Cotton wool spots and a "pizza pie" description on fundoscopyare characteristic of what viral infection complication?_____

Answer: CMV retinitis

Flashcard 2628: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: increased

Flashcard 2629: Which amyloidosis may present as carpal tunnel syndrome? _____

Answer: Dialysis-associated

Flashcard 2630: What demographic (age group) is classically affected by polyarteritis nodosa? _____

Answer: Middle-aged men

Flashcard 2631: What acid-base disorder is seen with late phases of aspirin toxicity? _____

Answer: High anion gap metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 2632: Relative polycythemia is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2633: SLE is characterized by _____ levels of CH50

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 2634: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____ (BP), due to lack of cortisol

Answer: hypotension

Flashcard 2635: One treatment for refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension is repeated _____

Answer: lumbar puncture

Flashcard 2636: Sickle cell disease (and trait) may cause microhematuria due to medullary _____

Answer: infarcts

Flashcard 2637: Cauda equina syndrome is commonly associated with _____-lateral symptoms (uni- or bilateral)

Answer: uni

Flashcard 2638: Less common causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage include _____ malformations and an anticoagulated state

Answer: arteriovenous (AV)

Flashcard 2639: Does aortic stenosis cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Systolic murmur

Flashcard 2640: Etiologies of _____ diabetes insipidus include pituitary tumor, autoimmune, trauma, surgery, and ischemic encephalopathy

Answer: central

Flashcard 2641: What is the most lethal complication of cocaine intoxication? _____

Answer: Sudden cardiac death

Flashcard 2642: Characteristic petechial rash in meningococcemia indicates _____ (platelet levels)

Answer: thrombocytopenia

Flashcard 2643: Severe _____ is the most common cause of death during the acute phase of rheumatic fever

Answer: pancarditis

Flashcard 2644: Anti-phospholipid syndrome is characterized by a _____-coagulable state

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 2645: Patients with acromegaly can develop _____tension

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 2646: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Nonfluent speech2. Intact comprehension3. Intact repetition

Answer: Transcortical motor aphasia

Flashcard 2647: Pseudotumor Cerebri (aka Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) causes a palsy of what oculomotor nerve?_____

Answer: CN VI

Flashcard 2648: What cancer may be treated with continuous leuprolide?_____

Answer: Prostate Carcinoma

Flashcard 2649: Excessive heat production in malignant hyperthermia induces fever and _____

Answer: muscle damage (e.g. rhabdomyolysis)

Flashcard 2650: What ethnicity has the highest risk of developing hypertension?_____

Answer: African Americans

Flashcard 2651: Which type of tremor is often familial? _____

Answer: Essential tremor

Flashcard 2652: Which stage of Lyme disease is early and localized?_____

Answer: Stage 1

Flashcard 2653: What is the treatment (2) of Q fever endocarditis?_____

Answer: Doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine

Flashcard 2654: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is characterized by faulty collagen synthesis causing _____ joints

Answer: hypermobile

Flashcard 2655: Most patients with bell palsy have a gradual recovery of function, but _____ can occur

Answer: synkinesis (aberrant regeneration)

Flashcard 2656: What dermatologic lesion is a flat lesion < 1 cm; well-circumscribed color change in skin color? _____

Answer: Macule

Flashcard 2657: Mild global cerebral ischemia results in transient _____ with prompt recovery

Answer: confusion

Flashcard 2658: Asthma may present with _____ on CXR

Answer: peribronchial cuffing

Flashcard 2659: Membranous nephropathy has a(n) _____ response to corticosteroids

Answer: poor

Flashcard 2660: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by absent/scanty lymph nodes and tonsils? _____

Answer: X-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia

Flashcard 2661: Which infectious skin disorder presents as flesh-colored papules with a rough surface?_____

Answer: Verruca (wart)

Flashcard 2662: Cerebrovascular disease is the _____ leading cause of death in adults

Answer: 3rd

Flashcard 2663: Aortic dissection is associated with a _____ aortic valve

Answer: bicuspid

Flashcard 2664: What is the treatment for a patient with Takayasu arteritis? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids

Flashcard 2665: What is the level of TSH in a patient with Graves disease (increased, decreased, or normal)? _____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 2666: What ethnicity is associated with decreased risk for osteoporosis?_____

Answer: African Americans

Flashcard 2667: Osteoporosis may be secondary to _____-parathyroidism

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 2668: Which type of transplant rejection occurs within weeks to months? _____

Answer: Acute

Flashcard 2669: Lung cancer is the _____ most common cancer by mortality

Answer: 1st

Flashcard 2670: What side effect presents with increased central adiposity with skinny legs?_____

Answer: Lipodystrophy

Flashcard 2671: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may present with easy bruising and a tendency to _____

Answer: bleed

Flashcard 2672: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is primarily characterized by _____ hemolysis

Answer: intravascular

Flashcard 2673: Which electrolyte disturbance causes renal stones, metastatic calcifications, and hypocalcemia? _____

Answer: High PO43-

Flashcard 2674: What is the most common leukemia in adults? _____

Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Flashcard 2675: Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: increased

Flashcard 2676: Polycythemia vera is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: significantly increased

Flashcard 2677: Polycythemia vera rarely may cause _____, which is characterized by severe, burning pain and red-blood discoloration

Answer: erythromelalgia

Flashcard 2678: What is the state of the adrenal glands in Cushing syndrome due to ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma (hyperplasia, atrophy; one, both)?_____

Answer: Hyperplasia of both adrenal glands

Flashcard 2679: PSGN typically presents 2 to 4 _____ after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection

Answer: weeks

Flashcard 2680: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hypoactivity, lethargy, and fatigue?_____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2681: Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:07 Apex, Mid Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Mid-Systolic Murmur

Flashcard 2682: What is the treatment for poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? _____

Answer: Supportive (resolves spontaneously)

Flashcard 2683: Nocardia dissemination commonly occurs to the CNS, causing _____ formation

Answer: brain abscess

Flashcard 2684: The most common pulmonary function test indicator of obesity related disease is a reduction in _____

Answer: expiratory reserve volume

Flashcard 2685: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____, which occurs as blood flows over vegetations on the heart valve

Answer: murmur

Flashcard 2686: Which thyroid imbalance presents with osteoporosis / increased fracture rate?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2687: Does Pneumocystis pneumonia have a productive cough?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2688: How does renal cell carcinoma respond to chemotherapy and radiation therapy? _____

Answer: Poor response (resistant)

Flashcard 2689: The palpable "bag of worms" on physical exam in a patient who has a varicocele may be augmented by the _____ maneuver

Answer: val-salva

Flashcard 2690: How do serum K+ levels change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 2691: Which three organs or diseases are involved in MEN 2B?_____

Answer: Thyroid (medullary carcinoma), pheochromocytomas, and mucosal neuromas

Flashcard 2692: Cranial nerve involvement in Guillain-Barre syndrome commonly results in _____ paralysis (50% of cases)

Answer: facial

Flashcard 2693: Hypertensive _____ is defined as severe hypertension (>180 / >120 mmHg) without acute end-organ damage

Answer: urgency

Flashcard 2694: Mitral valve prolapse (Barlow syndrome) complications are rare but include infective _____, arrhythmia, and severe mitral regurgitation

Answer: endocarditis

Flashcard 2695: What does the N in JeNES criteria represent?_____

Answer: Nodules in skin (subcutaneous)

Flashcard 2696: Cinacalcet is used to treat hypercalcemia secondary to _____

Answer: hyperparathyroidism

Flashcard 2697: The _____ test uses edrophonium to help diagnose myasthenia gravis

Answer: tensilon

Flashcard 2698: Acute tubular necrosis is reversible but often requires supportive _____ due to electrolyte imbalances (e.g. hypokalemia)

Answer: dialysis

Flashcard 2699: One possible cause of hypopituitarism in children is _____ (due to mass effect)

Answer: craniopharyngioma

Flashcard 2700: Parinaud syndrome can manifest with a "sun-set" sign, owing to _____ and the vertical gaze palsy

Answer: lid-retraction

Flashcard 2701: Do upper motoneuron lesions present with clasp knife spasticity? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 2702: _____ pulmonary emboli may cause sudden death

Answer: Large saddle

Flashcard 2703: IV -blockers (e.g. labetalol, esmolol) are useful in the acute management of aortic _____

Answer: dissection

Flashcard 2704: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition (intact or impaired)

Answer: impaired

Flashcard 2705: Is type 2 DM characterized by a strong or weak genetic predisposition (compared to type 1)?_____

Answer: Relatively strong (90% concordance in twin studies)

Flashcard 2706: Which two viruses are said to have a "dew drops on a rose" appearance?_____

Answer: VZV, HSV

Flashcard 2707: Which thyroid imbalance presents with depression?_____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2708: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____ (K+ levels)

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 2709: Deficiency of early _____ proteins are associated with SLE

Answer: complement

Flashcard 2710: What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?_____

Answer: parathyroid adenoma (>80%)

Flashcard 2711: Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-Scl-70 antibody? _____

Answer: Diffuse scleroderma

Flashcard 2712: What is the general underlying cause of a normocytic anemia with a corrected reticulocyte count < 3%? _____

Answer: Underproduction

Flashcard 2713: Primitive reflexes may re-emerge in adults following _____ lobe lesions due to loss of inhibition

Answer: frontal

Flashcard 2714: Where is a murmur due to aortic stenosis the loudest? _____

Answer: Heart base (aortic area)

Flashcard 2715: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis presents with _____, cough, and dyspnea hours after exposure; resolves with removal of exposure

Answer: fever

Flashcard 2716: Which form of lung disease is associated with pulsus paradoxus?_____

Answer: Obstructive (restrictive or obstructive?)

Flashcard 2717: When Stevens-Johnson syndrome involves > 30% of the body surface it is termed _____

Answer: toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

Flashcard 2718: What visual field defect is associated with Wernicke aphasia secondary to middle cerebral artery stroke? _____

Answer: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

Flashcard 2719: Malignant otitis externa is most commonly seen in the _____ population

Answer: diabetic

Flashcard 2720: What demographic is associated with sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: African American females

Flashcard 2721: When treating heat stroke, is supportive care or active cooling primarily indicated?_____

Answer: Active cooling

Flashcard 2722: Does mitral valve prolapse cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Late systolic (with midsystolic click)

Flashcard 2723: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____ (H+ levels)

Answer: metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 2724: Patients with scleroderma can present with a sclerodermal renal crisis, which is an intense renal failure that causes _____

Answer: hypertensive emergency

Flashcard 2725: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is septic arterial or pulmonary _____

Answer: emboli

Flashcard 2726: Patients who develop pulmonary infarction may develop right heart strain that generates a _____ EKG finding

Answer: S1Q3T3

Flashcard 2727: Dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by _____, which is the result of a vitamin B1 deficiency

Answer: wet beriberi

Flashcard 2728: Zika virus can cause fever, rash and _____ in 20% of cases

Answer: conjunctivitis

Flashcard 2729: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in long-standing (severe) postrenal azotemia? _____

Answer: > 2% (elevated) (>2% or <1%?)

Flashcard 2730: Does Coxiella burnetti cause a rash?_____

Answer: No!

Flashcard 2731: Disorders of secondary hemostasis typically present with _____ after surgical procedures (e.g. dental procedures)

Answer: re-bleeding

Flashcard 2732: _____ aortic dissection involves the descending aorta and/or the aortic arch

Answer: Stanford type B (distal)

Flashcard 2733: The highest prevalence of the acral lentiginous subtype of melanoma is more common in which two races?_____

Answer: African-Americans and Asians

Flashcard 2734: How do levels of plasma renin change in primary hyperaldosteronism? _____

Answer: Decreased (negative feedback)

Flashcard 2735: One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is _____ anemia

Answer: autoimmune hemolytic (very specific)

Flashcard 2736: Anemia is defined as Hb < _____ g/dL in males

Answer: 13.5

Flashcard 2737: Mitral stenosis is usually due to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic valve

Flashcard 2738: Which anterior circulation stroke causes paralysis/sensory loss of the face and upper limb with cortical signs (e.g. aphasia, neglect)? _____

Answer: Middle cerebral artery stroke

Flashcard 2739: Which type of nephrotic syndrome is commonly seen secondary to solid tumors? _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy

Flashcard 2740: The _____ phenomenon often occurs in patients with toxic adenomas and a drug administered with a high iodine content

Answer: Jod-Basedow

Flashcard 2741: _____ seizures are characterized by stiffening

Answer: Tonic

Flashcard 2742: In Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, there is ventricular apical ballooning due to increased _____

Answer: sympathetic stimulation

Flashcard 2743: More severe forms of asthma are associated with more frequent and severe symptoms, especially at _____ (Time of day)

Answer: night

Flashcard 2744: Do lower motoneuron lesions present with the Babinski sign? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2745: The MMR vaccine can be given to HIV+ patients with CD4 counts _____

Answer: > 200

Flashcard 2746: Bouchard nodes refers to bony swellings in the _____ joints

Answer: proximal interphalangeal (PIP)

Flashcard 2747: What is the most common cause of IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: SLE

Flashcard 2748: What are the most common presenting symptoms (2) of pulmonary sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Dyspnea, Cough

Flashcard 2749: _____ closed-angle glaucoma is often asymptomatic with damage to the optic nerve and peripheral vision

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 2750: Patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy develop a subacute bilateral and progressive loss of _____

Answer: central vision

Flashcard 2751: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: nonfluent

Flashcard 2752: _____ is characterized by a genetic vWF deficiency

Answer: Von Willebrand disease

Flashcard 2753: Polyarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing vasculitis that involves most organs, except the _____

Answer: lungs

Flashcard 2754: _____ splitting is a delayed pulmonic sound, regardless of inspiration

Answer: Fixed

Flashcard 2755: Transcortical mixed aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition (intact or impaired)

Answer: intact

Flashcard 2756: Increased risk of developing breast cancer is associated with a(n) _____ age at first live birth (younger/older)

Answer: older

Flashcard 2757: Normally, patients with atlantoaxial instability often develop neurologic deficits _____ in the disease

Answer: late

Flashcard 2758: Patients with pheochromocytoma experience their symptoms _____, rather than continuously. Bonus Q: Which test is used for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma?

Answer: episodically

Flashcard 2759: Which cranial nerve lesion presents with difficulty walking downstairs? _____

Answer: CN IV (trochlear)

Flashcard 2760: _____ diabetic retinopathy is characterized by leakage of blood from damaged capillaries, resulting in hemorrhages and macular edema

Answer: Non-proliferative

Flashcard 2761: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:05 Apex, S3, LLD, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: S3 Gallop

Flashcard 2762: What respiratory pathology is commonly associated with Churg-Strauss syndrome? _____

Answer: Asthma

Flashcard 2763: Asthma classically presents with episodic cough, dyspnea, and _____ (lung sound)

Answer: wheezing

Flashcard 2764: Relative polycythemia is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: normal

Flashcard 2765: Early (acute) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _____

Answer: regurgitation

Flashcard 2766: In elderly patients with suspected dementia, a _____ test should be administered to exclude neurosyphilis if there's high clinical suspicion

Answer: RPR

Flashcard 2767: Most cases of ALS are sporadic and arise in _____ (age group)

Answer: middle-aged adults

Flashcard 2768: Tabes dorsalis is associated with paroxysmal _____

Answer: pains

Flashcard 2769: What % of patients with autosomal dominant PKD experience progressive renal failure? _____

Answer: 50%

Flashcard 2770: Symptomatic treatment of _____ in MS patients may include TCAs and anticonvulsants

Answer: pain

Flashcard 2771: The most common cause of aortic dissection in older adults is _____

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 2772: Which thyroid imbalance presents with puffy facies and generalized nonpitting edema?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2773: Chronic kidney transplant rejection typically presents as _____

Answer: chronic allograft nephropathy

Flashcard 2774: Which movement disorder presents as an uncontrolled movement of distal appendages at rest that is alleviated by intentional movement? _____

Answer: Resting tremor

Flashcard 2775: In a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome, will repair of the precipitating cardiac defect prevent pulmonary vascular sclerosis from becoming irreversible?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 2776: What cardiac pathology results in global enlargement of the heart and dilation of all chambers?_____

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 2777: Which lysosomal storage disease may present with progressive renal failure and cardiovascular disease?_____

Answer: Fabry disease (late)

Flashcard 2778: How do serum aldosterone levels change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 2779: A collapsed lung may present as a _____ on chest x-ray

Answer: completely opacified hemithorax

Flashcard 2780: Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with high fever and respiratory symptoms (pneumonia)?_____

Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Flashcard 2781: Which symptoms can be caused by multiple sclerosis: hemiparesis or hemisensory symptoms_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 2782: What diabetes complication can be treated with SNRIs? _____

Answer: Diabetic neuropathy

Flashcard 2783: One complication that may occur during the first 4 hours post-MI is _____, which occurs due to inefficient pumping of the left ventricle

Answer: congestive heart failure

Flashcard 2784: What is the shape of a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse? _____

Answer: Late crescendo

Flashcard 2785: Cold agglutinin disease is associated with painful, _____ fingers/toes (color)

Answer: blue

Flashcard 2786: Seborrheic Dermatitis is more severe in patients with neurological disease, most notably _____

Answer: Parkinsons Disease

Flashcard 2787: The most common type of hair loss in males and females is _____

Answer: androgenetic alopecia

Flashcard 2788: What CNS pathology is characterized by "multiple lesions in time and space"?_____

Answer: Multiple sclerosis

Flashcard 2789: _____ is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia that is not correctable by administration of exogenous PTH

Answer: Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a

Flashcard 2790: What are two specific symptoms of Rickettsia spp. infection?_____

Answer: Rash and Vasculitis

Flashcard 2791: Complications of chronic rheumatic heart disease include infectious _____

Answer: endocarditis

Flashcard 2792: What two multiple endocrine neoplasias are associated with thyroid medullary carcinoma?_____

Answer: MEN 2A and 2B

Flashcard 2793: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from stenosis of the mesenteric artery

Answer: chronic mesenteric ischemia

Flashcard 2794: Does Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia present with lytic bone lesions? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2795: Patients with the _____ type of Ehlers danlos can present with damage to muscles and fragile tissues

Answer: vascular

Flashcard 2796: Patients with systemic mastocytosis can present with syncope, flushing, hypotension, pruritis, and urticaria due to massive _____ release

Answer: histamine

Flashcard 2797: How does cardiac output change during cardiogenic and obstructive shock?_____

Answer: Severely decreased

Flashcard 2798: Antibodies to U1 RNP are highly associated with _____ disease

Answer: mixed connective tissue

Flashcard 2799: What sensory deficits does ALS present with?_____

Answer: None

Flashcard 2800: What is the serum level of calcium in secondary hyperparathyroidism?_____

Answer: Decreased (hypocalcemia)

Flashcard 2801: Guillain-Barre syndrome may be associated with cardiopulmonary irregularities and fluctuations in _____ (autonomic dysfunction)

Answer: blood pressure

Flashcard 2802: What endocrine pathology is a reversible cause of dementia? _____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2803: Which thyroid imbalance presents with chest pain and systolic hypertension?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2804: Does type IIa familial dyslipidemia cause an increased risk for atherosclerosis? _____

Answer: Yes, accelerated atherosclerosis may cause MI before age 20

Flashcard 2805: Is Gout more commonly caused by uric acid overproduction or underexcretion?_____

Answer: Underexcretion

Flashcard 2806: Chronic exposure to _____ can occur with patients who work with stainless-steel arc welding, or in the production of batteries or ceramics

Answer: Nickel

Flashcard 2807: Age-related macular degeneration causes distortion (metamorphopsia) and eventual loss of _____ vision

Answer: central

Flashcard 2808: Q fever is associated with atypical _____ symptoms (cough, headache, fever)

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 2809: The most common complication of insulin therapy is _____; may also experience lipodystrophy and hypersensitivity reaction (rare)

Answer: hypoglycemia

Flashcard 2810: What is the effect of aortic stenosis on pulse pressure?_____

Answer: Decreased pulse pressure

Flashcard 2811: Open-angle glaucoma is associated with _____ race and family history

Answer: African-American

Flashcard 2812: _____ pneumonia presents with relatively mild upper respiratory symptoms

Answer: Interstitial (atypical)

Flashcard 2813: Normal pressure hydrocephalus typically affects _____ (age group)

Answer: the elderly

Flashcard 2814: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:22 Pulm, Split S2 Eject Sys Mur, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Ejection Systolic Murmur with Persistent Split S2

Flashcard 2815: A _____ multinodular goiter occurs when a multinodular goiter has hyperfunctioning follicular cells that work independently of TSH, causing increased release of T3 and T4

Answer: toxic

Flashcard 2816: How do levels of plasma renin and aldosterone change in Gitelman syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (due to decreased Na+ reabsorption)

Flashcard 2817: How does blood pressure change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____

Answer: Increased (hypertension)

Flashcard 2818: Which antibody is sensitive for drug-induced lupus? _____

Answer: Anti-histone antibodies

Flashcard 2819: Which infectious skin disorder is caused by infection with anaerobic "flesh-eating" bacteria or S. pyogenes? _____

Answer: Necrotizing fasciitis

Flashcard 2820: Tabes dorsalis is associated with _____ pupils

Answer: Argyll Robertson

Flashcard 2821: Anemia may present with signs and symptoms of _____

Answer: hypoxia

Flashcard 2822: What is the blood concentration of K+ in a patient with diabetes mellitus?_____

Answer: Increased (hyperkalemia) due to decreased K+ uptake into cells

Flashcard 2823: In disseminated intravascular coagulation, consumption of platelets and factors results in _____

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 2824: What is the treatment of HSV encephalitis?_____

Answer: IV acyclovir

Flashcard 2825: Which blood transfusion reaction is caused by 1) cytokines that are created by WBCs and accumulate during the storage of blood products or 2) host antibodies against donor HLA antigens/WBCs? _____

Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 2826: _____ sleep apnea can occur due patients having marginal ventilation when awake (e.g. CNS disease, neuromuscular disease, severe kyphoscoliosis, heavy dose narcotics)

Answer: Central

Flashcard 2827: Will there be swelling, erythema, or warmth in the surrounding area of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2828: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, classically involves the PIPs and DIPs? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (also the 1st CMC)

Flashcard 2829: Thalassemia is a cause of _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: microcytic

Flashcard 2830: Patients with hypertension and what comorbidity should replace ACE inhibitors with ARBs and nonselective betablockers with cardioselective beta blockers?_____

Answer: Obstructive Lung Disease

Flashcard 2831: What demographic is most commonly associated with acute endocarditis due to staphylococcus aureus?_____

Answer: IV drug users

Flashcard 2832: Hyperreflexia, spontaneous twitching, muscle cramping, tingling, and numbness are signs of which calcium imbalance? _____

Answer: Hypocalcemia

Flashcard 2833: Quantitative disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as _____ (1-2 mm)

Answer: petechiae

Flashcard 2834: What demographic is classically affected by Idiopathic intracranial hypertension? _____

Answer: Obese females

Flashcard 2835: Patients with Refsum Disease can have various ophthalmological problems; including cataracts and _____

Answer: night blindness

Flashcard 2836: The state of chronic myocardial ischemia in which both myocardial metabolism and function are reduced to match a concomitant reduction in blood flow is known as _____

Answer: myocardial hibernation

Flashcard 2837: What two groups are susceptible to osteomyelitis from Pseudomonas?_____

Answer: IVDU, Diabetics

Flashcard 2838: What is the treatment (2) for mild-to-moderate cases of Babesiosis?_____

Answer: Atovaquone and Azithromycin

Flashcard 2839: Common complications of varicose veins include chronic edema, stasis dermatitis, _____ ulcerations, poor wound healing, and infection

Answer: skin

Flashcard 2840: Is gout more common in males or females?_____

Answer: Males

Flashcard 2841: Does central post-stroke pain (thalamic pain) syndrome respond to analgesic medications?_____

Answer: No (resistant)

Flashcard 2842: A person who is taking levothyroxine surreptitiously will present with an atrophic thyroid and undetectable serum _____

Answer: thyroglobulin

Flashcard 2843: _____ -angle glaucoma is caused by obstruction of normal aqueous flow through the pupil

Answer: Closed

Flashcard 2844: Vascular dementia is characterized by presence of multiple cortical and/or subcortical _____ on MRI or CT

Answer: infarcts

Flashcard 2845: Statins reduce risk of future vascular events in patients with a history of TIA or _____

Answer: stroke

Flashcard 2846: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage may occur secondary to _____ injury following an ischemic stroke

Answer: reperfusion

Flashcard 2847: Anterior spinal artery occlusion results in signs of bilateral _____ motoneuron lesion at the level of the infarct

Answer: lower

Flashcard 2848: Which thyroid imbalance presents with anxiety?_____

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2849: One positive screening test for Cushing syndrome is no _____ with overnight low-dose dexamethasone test (1mg)

Answer: cortisol suppression

Flashcard 2850: Lytic bone metastases present with hyper_____

Answer: calcemia

Flashcard 2851: Which form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) causes painful, blue fingers and toes with cold exposure? _____

Answer: IgM (cold agglutinin)

Flashcard 2852: _____ is an asymptomatic condition characterized by an M spike on SPEP (plasma cells >10%) without other features of multiple myeloma

Answer: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)

Flashcard 2853: _____ is an advanced stage of peripheral artery disease that is a triad of Ischemic Rest Pain, Arterial Insufficiency Ulcers, and Gangrene

Answer: Critical Limb Ischemia

Flashcard 2854: Which form of polycythemia is associated with dehydration and burns? _____

Answer: Relative polycythemia (relative erythrocytosis / hemoconcentration)

Flashcard 2855: Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (1:500) have cholesterol levels of ~ _____ mg/dL

Answer: 300

Flashcard 2856: Which paraneoplastic syndrome presents with digital clubbing, arthralgias, joint effusions, and periostosis of tubular bones?_____

Answer: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy

Flashcard 2857: What demographic (age group) is most commonly affected by aortic stenosis? _____

Answer: Older adults (> 60)

Flashcard 2858: Hantavirus can result in _____ fever with renal syndrome

Answer: hemorrhagic

Flashcard 2859: Cancer of what organ most commonly metastasizes to the brain?_____

Answer: Lung

Flashcard 2860: What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults?_____

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Flashcard 2861: What is the mode of inheritance of medullary cystic kidney disease? _____*due to mutation in?

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 2862: Sclerosis of what organ is the most common cause of death in scleroderma? _____

Answer: Lungs

Flashcard 2863: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, improves with use? _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 2864: Which anterior circulation stroke causes paralysis/sensory loss of the face and upper limb without cortical signs (e.g. aphasia, neglect)? _____

Answer: Lenticulostriate artery stroke

Flashcard 2865: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis may present with _____ claudication

Answer: jaw

Flashcard 2866: _____ hyperaldosteronism is seen in patients with renovascular hypertension due to independent activation of the RAAS

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 2867: What does a chest X-ray of a patient with Granulomatosis with polyangiitis show?_____

Answer: bilateral large nodular densities/infiltrates

Flashcard 2868: SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the neck, resulting in _____

Answer: jugular venous distention

Flashcard 2869: Myeloproliferative disorders most commonly present in _____ (age group)

Answer: late adulthood (50 - 60 years old)

Flashcard 2870: Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated with _____ DTRs beginning in the lower extremities

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 2871: Does the following cardiac/vascular function graph reflect a patient with chronic anemia or anaphylaxis?_____

Answer: Chronic Anemia

Flashcard 2872: What endocrine disorder is associated with neurofibromatosis I? _____

Answer: Pheochromocytoma

Flashcard 2873: Menopause is less symptomatic in _____ women due to increased levels of estrogen

Answer: obese

Flashcard 2874: A unique symptom of rickettsia species is _____

Answer: vasculitis with rash

Flashcard 2875: Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure > _____ at rest

Answer: 25

Flashcard 2876: Which thyroid imbalance presents with bradycardia and dyspnea on exertion?_____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2877: Enlargement of the heart can cause _____ due to compression of the esophagus

Answer: dysphagia

Flashcard 2878: About 25% of adults with PSGN develop _____

Answer: rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 2879: Most thyroid adenomas are nonfunctional ('cold'), but may rarely cause _____ via autonomous thyroid hormone production ('hot' or 'toxic')

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2880: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may present with _____ due to defective platelet aggregation

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 2881: Does secondary adrenocortical insufficiency present with any of the following symptoms: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or hypotension?_____

Answer: No, aldosterone levels are normal

Flashcard 2882: What is the treatment for an acute, severe asthma exacerbation? _____

Answer: Short-acting 2 agonist +/- systemic corticosteroids OR Epinephrine

Flashcard 2883: Both polymyositis and dermatomyositis are associated with _____ disease

Answer: interstitial lung

Flashcard 2884: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by non-inflammatory synovial fluid (WBC < 2000/mm3)? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 2885: What is the treatment of culture-negative endocarditis caused by Coxiella?_____

Answer: Doxycycline (along with hydroxychloroquine)

Flashcard 2886: Do upper motoneuron lesions present with fasciculations? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 2887: Dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by _____ disease, which is the result of a parasitic infection

Answer: Chagas

Flashcard 2888: Behcet syndrome is associated with HLA-_____

Answer: B51

Flashcard 2889: _____ is defined as bronchial hyperresponsiveness with reversible airway bronchoconstriction

Answer: Asthma

Flashcard 2890: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?_____

Answer: Women of late childbearing age

Flashcard 2891: What is the serum potassium level in a type 1 diabetic patient (increased or decreased)? _____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 2892: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased heat production (heat intolerance) and increased sweating?_____

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2893: Chronic bronchitis is associated with _____, due to early-onset hypoxemia from shunting

Answer: cyanosis

Flashcard 2894: What EKG findings are associated with Vasospastic angina? _____

Answer: ST-segment elevation (transmural ischemia)

Flashcard 2895: How does nephritic syndrome affect urine output? _____

Answer: Decreased (oliguria)

Flashcard 2896: Which acid-base disturbance is caused by decreased HCO3-? _____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 2897: Death from Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) results from _____ shock

Answer: hemorrhagic (hypovolemic)

Flashcard 2898: Which parathyroid disorder is characterized by "stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric undertones"? _____

Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

Flashcard 2899: Acute pericarditis is often complicated by pericardial _____

Answer: effusion

Flashcard 2900: How do SVR and afterload change during cardiogenic and obstructive shock?_____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 2901: Which thyroid imbalance presents with weight gain and decreased appetite?_____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2902: Poliovirus can cause _____ insufficiency

Answer: respiratory

Flashcard 2903: What are the two most common causes of osteomyelitis in health-care related vertebral osteomyelitis associated with intravascular devices?_____

Answer: Staph aureus, CoNS

Flashcard 2904: Type _____ diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance

Answer: 2

Flashcard 2905: How does cardiac output change during distributive shock due to sepsis and anaphylaxis?_____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 2906: What is the level of estrogen in a patient with Turner syndrome?_____

Answer: decreased (due to ovarian dysgenesis)

Flashcard 2907: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Nonfluent speech2. Impaired comprehension3. Intact repetition

Answer: Transcortical mixed aphasia

Flashcard 2908: First-line treatment for SLE includes _____ for flare ups

Answer: glucocorticoids

Flashcard 2909: Hantavirus can result in _____ capillary leak

Answer: pulmonary

Flashcard 2910: _____ is death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of onset of symptoms

Answer: Sudden cardiac death

Flashcard 2911: How many lobes does interstitial (atypical) pneumonia typically involve? _____

Answer: > 1

Flashcard 2912: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis may present with _____ disturbances due to involvement of the ophthalmic artery

Answer: visual

Flashcard 2913: Which movement disorder presents as a sudden, jerky, purposeless movements? _____

Answer: Chorea

Flashcard 2914: Distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with _____-kalemia

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 2915: Do migraines cause throbbing or constant pain? _____

Answer: Throbbing pain

Flashcard 2916: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Nonfluent speech2. Impaired comprehension3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Global aphasia

Flashcard 2917: Does "locked in" syndrome result in loss of consciousness?_____

Answer: No (preserved consciousness)

Flashcard 2918: What is the most common complication of influenza?_____

Answer: Secondary bacterial pneumonia

Flashcard 2919: IV drug users are at an increased risk of causing candidal endocarditis, most commonly of the _____ valve

Answer: tricuspid

Flashcard 2920: What demographic is commonly associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm? _____

Answer: Males > 60 (usually a smoker with HTN)

Flashcard 2921: The cause of primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often _____

Answer: idiopathic

Flashcard 2922: Does aortic regurgitation cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Diastolic

Flashcard 2923: Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with a(n) _____ serum CRP and ESR

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 2924: _____ hypertension (90-95% of cases) has no known etiology

Answer: Primary (essential)

Flashcard 2925: Secondary hypertension may be caused by primary _____-aldosteronism

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 2926: Tabes dorsalis presents with _____ of DTRs

Answer: absence

Flashcard 2927: What two tests may be used to differentiate between Cushing disease and ectopic (paraneoplastic) ACTH secretion? _____

Answer: 1. High-dose dexamethasone suppression test2. CRH stimulation test

Flashcard 2928: Which SLE antibody is a useful predictor of disease activity and renal involvement? _____

Answer: Anti-dsDNA antibodies

Flashcard 2929: The major risk factor for renal artery stenosis is _____

Answer: atherosclerosis

Flashcard 2930: _____ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a subset of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which asymmetric septal hypertrophy interferes with the outflow of blood from the left ventricle

Answer: Obstructive

Flashcard 2931: Which renal tubular acidosis is highly associated with congenital anomalies (obstruction) of urinary tract?_____

Answer: Distal RTA (type 1)

Flashcard 2932: Which demographic is the Zoster vaccine recommended for?_____

Answer: Adults > 60

Flashcard 2933: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased TSH (if 1*) and decreased free T3 / T4?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 2934: What vasculitis may cause interstitial restrictive lung disease? _____

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)

Flashcard 2935: Cavernous sinus syndrome may arise with cavernous sinus _____ related to infection

Answer: thrombosis

Flashcard 2936: _____ is a zoonotic infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii that presents with a rash that typically starts at the wrists and ankles and then spreads to the trunk, palms and soles.

Answer: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Flashcard 2937: What is the treatment for Stanford type B aortic dissection? _____

Answer: -blockers, then vasodilators

Flashcard 2938: Incremental reductions in _____ define the stages of chronic kidney disease

Answer: GFR

Flashcard 2939: Which stage of Lyme disease can present with chronic arthritis?_____

Answer: Stage 3

Flashcard 2940: The most common cause of emphysema is _____

Answer: smoking

Flashcard 2941: Which CN III fibers (motor or parasympathetic) are affected first by vascular disease?_____

Answer: Motor

Flashcard 2942: Symptomatic treatment of _____ in MS patients may include baclofen or other GABAB receptor agonists

Answer: spasticity

Flashcard 2943: What type of cardiac tumor is associated with a diastolic "plop" sound (mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the apex) on auscultation? _____

Answer: Myxomas

Flashcard 2944: What disease presents with reduced sensitivity to pain, impaired tear formation, and orthostatic hypotension?_____

Answer: Familial dysautonomia

Flashcard 2945: What cardiac pathology can be caused by adenovirus, coxsackie B, parvovirus B19, HIV, and HHV-6?_____

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 2946: Which thyroid imbalance is associated with warm, moist skin and fine hair?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2947: What joint is most commonly affected by pseudogout?_____

Answer: Knee

Flashcard 2948: What is the diagnostic cutoff for HbA1c for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? _____

Answer: >6.5%

Flashcard 2949: Which valve is most commonly affected with S. aureus endocarditis? _____

Answer: Tricuspid

Flashcard 2950: -thalassemia due to a three gene deletion presents with _____ disease and severe anemia

Answer: HbH

Flashcard 2951: What pathologic heart sound may be heard with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? _____

Answer: S4

Flashcard 2952: _____ shock may be caused by sepsis, anaphylaxis, or CNS injury (excessive vasodilation)

Answer: Distributive

Flashcard 2953: "Locked-in" syndrome is typically caused by stroke of the _____ artery

Answer: basilar

Flashcard 2954: Which electrolyte disturbance causes decreased DTRs, cardiac arrest, bradycardia, hypotension, and hypocalcemia? _____

Answer: High Mg2+ (hypermagnesemia)

Flashcard 2955: In red blood cells, lack of ATP impairs membrane integrity due to lack of cation transport, causing an _____ anemia

Answer: extravascular hemolytic

Flashcard 2956: Which chemotherapeutic drug is used in the treatment of lupus nephritis?_____

Answer: Mycophenolate mofetil

Flashcard 2957: The average age of presentation for lung cancer is _____ years old

Answer: 60

Flashcard 2958: Digital clubbing is often associated with prolonged _____

Answer: hypoxia

Flashcard 2959: In polycystic kidney disease, cysts are usually _____-lateral

Answer: bi

Flashcard 2960: _____ is a group of disorders of the renal tubules that lead to normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis

Answer: Renal tubular acidosis

Flashcard 2961: What does the E in JeNES criteria represent?_____

Answer: Erythema marginatum

Flashcard 2962: Should you start thyroid hormone replacement in a patient with euthyroid sick syndrome?_____

Answer: No*

Flashcard 2963: Traumatic vascular dissection is a relatively common cause of ischemic stroke in the young, affecting the _____ vessels

Answer: extracranial (intracranial or extracranial?)

Flashcard 2964: What enzyme may be elevated in hemolytic anemia (both extra- and intravascular)? _____

Answer: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Flashcard 2965: What is a worrisome sequelae of idiopathic intracranial hypertension if left untreated? _____

Answer: Vision loss

Flashcard 2966: Which type of nephrotic syndrome is most commonly seen in HIV patients?_____

Answer: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Flashcard 2967: Flares of Behcet syndrome last 1-4 _____

Answer: weeks

Flashcard 2968: A delayed, rumbling late diastolic murmur is indicative of what pathology? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Flashcard 2969: Which antibiotic is used in the empiric treatment of bacterial endocarditis?_____

Answer: Vancomycin

Flashcard 2970: Which thyroid imbalance presents with proximal muscle weakness and normal creatine kinase?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2971: What hematologic pathology is associated with increased risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: Sickle cell disease

Flashcard 2972: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased TSH (if 1*) and increased free T3 / T4?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 2973: Compensation for aortic stenosis leads to a prolonged _____ stage

Answer: asymptomatic

Flashcard 2974: What type of nephrotic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get? _____

Answer: Membranous nephropathy

Flashcard 2975: Which renal tubular defects (2) present similarly to hyperaldosteronism? _____

Answer: Liddle syndrome, Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Flashcard 2976: What is a cause of hyperthyroidism that often presents as a healthcare worker with a recent history of weight loss? _____

Answer: Factitious thyrotoxicosis (exogenous thyroid hormone)

Flashcard 2977: In asthma, the DLCO is _____

Answer: normal or increased

Flashcard 2978: What is the most common tumor that produces ectopic ACTH?_____

Answer: Small cell lung carcinoma

Flashcard 2979: Which Rickettsia spp. is characterized by a rash that starts at the extremities, spreading inwards to the trunk?_____

Answer: Rickettsia rickettsii

Flashcard 2980: What demographic should alert you to possible Rubella infection?_____

Answer: Patients w/o vaccinations (ie: immigrants, anti-vaxxers)

Flashcard 2981: What effect does the rapid squatting maneuver have on the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs?_____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Flashcard 2982: Does sickle cell anemia result in extravascular or intravascular hemolysis?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 2983: What is the likely cause of this murmur: _____

Answer: aortic stenosis

Flashcard 2984: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as _____ (> 1 cm)

Answer: ecchymoses

Flashcard 2985: If a patient with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome has increased ACTH secretion following a CRH stimulation test, the most likely cause of their syndrome is _____

Answer: Cushing disease

Flashcard 2986: Which neurocutaneous disorder is associated with cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules? _____

Answer: Neurofibromatosis I

Flashcard 2987: Is libido increased or decreased in patients with excess prolactin?_____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 2988: What demographic is associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus? _____

Answer: Young, sexually active women

Flashcard 2989: Do tension headaches cause throbbing or constant pain?_____

Answer: Constant/steady pain

Flashcard 2990: Bronchiectasis may cause digital _____

Answer: clubbing

Flashcard 2991: Late (chronic) lesions of rheumatic heart disease cause mitral _____

Answer: stenosis

Flashcard 2992: The abnormal heart sounds S3 and S4 are best heard at the heart _____, with the patient in left lateral decubitus position

Answer: apex

Flashcard 2993: Which renal tubular defect may be caused by ingestion of licorice? _____

Answer: Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Flashcard 2994: Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:17 Aortic, Sys Dias Mur, Sitting, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Combined Systolic and Diastolic Murmurs

Flashcard 2995: _____ hyperparathyroidism is refractory (autonomous) hyperparathyroidism resulting from chronic renal disease

Answer: Tertiary

Flashcard 2996: Cluster headaches are _____-lateral

Answer: uni

Flashcard 2997: What are the two main areas that experience hyperpigmentation due to Addison disease? _____

Answer: Skin and mucus membranes

Flashcard 2998: What is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?_____

Answer: Idiopathic (presumed viral)

Flashcard 2999: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____, which are skin lesions on the face resembling lupus

Answer: lupus pernio

Flashcard 3000: Polyarteritis nodosa associated with HBV can affect the vessels of the _____, resulting in HTN and decreased GFR

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 3001: Atelectasis (bronchial / bronchiole obstruction) presents with _____ breath sounds

Answer: decreased (increased or decreased)

Flashcard 3002: Dermatomyositis may present with a '_____', which is darkening / thickening of fingertips + sides of fingers + palm sides result in irregular, 'dirty' appearing marks

Answer: Mechanic's rash

Flashcard 3003: Chronic bronchitis is highly associated with _____ (risk factor)

Answer: smoking

Flashcard 3004: What is the prognosis of heritable pulmonary hypertension? _____

Answer: Poor prognosis

Flashcard 3005: What effect does the rapid squatting maneuver have on the "click" onset time of MVP murmurs?_____

Answer: Later onset of click/murmur

Flashcard 3006: What heart defect is associated with autosomal dominant PKD? _____

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Flashcard 3007: Which skin disorder is associated with facial flushing in response to external stimuli (e.g. alcohol, heat)?_____

Answer: Rosacea

Flashcard 3008: What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy (90%)? _____

Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy

Flashcard 3009: Brown-Sequard syndrome presents with _____-lateral loss of vibration, proprioception, and touch below the level of the lesion (due to dorsal column damage)

Answer: ipsi

Flashcard 3010: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Fluent speech2. Impaired comprehension3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Wernicke (receptive) aphasia

Flashcard 3011: Marfan syndrome is associated with a floppy _____ valve

Answer: mitral

Flashcard 3012: Disorders of fibrinolysis present with increased _____ (resembles DIC)

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 3013: Inspiration as a bedside maneuver may be used to increase the intensity of _____ heart sounds

Answer: right

Flashcard 3014: EBV is associated with _____, especially in AIDS patients

Answer: CNS lymphoma

Flashcard 3015: Lumbar puncture in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension reveals _____ opening pressure and provides headache relief

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3016: Which movement disorder presents as sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/- the leg on the same side? _____

Answer: Hemiballismus

Flashcard 3017: Are migraines associated with photo- and phonophobia? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3018: Chiari I malformation may present as paroxysmal occipital _____ and cerebellar symptoms

Answer: headaches

Flashcard 3019: The intravascular hemolysis caused by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria occurs episodically, often while _____

Answer: sleeping

Flashcard 3020: Disease of which organ system is most commonly associated with SIADH?_____

Answer: Pulmonary

Flashcard 3021: What type of heart valve does viridans streptococci infect? _____

Answer: Previously damaged valves (normal vs damaged)

Flashcard 3022: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____, which occurs as a result of increased release of hepcidin

Answer: anemia of chronic disease

Flashcard 3023: _____ seizures are characterized by alternating stiffening and movement

Answer: Tonic-clonic

Flashcard 3024: Compared to Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome is more _____ (severity)

Answer: mild

Flashcard 3025: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome presents with muscle weakness that _____ with muscle use

Answer: improves

Flashcard 3026: What ABO type is the universal donor of RBCs?_____

Answer: Type O

Flashcard 3027: Which stage of syphilis does cardiovascular involvement occur?_____

Answer: Tertiary stage

Flashcard 3028: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may present with a _____ murmur (systolic/diastolic)

Answer: systolic

Flashcard 3029: Which endocrine disorder presents with the physical features of Albright hereditary dystrophy but without the end-organ PTH resistance? _____

Answer: Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Flashcard 3030: Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Small Cell Lung Cancer

Flashcard 3031: What is the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) in early postrenal azotemia? _____

Answer: 2% or <1%?

Flashcard 3032: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:23 Pulm, Eject Sys Mur Single S2 Eject Click, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Ejection Systolic Murmur with Single S2 and Ejection Click

Flashcard 3033: Which form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) is also known as warm agglutinin disease? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 3034: What fungal infection is a feared complication in a diabetic ketoacidosis patient?_____

Answer: Mucormycosis (usually caused by Rhizopus infection)

Flashcard 3035: In the context of a metabolic acidosis; the delta-delta ratio to determine the presence of a secondary metabolic disorder = _____

Answer: (AG-12)/(24-[HCO3])

Flashcard 3036: Paragangliomas typically present _____

Answer: asymptomatically

Flashcard 3037: Does amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) damage upper or lower motoneurons?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 3038: Foot drop results in a "_____ gait"

Answer: steppage

Flashcard 3039: Which stage of Lyme disease can present with encephalopathy?_____

Answer: Stage 3

Flashcard 3040: What type of acidosis will a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis experience?_____

Answer: high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 3041: Which thyroid imbalance presents with weight loss and increased appetite?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3042: Patients with Buerger disease often experience _____ phenomenon

Answer: Raynaud's

Flashcard 3043: What type of disease prevention are vaccination and health promotion?_____

Answer: Primary

Flashcard 3044: What does the S in JeNES criteria represent?_____

Answer: Sydenham chorea

Flashcard 3045: Are Heberden and Bouchard nodes seen with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 3046: Haemophilus influenzae has a higher risk of infection in _____ patients

Answer: asplenic (specific)

Flashcard 3047: Thrombotic ischemic strokes commonly affect the _____ artery

Answer: middle cerebral

Flashcard 3048: What is the mode of inheritance of type IV familial dyslipidemia?_____

Answer: Autosomal dominant

Flashcard 3049: Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (very rare) have cholesterol levels of ~ _____ mg/dL

Answer: 700+

Flashcard 3050: Another type of secondary pulmonary hypertension may arise due to _____ causes, such as hematologic, systemic, and metabolic disorders

Answer: multifactorial

Flashcard 3051: What is the most common cancer?_____

Answer: Skin cancer

Flashcard 3052: NSAIDs may be contraindicated for patients with _____ insufficiency

Answer: renal

Flashcard 3053: _____ aphasia is caused by damage to the watershed areas around (but not including) Broca and Wernicke areas and the arcuate fasciculus

Answer: Transcortical mixed

Flashcard 3054: What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S.? _____

Answer: Diabetic glomerulonephropathy

Flashcard 3055: Pulmonary emboli are usually clinically silent as the embolus is usually _____ (size) and self-resolves

Answer: small

Flashcard 3056: What joint complication is associated with tabes dorsalis? _____

Answer: Charcot joint (especially knee)

Flashcard 3057: Does the rash for Rickettsia rickettsii have an immediate onset?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3058: How is a biopsy performed for a thyroid nodule? _____

Answer: Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

Flashcard 3059: _____ cardiomyopathy is characterized by massive ventricular hypertrophy, often with septal predominance

Answer: Hypertrophic

Flashcard 3060: Clinical features of Addison disease include hyponatremia, hypovolemia, and hyperkalemia, due to lack of _____

Answer: mineralocorticoids

Flashcard 3061: Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and Good syndrome can present as paraneoplastic syndromes associated with _____

Answer: Thymoma

Flashcard 3062: Sarcoidosis is often asymptomatic except for enlarged _____

Answer: lymph nodes

Flashcard 3063: _____itis is characterized by episodic chest pain that worsens with movement or changes in position; without warmth, swelling, erythema, or other cardiovascular / pulmonary signs or symptoms

Answer: Costochondr

Flashcard 3064: Hantavirus (sin nombre) results in capillary leak, causing hypotension and ultimately _____ failure

Answer: renal

Flashcard 3065: Treatment for aortic regurgitation is _____ before LV dysfunction develops

Answer: valve replacement

Flashcard 3066: _____ seizures are characterized by quick single or repetitive muscle jerks

Answer: Myoclonic

Flashcard 3067: What is commonly the cause of death in Friedreich ataxia? _____

Answer: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Flashcard 3068: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension may present with bilateral symmetric _____ on fundoscopy

Answer: papilledema

Flashcard 3069: Dopamine may be used as a pressor in the treatment of _____ refractory to other agents (e.g. norepinephrine)

Answer: shock

Flashcard 3070: UTI's are associated with _____ incontinence

Answer: urgency

Flashcard 3071: Which form of autommune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) is also known as cold agglutinin disease? _____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 3072: Death from hereditary angioedema is usually due to _____

Answer: Airway Swelling

Flashcard 3073: Which protozoal complication can present with dilated cardiomyopathy?_____

Answer: Chagas disease

Flashcard 3074: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension presents with an enlarged _____ and peripheral constriction on visual field testing

Answer: blind spot

Flashcard 3075: Chronic glucocorticoid use may cause Iatrogenic _____ syndrome

Answer: Cushing

Flashcard 3076: How do serum aldosterone levels change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 3077: Does a ventricular septal defect cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Holo-systolic

Flashcard 3078: Hereditary spherocytosis is a cause of microcytic or _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 3079: _____ is an STD characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes

Answer: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Flashcard 3080: Patients with subclavian steal syndrome present with vertebrobasilar insufficiency (dizziness, vertigo, _____ attacks)

Answer: drop

Flashcard 3081: Presenting symptoms of lung cancer are non-specific and include cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and post-obstructive _____

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 3082: What kidney complication may be associated with bacterial endocarditis?_____

Answer: Glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 3083: Does type I familial dyslipidemia cause an increased risk for atherosclerosis? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3084: _____ is characterized by degeneration of the macula

Answer: Age-related macular degeneration

Flashcard 3085: Is pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease usually at least partially reversible following correction of underlying abnormality?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3086: Which blistering skin disorder is characterized by a linear pattern on immunofluorescence? _____

Answer: Bullous pemphigoid

Flashcard 3087: S. bovis can produce subacute _____.

Answer: endocarditis

Flashcard 3088: von Willebrand disease presents with _____ platelet count

Answer: normal

Flashcard 3089: What musculoskeletal pathology is characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain that worsens with weather changes, psychological stress, or reduced sleep?_____

Answer: Fibromyalgia

Flashcard 3090: Organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of CMV _____

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 3091: Where is a murmur due to aortic regurgitation the loudest? _____

Answer: Left sternal border

Flashcard 3092: How do serum K+ levels change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 3093: Thyrotoxicosis can cause what form of cardiomyopathy?_____

Answer: Dilated

Flashcard 3094: _____ pupil is characterized by decreased bilateral pupillary constriction when light is shone in the affected eye relative to the unaffected eye

Answer: Marcus Gunn

Flashcard 3095: _____ is a toxic production of combustion; and poisoning is seen in firefighters, welders, and farm silo workers

Answer: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Flashcard 3096: What infectious disease is associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: HIV

Flashcard 3097: Cushing Syndrome and SIADH can present as paraneoplastic syndromes associated with _____

Answer: Small Cell Lung Cancer

Flashcard 3098: Are tension headaches associated with photo- and/or phonophobia? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3099: What is the treatment for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy? _____

Answer: Blood sugar control

Flashcard 3100: Bernard-Soulier syndrome presents with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3101: _____ aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Wernicke's area; Wernicke's area itself is spared

Answer: Transcortical sensory

Flashcard 3102: Berylliosis most commonly affects the _____ lobes of the lung

Answer: upper

Flashcard 3103: How does urinary excretion of Ca2+ change in Gitelman syndrome?_____

Answer: Decreased (hypocalciuria)

Flashcard 3104: Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with antibodies against antigens in _____

Answer: purkinje cells

Flashcard 3105: Do Graves ophthalmopathy symptoms often improve when you treat the hyperthyroidism?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3106: A murmur due to patent ductus arteriosus is loudest at which heart sound? _____

Answer: S2

Flashcard 3107: What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients? _____

Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

Flashcard 3108: What demographic is associated with primary spontaneous pneumothorax? _____

Answer: Tall, thin, young males

Flashcard 3109: _____ hypertension (5-10% of cases) is due to an identifiable etiology

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 3110: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have _____ urinary excretion of phosphate, calcium, and cAMP

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3111: What is the shape of a murmur due to aortic stenosis? _____

Answer: Crescendo-decrescendo

Flashcard 3112: A murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation may radiate to the _____

Answer: right sternal border

Flashcard 3113: Anemia due to underproduction may occur with chronic _____ disease, due to decreased production of EPO

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 3114: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:10 Apex, Sys Click Late Sys Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Systolic Click with Late Systolic Murmur

Flashcard 3115: One ECG change associated with cardiac tamponade is a _____ QRS complex

Answer: low-voltage

Flashcard 3116: Symptoms of atherosclerosis generally present when >_____% of a vessel has been occluded (stenosis)

Answer: 70

Flashcard 3117: On physical exam, many patients with inhalation injury have singed _____

Answer: nasal hairs

Flashcard 3118: _____ complications are the most common cause of death in patients with ALS

Answer: Respiratory

Flashcard 3119: Ketoconazole and spironolactone may be used to reduce androgenic symptoms in _____

Answer: PCOS

Flashcard 3120: The autoantibodies in ITP are produced by plasma cells in the _____

Answer: spleen

Flashcard 3121: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, classically involves the PIPs and MCP? _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 3122: What acid-base disturbance is associated with hypokalemia? _____

Answer: Alkalosis

Flashcard 3123: _____ aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Broca's area; Broca's area itself is spared

Answer: Transcortical motor

Flashcard 3124: Petechiae are a sign of thrombocytopenia and are not usually seen with _____ platelet disorders

Answer: qualitative

Flashcard 3125: Which classes of steroid hormones are decreased in secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?_____

Answer: Glucocorticoids +/- androgens

Flashcard 3126: What is the most common predisposing factor to mucormycosis?_____

Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis

Flashcard 3127: von Willebrand disease presents with _____ bleeding time

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3128: The major risk factor for sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma is _____

Answer: cigarette smoke

Flashcard 3129: Raynaud phenomenon may result in digital _____ due to critical ischemia

Answer: ulceration

Flashcard 3130: Which disease commonly presents with erythema chronicum migrans?_____

Answer: Lyme disease

Flashcard 3131: Hypofibrinogenemia is an inherited disorder that is often asymptomatic but may lead to abnormal _____

Answer: bleeding

Flashcard 3132: Which blood transfusion reaction presents with fever, headaches, chills, and flushing? _____

Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 3133: An early sign of ALS is atrophy and weakness of _____

Answer: hands

Flashcard 3134: Pneumothorax presents with _____ tactile fremitus on the affected side

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 3135: Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is rarely secondary to _____

Answer: Hodgkin lymphoma

Flashcard 3136: Which type of vertigo (peripheral or central) is more common? _____

Answer: Peripheral

Flashcard 3137: Which blood transfusion reaction presents with respiratory distress and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema? _____

Answer: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Flashcard 3138: The _____ phenomenon is a condition where a patient develops thyrotoxicosis after a period of being administered Iodine

Answer: Jod-Basedow

Flashcard 3139: Risk of atherosclerosis is increased in men and _____ women

Answer: postmenopausal

Flashcard 3140: Conservative treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension includes _____

Answer: weight loss

Flashcard 3141: Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis in HIV patients should be started at CD4 counts < _____ with TMP-SMX

Answer: 100

Flashcard 3142: Is the elevated PTT due to lupus anticoagulant correctable by addition of normal plasma? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3143: What is the treatment for Goodpasture syndrome? _____

Answer: Emergent plasmapheresis

Flashcard 3144: The most common cause of seizure in the elderly is typically _____

Answer: stroke

Flashcard 3145: _____ pneumonia is caused by chronic inflammation of bronchioles due to inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid) or medications (amiodarone).

Answer: Cryptogenic organizing

Flashcard 3146: What is the treatment for hypopituitarism?_____

Answer: Hormone replacement therapy

Flashcard 3147: Does Hashimoto thyroiditis present with a tender or nontender thyroid?_____

Answer: Nontender

Flashcard 3148: Turbulent flow in a blood vessel causes audible vibrations known as _____

Answer: bruits or murmurs (2)

Flashcard 3149: The cause of dilated cardiomyopathy is most commonly _____

Answer: idiopathic

Flashcard 3150: What is the most common cause of death in people > 65 years old? _____

Answer: Heart disease

Flashcard 3151: What type of goiter is associated with Graves disease?_____

Answer: Diffuse goiter

Flashcard 3152: A feared complication of severe thrombocytopenia is _____ bleeding

Answer: intracranial

Flashcard 3153: What is the most common cancer overall in the United States?_____

Answer: Skin cancer

Flashcard 3154: _____ is the most common chronic CNS disease of young adults

Answer: Multiple sclerosis

Flashcard 3155: What is the likely cause of this harsh-sounding murmur: _____

Answer: ventricular septal defect

Flashcard 3156: Pheochromocytoma is associated with the rule of _____:

Answer: 10s

Flashcard 3157: Pulmonary infarction due to PE may present with _____ chest pain and pleural effusion

Answer: pleuritic

Flashcard 3158: What is the treatment for a gas (air) embolus?_____

Answer: Hyperbaric O2

Flashcard 3159: How do levels of parathyroid hormone change in chronic renal disease? _____

Answer: Increased (secondary hyperparathyroidism)

Flashcard 3160: What malignancy is associated with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome?_____

Answer: Small cell lung cancer

Flashcard 3161: Hyperfiltration of the existing kidney in unilateral renal agenesis increases risk of _____ later in life

Answer: renal failure

Flashcard 3162: Exudative pleural effusions must be drained due to risk of _____

Answer: infection

Flashcard 3163: Vitamin D2/D3 are less useful than Calcitriol in the treatment of hypocalcemia due to hypo_____

Answer: parathyroidism

Flashcard 3164: Male breast cancer most commonly presents as a _____ mass in older males

Answer: subareolar

Flashcard 3165: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis may present with paranasal sinus abnormalities and skin nodules / palpable _____

Answer: purpura

Flashcard 3166: Which arthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing and osteophytes on imaging? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis

Flashcard 3167: Most common etiology of endocarditis from S. aureus: _____

Answer: IVDU

Flashcard 3168: Myocarditis is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in adults under _____ years old

Answer: 40

Flashcard 3169: Lung cancer often presents on CXR with a "_____-lesion" or on CT with a non-calcified nodule

Answer: coin

Flashcard 3170: How do serum Mg2+ levels change in Gitelman syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypomagnesemia)

Flashcard 3171: Which blood transfusion reaction can be caused by host antibodies against donor HLA antigens and donor WBCs? _____

Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 3172: One risk factor for cataracts is _____ sunlight

Answer: excessive

Flashcard 3173: Anemia may present with _____, especially with pre-existing coronary artery disease

Answer: angina

Flashcard 3174: Familial _____ is an inherited form a prion disease characterized by severe insomnia and an exaggerated startle response

Answer: fatal insomnia

Flashcard 3175: Multiple myeloma is associated with _____ serum protein

Answer: elevated

Flashcard 3176: Macrolides can be used to treat _____ caused by S. pneumonia, H. infuenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Answer: community aquired pneumonia

Flashcard 3177: _____ is a variant of hashimoto's that presents with transient hyperthyroidism followed sometimes by hypothyroidism

Answer: Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Flashcard 3178: Damage to watershed zones occurs with severe _____

Answer: hypotension

Flashcard 3179: Periductal mastitis is usually seen in _____

Answer: smokers

Flashcard 3180: Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic bacteria that causes cellulitis early in infection, further spreading and causing _____

Answer: osteomyelitis

Flashcard 3181: _____ vertigo is caused by a brain stem or cerebellar lesion (e.g. stroke affecting vestibular nuclei or posterior fossa tumor)

Answer: Central

Flashcard 3182: In patients with hypertension and what comorbidity should ACE inhibitors / ARBs become first line?_____

Answer: Hypertension with Diabetes Mellitus

Flashcard 3183: _____ cardiomyopathy is primarily characterized by decreased compliance of the ventricular endomyocardium

Answer: Restrictive

Flashcard 3184: Meningiomas are often asymptomatic but may present with _____ or focal neurologic signs

Answer: seizures

Flashcard 3185: A holosystolic high-pitched "blowing" murmur is indicative of what pathology? _____

Answer: mitral/tricuspid regurgitation

Flashcard 3186: What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly? _____

Answer: Alzheimer disease

Flashcard 3187: _____ cardiomyopathy is the dilation of all four chambers of the heart

Answer: Dilated

Flashcard 3188: _____ ischemic strokes are due to hypoperfusion or hypoxemia; common during cardiovascular surgeries

Answer: Hypoxic

Flashcard 3189: Which form of diabetes mellitus is characterized by weight loss?_____

Answer: Type 1 Diabetes

Flashcard 3190: _____ infection with dengue fever is asymptomatic or self-limited

Answer: Primary

Flashcard 3191: Does rheumatoid arthritis present with systemic symptoms (e.g. fever, fatigue)? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3192: What is the most common coagulation factor inhibitor?_____

Answer: Anti-Factor VIII

Flashcard 3193: Hypopituitarism may be caused by _____ syndrome, which may occur due to trauma or congenital defect of the sella

Answer: empty sella

Flashcard 3194: Is bullous pemphigoid associated with a positive Nikolsky sign (separation of epidermis with manual stroking of skin)? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3195: What ABO type is the universal recipient of plasma?_____

Answer: Type O

Flashcard 3196: What is a possible complication of increased Ca2+ in the urine (e.g. due to primary hyperparathyroidism)? _____

Answer: Calcium-oxalate kidney stones

Flashcard 3197: Eisenmenger Syndrome leads to a decreased O2 saturation in the _____

Answer: LV

Flashcard 3198: Patients with subclavian steal syndrome may present with arm ischemia in the affected artery upon _____ or lifting the arm above the head

Answer: exercise

Flashcard 3199: Do upper motoneuron lesions typically present with atrophy? _____

Answer: No*

Flashcard 3200: What is the serum level of phosphate in primary hyperparathyroidism?_____

Answer: Decreased (hypophosphatemia)

Flashcard 3201: Glucocorticoids are useful in treating _____ insufficiency, which may progress to circulatory shock, hypoglycemia, and death

Answer: adrenal

Flashcard 3202: Scleroderma may present with fingertip _____

Answer: pitting

Flashcard 3203: Does secondary adrenal insufficiency present with skin/mucosal hyperpigmentation?_____

Answer: No, because ACTH levels are decreased

Flashcard 3204: Which thyroid imbalance presents with lid lag / retraction?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3205: Which blood transfusion reaction is a reaction against plasma proteins in transfused blood? _____

Answer: Allergic/anaphylactic reaction

Flashcard 3206: Do patients with Leukemia typically present with decreased, normal, or increased circulating WBCs?_____

Answer: Usually increased

Flashcard 3207: What sounds (2) may be heard on respiratory exam in a patient with chronic bronchitis? _____

Answer: Wheezing, crackles

Flashcard 3208: Parkinson disease is a common disorder related to _____ (risk factor)

Answer: aging

Flashcard 3209: _____ is a regional cerebral ischemia that results in focal neurologic deficits lasting < 24 hours (majority resolve in < 15 minutes)

Answer: Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Flashcard 3210: Empty sella syndrome is associated with _____ hypertension

Answer: idiopathic intracranial

Flashcard 3211: What is the most common symptom of bacterial endocarditis? _____

Answer: Fever

Flashcard 3212: ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in bilateral _____

Answer: renal artery stenosis

Flashcard 3213: _____ anemia may be induced by radiation and drugs (e.g. benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylation agents, antimetabolites)

Answer: Aplastic

Flashcard 3214: Which thyroid imbalance presents with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3215: The most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism is _____

Answer: bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

Flashcard 3216: Which antibody is sensitive, but not specific for SLE? _____

Answer: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

Flashcard 3217: The first line treatment for hypercholesterolemia (LDL) is with lifestyle modification and _____

Answer: statins

Flashcard 3218: How do levels of plasma renin change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 3219: What is the shape of a murmur due to aortic regurgitation? _____

Answer: Early decrescendo

Flashcard 3220: SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the head, resulting in "facial _____"

Answer: plethora

Flashcard 3221: What type of pneumonia is typically caused by Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella and viruses (RSV, CMV, influenza, adenovirus)? _____

Answer: Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia

Flashcard 3222: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs?_____

Answer: Increased intensity

Flashcard 3223: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from stenosis of the popliteal artery

Answer: peripheral vascular disease

Flashcard 3224: Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:08 Apex, Late Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Late Systolic Murmur

Flashcard 3225: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory _____

Answer: crackles

Flashcard 3226: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis often presents with kidney-related symptoms, such as _____, red cell casts, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer: hematuria

Flashcard 3227: In the treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia State, aggressive _____tonic saline fluids are indicated

Answer: iso

Flashcard 3228: _____ may present with a "shawl and face" rash

Answer: Dermatomyositis

Flashcard 3229: What are the top two causes of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patients? _____

Answer: Salmonella (#1) and S. aureus

Flashcard 3230: The most common cause of Addison disease in the developing world is _____

Answer: tuberculosis

Flashcard 3231: Myocarditis can be caused by the venom of the _____

Answer: black widow

Flashcard 3232: Apex (Supine; Bell):Identify:[sound:06 Apex, Early Sys Mur, Supine, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Early Systolic Murmur

Flashcard 3233: The massive onset of hyperuricemia in Tumor Lysis Syndrome can lead to _____

Answer: acute renal failure

Flashcard 3234: Does osteoarthritis present with symmetric or asymmetric joint involvement? _____

Answer: Asymmetric

Flashcard 3235: What is the second most common heart valve affected by rheumatic heart disease?_____

Answer: Aortic valve

Flashcard 3236: Is serum creatinine usually elevated in unilateral hydronephrosis?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3237: Serotonin syndrome is associated with _____-reflexia

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 3238: _____ is a regional cerebral ischemia that results in focal neurologic deficits lasting > 24 hours

Answer: Ischemic stroke

Flashcard 3239: SLE may be associated with _____ antibodies (e.g. anticardiolipid, lupus anticoagulant)

Answer: antiphospholipid

Flashcard 3240: Mitral regurgitation may be caused by left ventricle _____

Answer: dilatation

Flashcard 3241: Early diagnosis and treatment of strep throat _____ prevent rheumatic fever

Answer: can (can/cannot)

Flashcard 3242: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased reflexes?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3243: How do serum K+ levels change in Bartter syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 3244: Raynaud phenomenon is called Raynaud _____ when it is secondary (e.g. mixed connective tissue disease, SLE, CREST)

Answer: syndrome

Flashcard 3245: G6PD deficiency is a cause of _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 3246: Alkaptonuria is usually benign but may present with debilitating _____

Answer: arthralgias

Flashcard 3247: The imaging test of choice for deep venous thrombosis is _____

Answer: compression ultrasound

Flashcard 3248: Which type of macular degeneration (dry or wet) is more common (>80%)? _____

Answer: Dry (nonexudative)

Flashcard 3249: What effect does the hand grip maneuver have on the "click" onset time of MVP murmurs?_____

Answer: Later onset of click/murmur

Flashcard 3250: What demographic is most commonly associated with triple negative breast cancer? _____

Answer: African American women

Flashcard 3251: _____ is the imaging test of choice for pulmonary embolism

Answer: Spiral CT (CT pulmonary angiography)

Flashcard 3252: Does normal pressure hydrocephalus result in increased subarachnoid space volume?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3253: _____ syndrome is characterized by agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

Answer: Gerstmann

Flashcard 3254: _____ headaches are characterized by repetitive, brief headaches that occur seasonally

Answer: Cluster

Flashcard 3255: Acute interstitial nephritis is less commonly secondary to _____ diseases (e.g. Sjogren syndrome, SLE, sarcoidosis)

Answer: autoimmune

Flashcard 3256: _____ lymphoma typically presents in adults with confusion, memory loss, and seizures (variable presentation)

Answer: Primary CNS

Flashcard 3257: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:20 Pulm, Spilt S2 Transient, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Split S2 Transient

Flashcard 3258: Organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of pneumonia from which herpesvirus?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 3259: Patients with long standing COPD who are administered excessive oxygen can develop _____

Answer: hypercapnia

Flashcard 3260: Which blood transfusion reaction is caused by donor anti-leukocyte antibodies against recipient neutrophils and pulmonary endothelial cells? _____

Answer: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

Flashcard 3261: What is the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) in acute tubular necrosis? _____

Answer: < 350 mOsm/kg (low)

Flashcard 3262: Growth hormone cell adenoma may be diagnosed by lack of GH _____ by oral glucose

Answer: suppression

Flashcard 3263: Penicillin V or G are treatments for Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) _____ (heart)

Answer: rheumatic fever

Flashcard 3264: In addition to hematuria, renal papillary necrosis may also present with _____-uria

Answer: protein

Flashcard 3265: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) most commonly arises in _____

Answer: older adults (median onset 65 years)

Flashcard 3266: What is the treatment for Bartonella henselae in the immuno-competent (cat scratch disease)?_____

Answer: Azithromycin

Flashcard 3267: Conduction aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension (intact or impaired)

Answer: intact

Flashcard 3268: How does Dengue fever affect bleeding time?_____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 3269: Which sex chromosome disorder is associated with gynecomastia, female hair distribution, tall/long extremities and eunuchoid body shape in a male? _____

Answer: Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)

Flashcard 3270: Which blood transfusion reaction presents with fever, hypotension, tachypnea, hemoglobinuria*, and jaundice? _____

Answer: Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 3271: Patients with the AB blood type cannot receive which blood types?_____

Answer: None

Flashcard 3272: The major risk factor for osteoarthritis is _____; additional risk factors include obesity, joint trauma, and female gender

Answer: age (> 60)

Flashcard 3273: Primary hyperparathyroidism may lead to CNS disturbances, such as _____ and seizures

Answer: depression

Flashcard 3274: "Broken Heart Syndrome" is also known as _____

Answer: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Flashcard 3275: Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is treated with _____ as it does not respond to antibiotics.

Answer: steroids

Flashcard 3276: Cauda equina syndrome is commonly due to epidural cord compression from a _____

Answer: malignancy

Flashcard 3277: A murmur due to mitral valve prolapse is loudest just before which heart sound? _____

Answer: S2

Flashcard 3278: What effect does the hand grip maneuver have on the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs?_____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Flashcard 3279: Bacterial endocarditis requires multiple _____ cultures for diagnosis

Answer: blood

Flashcard 3280: Do lower motoneuron lesions present with atrophy? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3281: Lobular carcinoma in situ is treated with _____ to reduce risk of subsequent carcinoma

Answer: anti-estrogenic drugs (e.g. tamoxifen)

Flashcard 3282: Autosomal dominant PKD may present in young adults as worsening renal failure and _____-uria

Answer: hemat

Flashcard 3283: Sargramostim can be used for rebuilding the bone marrow in patients who have _____

Answer: aplastic anemia

Flashcard 3284: Broca (expressive) aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: nonfluent

Flashcard 3285: In early postrenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: >

Flashcard 3286: What is the most common type of anemia? _____

Answer: Iron deficiency anemia

Flashcard 3287: Which classes of steroid hormones are increased in Cushing syndrome/disease?_____

Answer: glucocorticoids (cortisol) +/- androgens

Flashcard 3288: Sarcoidosis is associated with _____, a type of facial paralysis

Answer: Bell palsy

Flashcard 3289: Which electrolyte disturbance causes U waves and flattened T waves on ECG? _____

Answer: Low K+ (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 3290: IV regular insulin is useful in the management of _____ (K+ levels)

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 3291: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____, which are round, white spots on the retina surrounded by hemorrhage

Answer: Roth spots

Flashcard 3292: Cluster headaches are associated with excruciating _____ pain

Answer: periorbital (location)

Flashcard 3293: Cluster headaches may present with _____ syndrome

Answer: Horner

Flashcard 3294: Lyme disease consists of _____ stages

Answer: 3

Flashcard 3295: What is the treatment (2) for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Immunotherapy or targeted therapy

Flashcard 3296: What demographic is classically affected by Takayasu arteritis? _____

Answer: young Asian females (< 40)

Flashcard 3297: How long does it take for constrictive pericarditis to occur?_____

Answer: Several weeks to months

Flashcard 3298: Embolic ischemic strokes commonly affect the _____ artery

Answer: middle cerebral

Flashcard 3299: Most pulmonary emboli arise via a thromboembolus from the _____ deep veins of the lower extremity

Answer: proximal

Flashcard 3300: Delirium tremens classically occurs in a _____ setting

Answer: hospital

Flashcard 3301: Are steroids useful in the management of Guillain-Barre syndrome? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3302: Clinical features of emphysema include dyspnea and cough with _____ sputum production (quantity)

Answer: minimal

Flashcard 3303: Physical activity / exercise, inadequate food intake, excessive insulin dose can precipitate _____glycemia in patients with insulin treated diabetes

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 3304: Which autoimmune disease classically presents with puffy, taut skin without wrinkles? _____

Answer: Scleroderma

Flashcard 3305: What hormone may be produced by hemangioblastomas? _____

Answer: Erythropoietin

Flashcard 3306: One ECG change associated with cardiac tamponade is _____, which occurs due to "swinging" movement of the heart in a large effusion

Answer: electrical alternans

Flashcard 3307: Patients with HbSC (1 of each mutant gene) have _____ disease (severity) than HbSS patients

Answer: milder

Flashcard 3308: Adults with chickenpox are at a greater risk of developing _____ (respiratory complication)

Answer: pneumonia

Flashcard 3309: Aortic regurgitation arises due to aortic root dilation (e.g. syphilitic aneurysm, aortic dissection) or _____ (e.g. infectious endocarditis)

Answer: valve damage

Flashcard 3310: In atelectasis, the trachea may deviate _____ the side of the lesion

Answer: towards

Flashcard 3311: Open-angle glaucoma is associated with _____ age

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3312: Does untreated diabetes nephropathy stay at a nephrotic syndrome or can it progress to a nephritic syndrome? _____

Answer: Nephritic syndrome

Flashcard 3313: Patients with late diabetic neuropathy have widespread loss of reflexes with motor _____

Answer: weakness

Flashcard 3314: Partial seizures most commonly originate in the _____ lobe

Answer: medial temporal

Flashcard 3315: Hemoglobin C disease is a cause of _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: normocytic

Flashcard 3316: What is the treatment for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome? _____

Answer: Intense IV fluids and insulin therapy

Flashcard 3317: What CD4+ cell count is associated with CMV retinitis in HIV patients?_____

Answer: < 50 cells/mm3

Flashcard 3318: Which thyroid imbalance presents with decreased heat production (cold intolerance) and decreased sweating?_____

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3319: Myelofibrosis causes increased risk of infection, thrombosis, and bleeding due to _____

Answer: pancytopenia

Flashcard 3320: Where is a murmur due to tricuspid regurgitation the loudest? _____

Answer: Tricuspid area

Flashcard 3321: _____ are benign and often pedunculated outgrowths of normal skin

Answer: Acrochordons

Flashcard 3322: What is the difference in PTH levels in hypoparathyroidism versus pseudohypoparathyroidism?_____

Answer: PTH levels are elevated in pseudohypoparathyroidism due to stimulation by hypocalcemia

Flashcard 3323: Which aneurysm, true ventricular aneurysm or pseudo-aneurysm, is more likely to rupture? _____

Answer: Pseudo-aneurysm

Flashcard 3324: _____ is a Rickettsial disease that presents with a rashthat typically starts at the wrists and ankles and then spreads to the trunk, palms and soles.

Answer: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Flashcard 3325: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease is associated with an inability to _____ urine

Answer: concentrate

Flashcard 3326: Atelectasis (bronchial / bronchiole obstruction) presents with _____ fremitus

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 3327: Bronchopneumonia is often multifocal and _____ (uni- or bilateral)

Answer: bilateral

Flashcard 3328: Kartagener syndrome results in decreased male and female _____

Answer: fertility

Flashcard 3329: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____ in the nail bed

Answer: splinter hemorrhages

Flashcard 3330: Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:16 Aortic, Early Dias Mur, Sitting, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Early Diastolic Murmur

Flashcard 3331: Benign prostatic hyperplasia may present with microscopic _____

Answer: hematuria

Flashcard 3332: _____ is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children and adults

Answer: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Flashcard 3333: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyponatremia?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3334: Which renal tubular acidosis may be caused by analgesis nephropathy?_____

Answer: Distal RTA (type 1)

Flashcard 3335: The first stage of acute tubular necrosis is the _____

Answer: inciting event

Flashcard 3336: _____ is a neurologic complication of tertiary syphilis

Answer: Tabes dorsalis

Flashcard 3337: Cavernous sinus syndrome may be seen secondary to _____ tumor mass effect

Answer: pituitary

Flashcard 3338: Which obstructive lung disease may be caused by Kartagener syndrome? _____

Answer: Bronchiectasis

Flashcard 3339: One complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is autoimmune _____ due to high concentrations of cold agglutinins (IgM)

Answer: hemolytic anemia

Flashcard 3340: What is the treatment for sarcoidosis? _____

Answer: Steroids (if symptomatic)

Flashcard 3341: Conduction aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: fluent

Flashcard 3342: Adults with chickenpox are at a greater risk of developing _____ (CNS complication)

Answer: encephalitis

Flashcard 3343: IV nitroglycerine can be used in the treatment of hypertensive _____

Answer: emergency

Flashcard 3344: Which blood transfusion reaction presents with urticaria, pruritus, hypotension, and shock? _____

Answer: Allergic/anaphylactic reaction

Flashcard 3345: Conditions that increase red blood cell turnover can cause falsely _____ HbA1c in patients with diabetes mellitus

Answer: low

Flashcard 3346: What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in elderly males? _____

Answer: Atherosclerosis

Flashcard 3347: Diabetic ketocidosis often arises with _____ (e.g. infection)

Answer: stress

Flashcard 3348: Which thyroid disorder is associated with high concentrations of Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)?_____

Answer: Graves disease

Flashcard 3349: While lightning injuries are rare, the most common cause of death is an _____

Answer: arrhythmia

Flashcard 3350: What cardiac pathology is a consequence of uremia (renal failure)? _____

Answer: Pericarditis

Flashcard 3351: What is the differential diagnosis(2) in a Cushing syndrome patient with suppressed ACTH?_____

Answer: 1. Exogenous glucocorticoids 2. Adrenal adenoma (or carcinoma, hyperplasia)

Flashcard 3352: Transcortical motor aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition (intact or impaired)

Answer: intact

Flashcard 3353: Which cause of pneumonia can cause a high fever with watery diarrhea in a smoker?_____

Answer: Legionnaires' disease

Flashcard 3354: -blockers are useful in the management of chronic, stable _____

Answer: angina

Flashcard 3355: Hypocalcemia in chronic renal disease is caused, in part, by decreased _____ of vitamin D

Answer: 1--hydroxylation

Flashcard 3356: One complication associated with lung cancer is _____, which can lead to obstructive shock

Answer: pericardial effusion

Flashcard 3357: What cardiac complication do Kawasaki disease, sarcoidosis, SLE, and poly/dermatomyositis share?_____

Answer: Myocarditis

Flashcard 3358: Chronic renal disease is characterized by _____-calcemia

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 3359: Familial cases of Alzheimer disease (10%) are characterized by an _____ age of onset (relative to sporadic cases)

Answer: earlier

Flashcard 3360: What is the treatment for Ewing sarcoma?_____

Answer: Chemotherapy

Flashcard 3361: Do disorders of fibrinolysis present with elevated D-dimers? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3362: What ethnicities are more commonly affected by SLE? _____

Answer: African Americans and Hispanics

Flashcard 3363: MEN _____ is associated with parathyroid hyperplasia

Answer: 2A

Flashcard 3364: Which flavivirus commonly presents with retro-orbital pain?_____

Answer: Dengue fever

Flashcard 3365: Acute rheumatic fever attack usually resolves, but may progress to _____ disease

Answer: chronic rheumatic heart

Flashcard 3366: How do levels of plasma renin and aldosterone change in Bartter syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (due to decreased Na+ reabsorption)

Flashcard 3367: Atelectasis (bronchial / bronchiole obstruction) presents with _____ to percussion

Answer: dullness

Flashcard 3368: Damage to the internal border zone results in bilateral _____ weakness

Answer: proximal extremity

Flashcard 3369: Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis presents with _____ progressive multifocal neurologic symptoms and altered mental status

Answer: rapidly

Flashcard 3370: What manifestation of Herpes Zoster (shingles) affects the Trigeminal nerve?_____

Answer: Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Flashcard 3371: _____ sleep apnea is caused by respiratory effort against an airway obstruction

Answer: Obstructive

Flashcard 3372: Patients with spinal shock may develop autonomic dysreflexia in those with spinal cord injuries typically above _____

Answer: T6

Flashcard 3373: Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents as hemolytic anemia _____ Heinz bodies (with or without)

Answer: without

Flashcard 3374: Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension (intact or impaired)

Answer: impaired

Flashcard 3375: In addition to treatment of acromegaly, cabergoline and bromocriptine (D2 receptor agonists) may be useful in the treatment of hyper-_____

Answer: prolactinemia (e.g. prolactinoma)

Flashcard 3376: Is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?_____

Answer: Can be either or both

Flashcard 3377: Which electrolyte disturbance causes irritability, stupor, coma? _____

Answer: High Na+ (hypernatremia)

Flashcard 3378: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:21 Pulm, Eject Sys Mur Trans Split S2, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Ejection Systolic Murmur with Transient Splitting S2

Flashcard 3379: Staphylococcus epidermidis is known to infect prosthetic devices ex: _____

Answer: prosthetic joints, indwelling urinary catheters, prosthetic heart valves (3)

Flashcard 3380: Anthracyclines are used to treat _____ blood cell neoplasias

Answer: white

Flashcard 3381: Secondary closed-angle glaucoma is caused by _____ from retinal disease, which induces vasoproliferation in the iris that contracts the angle (e.g. diabetes mellitus, vein occlusion)

Answer: hypoxia

Flashcard 3382: _____ support is critical until recovery for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome

Answer: Respiratory

Flashcard 3383: Pulmonary infarction due to PE may present with hemoptysis and sudden-onset _____ and chest pain

Answer: dyspnea

Flashcard 3384: The hypercalcemia seen in patients with Lymphoma is mediated by _____

Answer: Calcitriol

Flashcard 3385: Migraines are _____-lateral

Answer: uni

Flashcard 3386: What is the treatment for 21-hydroxylase deficiency?_____

Answer: Replacement therapy of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Flashcard 3387: Appropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ EPO

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3388: A murmur with a midsystolic click is indicative of what pathology? _____

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Flashcard 3389: Testing for _____ expression guides immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell carcinomas of the lung

Answer: PD-L1

Flashcard 3390: Transcortical mixed aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: nonfluent

Flashcard 3391: _____ infection with dengue fever is associated with severe illness

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 3392: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Nonfluent speech2. Intact comprehension3. Impaired repetition

Answer: Broca (expressive) aphasia

Flashcard 3393: In the setting of lung cancer / mesothelioma, Bleomycin can be used to prevent recurrent _____

Answer: pleural effusions

Flashcard 3394: Acute interstitial nephritis is less commonly secondary to systemic _____ (e.g. mycoplasma)

Answer: infections

Flashcard 3395: "Locked in" syndrome presents with _____ and loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movements

Answer: quadriplegia

Flashcard 3396: Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain) is a self-limited disease often following _____

Answer: viral infection

Flashcard 3397: PSGN may present with _____ (BP)

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 3398: Barbiturate withdrawal may present with delirium and life-threatening _____ collapse

Answer: cardiovascular

Flashcard 3399: What is the most common symptom of pulmonary embolus? _____

Answer: Most often clinically silent

Flashcard 3400: What is the likely cause of this murmur: _____

Answer: aortic regurgitation

Flashcard 3401: Trochanteric bursitis is often seen more in _____

Answer: women (which sex?)

Flashcard 3402: What is the most effective preventative intervention in almost all patients in reducing mortality risk?_____

Answer: Smoking cessation

Flashcard 3403: Increased risk of lung cancer is seen in _____ miners, due to increased exposure to radon

Answer: uranium

Flashcard 3404: Ca2+ channel blockers may be used to treat _____ if -blockers/nitrates have not worked or are contraindicated

Answer: stable angina

Flashcard 3405: Treatment of DIC includes transfusion of blood products and _____ as needed

Answer: cryoprecipitate

Flashcard 3406: Acromegaly may cause growth of visceral _____, leading to dysfunction

Answer: organs

Flashcard 3407: Do patients with dorsal column lesions sway with their eyes open or closed? _____

Answer: Closed (Romberg sign)

Flashcard 3408: CML is distinguished from a leukemoid reaction (benign neutrophilia) by presence of increased _____

Answer: basophils

Flashcard 3409: One complication of acute pyelonephritis is perinephric _____

Answer: abscess

Flashcard 3410: Delirium tremens is characterized by autonomic _____-activity

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 3411: What is the treatment for rapid reversal of rat poison ingestion?_____

Answer: Fresh frozen plasma

Flashcard 3412: Sarcoidosis is associated with elevated serum levels of the enzyme _____

Answer: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (lung)

Flashcard 3413: Cardiac tamponade leads to equilibration of _____ pressures in all 4 chambers

Answer: diastolic

Flashcard 3414: 1-2% of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of underdetermined significance (MGUS) develop _____ per year

Answer: multiple myeloma

Flashcard 3415: What movements (2) are still possible in patients with 'locked in' syndrome?_____

Answer: Vertical eye movement, Blinking

Flashcard 3416: What demographic is classically associated with primary pulmonary hypertension? _____

Answer: Young adult females

Flashcard 3417: What mineral deficiency can cause sideroblastic anemia?_____

Answer: Copper deficiency (not vitamin)

Flashcard 3418: What cancer is associated with IgG-mediated immune hemolytic anemia?_____

Answer: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Flashcard 3419: Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by _____ ferritin

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3420: What is the last resort treatment for IgG-mediated hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Splenectomy

Flashcard 3421: Does rheumatoid arthritis present with symmetric or asymmetric joint involvement? _____

Answer: Symmetric

Flashcard 3422: Which two vasculitides are associated with positive serum p-ANCA? _____

Answer: Churg-Strauss syndrome and Microscopic polyangiitis

Flashcard 3423: Which thyroid imbalance presents with hyperactivity, restlessness, and insomnia?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3424: What is the most common type of functional pituitary adenoma? _____

Answer: Prolactinoma

Flashcard 3425: Which three organs or diseases are involved in MEN 2A?_____

Answer: parathyroid, thyroid (medullary carcinoma) and pheochromocytomas

Flashcard 3426: Retinal detachment eventually results in monocular loss of vision like a "_____"

Answer: curtain drawn down

Flashcard 3427: A diet high in _____ may increase risk for prostate adenocarcnioma

Answer: saturated fat

Flashcard 3428: Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by elevated levels of ADH?_____

Answer: nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Flashcard 3429: What form of hydrocephalus is a reversible cause of dementia? _____

Answer: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Flashcard 3430: The rash from Rickettsia rickettsii is distinctly different from that of Rickettsia prowazekii in that _____

Answer: this rash begins at the extremities and moves towards the trunk

Flashcard 3431: What renal tubular defect may be caused by ischemia, multiple myeloma, or lead poisoning? _____

Answer: Fanconi syndrome

Flashcard 3432: Are focal neurologic deficits seen in early Alzheimer disease? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3433: _____ is the inability of the adrenal glands to generate enough glucocorticoids +/- mineralocorticoids

Answer: Adrenal insufficiency

Flashcard 3434: Conduction aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition (intact or impaired)

Answer: impaired

Flashcard 3435: _____ is a Rickettsial disorder caused by Coxiella burnetti that presents as pneumonia.

Answer: Q Fever

Flashcard 3436: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Bartter syndrome? _____

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 3437: Does the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis present with oliguria or polyuria? _____

Answer: Polyuria

Flashcard 3438: What is the treatment for obstructive shock? _____

Answer: Relieve obstruction

Flashcard 3439: Nitrates may be used to treat _____ angina, which is characterized by vasospasm

Answer: Prinzmetal

Flashcard 3440: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is associated with elevated serum _____

Answer: LDH

Flashcard 3441: SLE is characterized by _____ levels of C3 and C4

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 3442: What demographic of people are at risk for Tinea (ringworm) infections?_____

Answer: Athletes

Flashcard 3443: Combined contraceptives are contraindicated in patients with increased risk for _____ disease

Answer: cardiovascular

Flashcard 3444: Empty sella syndrome occurs due to atrophy or compression, and ultimately destruction of the _____ gland

Answer: pituitary

Flashcard 3445: Bartonella spp. is one of the most common causes of _____ (heart complication)

Answer: culture-negative endocarditis

Flashcard 3446: Are migraines associated with auras? _____

Answer: Yes (~20%)

Flashcard 3447: Acromegaly is characterized by a large _____ with deep furrows and a deep voice

Answer: tongue

Flashcard 3448: What demographic is more commonly affected by empty sella syndrome? _____

Answer: Obese women

Flashcard 3449: Lung cancer is the most common cause of metastasis to the _____

Answer: brain

Flashcard 3450: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy is the most common subtype of _____ syndrome

Answer: Guillain-Barre

Flashcard 3451: _____ is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Flashcard 3452: Vitamin D resistance most commonly occurs due to _____

Answer: chronic renal failure

Flashcard 3453: Where is a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse the loudest? _____

Answer: Apex (mitral area)

Flashcard 3454: Identify:[sound:02 Apex, Split S1, Supine, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Split S1

Flashcard 3455: Which antibodies (2) are specific, but not sensitive for SLE? _____

Answer: anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith antibodies

Flashcard 3456: What demographic is associated with hairy cell leukemia? _____

Answer: Adult males (age/gender)

Flashcard 3457: Chronic alcohol abuse increases risk for _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: dilated

Flashcard 3458: Will restoration of blood flow to "hibernating" myocardium improve contractility and LV function?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3459: Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) cause _____ rash and fever

Answer: petechial

Flashcard 3460: Patients with nephrotic syndrome are especially vulnerable to _____ infections

Answer: pneumococcal

Flashcard 3461: Obesity hypoventilation (Pickwickian) syndrome is characterized by _____ Paco2 during waking hours

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3462: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presents with _____ ICP

Answer: normal

Flashcard 3463: The most common cause of Addison disease in the West is _____

Answer: autoimmune destruction

Flashcard 3464: Statin therapy may be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in high-risk _____

Answer: diabetics

Flashcard 3465: One possible cause of hypopituitarism in adults is _____ (due to mass effect)

Answer: pituitary adenoma

Flashcard 3466: Which artery is commonly affected in Kawasaki disease?_____

Answer: Coronary artery

Flashcard 3467: What ethnicity has the lowest risk of developing hypertension?_____

Answer: Asians

Flashcard 3468: What sensory deficits (2) are associated with anterior spinal artery occlusion? _____

Answer: Loss of pain and temperature

Flashcard 3469: What pathology is associated with fixed splitting?_____

Answer: Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Flashcard 3470: Aortic _____ is associated with "Pulsus parvus et tardus", meaning pulses are weak with a delayed peak

Answer: stenosis

Flashcard 3471: Pulmonary _____ may arise with chronic emboli that are reorganized over time

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 3472: Which cardiac tumor often causes systemic / constitutional symptoms (fevers, chills, sweats)?_____

Answer: Myxoma

Flashcard 3473: What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?_____

Answer: Graves disease

Flashcard 3474: What is the treatment of West nile virus?_____

Answer: Supportive

Flashcard 3475: Nitrates may provide symptomatic relief of chronic, stable _____

Answer: angina

Flashcard 3476: Primary CNS lymphoma is most commonly seen in patients with _____

Answer: AIDS (disease)

Flashcard 3477: One sign of hyperlipidemia is _____, which are lipid deposits in the cornea

Answer: corneal arcus

Flashcard 3478: Which type of aphasia is characterized by the following: _____1. Fluent speech2. Impaired comprehension3. Intact repetition

Answer: Transcortical sensory aphasia

Flashcard 3479: What effect may chronic bronchitis secondarily have on RBC levels? _____

Answer: Increased (polycythemia)

Flashcard 3480: What is the most common heart valve affected by rheumatic heart disease?_____

Answer: Mitral valve

Flashcard 3481: What diabetes complication can be treated with TCAs? _____

Answer: Diabetic neuropathy

Flashcard 3482: Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome are partially or totally relieved by _____

Answer: movement

Flashcard 3483: Does type III familial dyslipidemia cause an increased risk for atherosclerosis? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3484: A bifid carotid pulse with a brisk upstroke is characteristic of _____

Answer: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Flashcard 3485: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:13 Apex, OS Dias Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Mitral Opening Snap and Diastolic Murmur

Flashcard 3486: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased reflexes?_____

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3487: Are the MLF lesions seen with multiple sclerosis classically uni- or bilateral? _____

Answer: Bilateral

Flashcard 3488: Patients with the A blood type cannot receive which blood types?_____

Answer:

Flashcard 3489: What is the most common type of arthritis? _____

Answer: Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

Flashcard 3490: What type of cardiomyopathy is caused by mutated transthyretin deposits (familial amyloid cardiomyopathy)? _____

Answer: Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Flashcard 3491: Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____ in adults

Answer: Small Cell Lung Cancer

Flashcard 3492: _____ is the insufficient production of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer: Hypopituitarism

Flashcard 3493: Radioactive (I131) Iodine is a last resort treatment of Hyperthyroidism / Graves' disease that works by _____ the Thyroid

Answer: ablating

Flashcard 3494: What is a classic finding of pulmonary anthrax on CXR?_____

Answer: Widening of the mediastinum

Flashcard 3495: What is the next step if a coin-lesion is identified in a patient on CXR? _____

Answer: Review previous CXRs and compare

Flashcard 3496: Which blood transfusion reaction can be caused by cytokines which are created and accumulate during the storage of blood products_____

Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 3497: 90% of patients who suffer sudden cardiac death have pre-existing severe _____

Answer: atherosclerosis

Flashcard 3498: Dementia is a common feature of _____ (early or late) Parkinson disease

Answer: late

Flashcard 3499: What is the level of ACTH in Cushing disease? Why?_____

Answer: Increased because the disease is caused by an ACTH-secreting tumor

Flashcard 3500: When temperatures drop below 30oC, IgM AIHA antibodies may bind RBCs and activate _____

Answer: complement

Flashcard 3501: In cases of severe neuronal damage (ex. herniation / diffuse axonal injury) above the red nucleus, patients can present with _____ motor posturing

Answer: decorticate

Flashcard 3502: What is the level of estrogen in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome?_____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 3503: Patients with parinaud syndrome can present with a _____ nystagmus

Answer: convergence-retraction

Flashcard 3504: Does mitral stenosis cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Diastolic

Flashcard 3505: What acid-base disorder is a consequence of renal failure? _____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 3506: SVC syndrome can raise _____ pressure (if obstruction is severe), leading to headaches and dizziness

Answer: intracranial

Flashcard 3507: Which form of immune hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM) is associated with SLE? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 3508: Causes of _____ cardiomyopathy include amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, post-radiation fibrosis, and eosinophilic syndromes of the heart (loeffler endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis)

Answer: restrictive

Flashcard 3509: Migraines are more common in _____ (gender)

Answer: females

Flashcard 3510: Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur secondary to malignancy, such as _____, due to activation of the coagulation cascade by primary granules

Answer: acute promyelocytic leukemia

Flashcard 3511: _____ diabetic retinopathy results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on the retina

Answer: Proliferative

Flashcard 3512: _____ is the ballooning of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole

Answer: Mitral valve prolapse

Flashcard 3513: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by _____ acetylcholine

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 3514: Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with _____ to percussion

Answer: dullness

Flashcard 3515: Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by _____ repetition (intact or impaired)

Answer: impaired

Flashcard 3516: Pneumocystitis jirovecii prophylaxis in HIV patients should be started at CD4 counts < _____ with TMP-SMX

Answer: 200

Flashcard 3517: TSH cell, LH-producing, and FSH-producing adenomas occur, but are _____ (frequency)

Answer: rare

Flashcard 3518: The most common site for systemic emboli to lodge is in the _____ extremities

Answer: lower

Flashcard 3519: Multiple sclerosis symptoms are often worsened upon exposure to _____ (temperature)

Answer: heat

Flashcard 3520: Which classes of steroid hormones are decreased in Addison disease?_____

Answer: All three (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens)

Flashcard 3521: A major complication of thoracic aneurysm is dilation of the aortic valve root resulting in _____

Answer: aortic regurgitation (insufficiency)

Flashcard 3522: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:18 Pulm, Single S2, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Single S2

Flashcard 3523: _____ is defined as inadequate organ perfusion and delivery of nutrients necessary for normal tissue and cellular function

Answer: Shock

Flashcard 3524: Hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis may be characterized by a urine pH _____ 5.5

Answer: <

Flashcard 3525: What serum marker may be elevated in thyroid storm due to increased bone turnover?_____

Answer: Alkaline phosphatase

Flashcard 3526: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is a common cause of death in patients with _____

Answer: SLE

Flashcard 3527: What significant laboratory finding is associated with Churg Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)?_____

Answer: Positive p-ANCA

Flashcard 3528: Malignant breast tumors most commonly occur in _____-menopausal women

Answer: post

Flashcard 3529: Common etiologies of Toxic shock syndrome? _____

Answer: Leaving gauze, sutures, or tampons in for too long (what objects cause it)

Flashcard 3530: In addition to HSV, what other infection is associated with erythema multiforme? _____

Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Flashcard 3531: One clinical feature of Cushing syndrome is muscle weakness with _____ extremities

Answer: thin

Flashcard 3532: What endocrine pathology is associated with UTI? _____

Answer: Diabetes mellitus

Flashcard 3533: _____ seizures are commonly mistaken for fainting

Answer: Atonic

Flashcard 3534: What cranial nerve pathology causes repetitive, unilateral, shooting pain in a distribution of CN V lasting < 1 minute? _____

Answer: Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

Flashcard 3535: Polluted/high altitude H2O may contain _____, which can cause methemoglobinemia

Answer: nitrites

Flashcard 3536: Syringomyelia typically results in pain/temperature deficits in the _____ extremity

Answer: upper

Flashcard 3537: Later stages of anemia of chronic disease cause a _____ (MCV) anemia

Answer: microcytic

Flashcard 3538: Chronic cocaine abuse increases risk for _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: dilated

Flashcard 3539: One clinical feature of Addison disease is _____ (blood pressure)

Answer: hypotension

Flashcard 3540: In the treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) prevents differentiation from being halted at the _____ stage

Answer: promyelocyte

Flashcard 3541: Which thyroid imbalance presents with brittle nails?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3542: What ABO type is the universal recipient of RBCs?_____

Answer: Type AB

Flashcard 3543: What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?_____

Answer: Type 2

Flashcard 3544: _____ presents with blanching skin lesions, AV malformations, recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, GI bleeding, and hematuria

Answer: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Flashcard 3545: Does the following cardiac/vascular function graph reflect a patient with chronic anemia or anaphylaxis?_____

Answer: Anaphylaxis

Flashcard 3546: One complication of atherosclerosis is _____, which may result from plaque rupture with thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery

Answer: stroke

Flashcard 3547: Loss of ATIII in nephrotic syndrome can predispose patients to _____ thrombosis

Answer: renal vein

Flashcard 3548: _____ are palpable nodules in the thyroid that function independently

Answer: Toxic Adenomas

Flashcard 3549: Mesothelioma presents with recurrent _____, dyspnea, and chest pain

Answer: pleural effusions

Flashcard 3550: _____ can occur from leaving a wound packing in too long, or a tampon in too long

Answer: Toxic shock syndrome

Flashcard 3551: Diagnosis of sickle cell anemia is confirmed by hemoglobin _____

Answer: electrophoresis (test)

Flashcard 3552: In a medical setting, severe hypoglycemia is treated with IV _____

Answer: glucose

Flashcard 3553: What acid-base disturbance is associated with the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis?_____

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 3554: What is the most common cause of aortic regurgitation? _____

Answer: Isolated aortic root dilation

Flashcard 3555: What is the likely cause of this murmur: _____

Answer: mitral valve prolapse

Flashcard 3556: What is the 2nd most common cause of dementia in the elderly? _____

Answer: Vascular dementia

Flashcard 3557: Aortic dissection may result in _____ as a result of backflow into the pericardium

Answer: cardiac tamponade

Flashcard 3558: What is the most common endogenous cause of Cushing syndrome?_____

Answer: Cushing disease (i.e. an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma)

Flashcard 3559: What physical exam finding may be associated with acute interstitial nephritis? _____

Answer: CVA tenderness

Flashcard 3560: Polyarteritis nodosa may present with _____ due to involvement of the renal artery

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 3561: Which stage of Lyme disease can present with migratory myalgias and arthritis?_____

Answer: Stage 2

Flashcard 3562: What is the treatment of Parvovirus B19 in the immuno-compromised?_____

Answer: IVIG and RBC transfusion (2)

Flashcard 3563: What is the most common type of anemia in hospitalized patients? _____

Answer: Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)

Flashcard 3564: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is seen in newborns and children, as well as adults with _____ insufficiency

Answer: renal

Flashcard 3565: What HLA subtype is associated with Rheumatoid arthritis? _____

Answer: DR4

Flashcard 3566: Which immunodeficiency is associated with peripheral neuropathy and progressive neurodegeneration? _____

Answer: Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Flashcard 3567: In acute tubular necrosis, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: <

Flashcard 3568: What demographic is most commonly affected by Riedel thyroiditis?_____

Answer: Middled-aged women (30-50 years old)

Flashcard 3569: What is the treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? _____

Answer: Lung transplant

Flashcard 3570: Disorders of primary hemostasis present with symptoms of skin bleeding, such as _____ (> 3 mm)

Answer: purpura

Flashcard 3571: The mnemonic FROM JANE describes the symptoms of _____

Answer: bacterial endocarditis

Flashcard 3572: Which invasive infection can present similarly to mucormycosis (paranasal sinus necrosis)?_____

Answer: Invasive aspergillosis

Flashcard 3573: What is the most common nephropathy worldwide? _____

Answer: IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Flashcard 3574: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis often presents with lower respiratory tract symptoms, such as _____, cough, and dyspnea

Answer: hemoptysis

Flashcard 3575: Chronic bronchitis patients have increased risk of acquiring _____

Answer: infection

Flashcard 3576: Where is a murmur due to pulmonic stenosis the loudest? _____

Answer: Pulmonic area

Flashcard 3577: When does the rash for Rocky mountain spotted fever appear?_____

Answer: after 2-14 day incubation

Flashcard 3578: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:03 Apex, S4, LLD, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: S4 Gallop

Flashcard 3579: Which movement disorder presents as a high-frequency tremor with sustained posture (e.g. outstretched arms)? _____

Answer: Essential tremor

Flashcard 3580: In males, prolactinoma presents as headache, decreased _____, and infertility

Answer: libido

Flashcard 3581: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 3582: Endocarditis secondary to rheumatic fever most commonly affects the _____ valve

Answer: mitral

Flashcard 3583: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with scleroderma? _____

Answer: Middle-aged females (30-50 years)

Flashcard 3584: What is the most likely cause of this murmur: _____

Answer: mitral stenosis

Flashcard 3585: What vasculitis is associated with polymyalgia rheumatica? _____

Answer: Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

Flashcard 3586: What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in regions where iodine levels are adequate?_____

Answer: Hashimoto thyroiditis

Flashcard 3587: Appropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by _____ RBC mass

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3588: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____, which are small, nontender, erythematous lesions on the palm or sole

Answer: Janeway lesions

Flashcard 3589: In which area of the United States is Lyme Disease common?_____

Answer: Northeastern United States

Flashcard 3590: What neurologic complication is associated with opioid overdose? _____

Answer: Seizures

Flashcard 3591: Patients with early diabetic neuropathy typically have decreased _____ reflexes

Answer: ankle

Flashcard 3592: Do upper motoneuron lesions present with the Babinski sign? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3593: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may impair _____ valve closure, thus causing regurgitation

Answer: mitral

Flashcard 3594: In chronic bronchitis, the DLCO is usually _____

Answer: normal

Flashcard 3595: Which type of renal tubular acidosis may be caused by Fanconi syndrome? _____

Answer: Type 2 (proximal renal tubular acidosis)

Flashcard 3596: Labetalol is useful in the treatment of hypertensive _____

Answer: emergency

Flashcard 3597: _____ pneumothorax arises when air enters the pleural space but cannot exit

Answer: Tension

Flashcard 3598: Patients with the B blood type cannot receive which blood types?_____

Answer:

Flashcard 3599: Hemiballismus is usually seen in patients with _____, which increases risk for a lacunar stroke

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 3600: Does mitral/tricuspid regurgitation cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?_____

Answer: Holo-systolic murmur

Flashcard 3601: Which blood transfusion reaction is caused by host antibodies against donor ABO blood groups or foreign antigen on donor RBCs? _____

Answer: Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

Flashcard 3602: Global aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension (intact or impaired)

Answer: impaired

Flashcard 3603: Polyarteritis nodosa may present with _____ disturbances/dysfunction

Answer: neurologic

Flashcard 3604: Brown-Sequard syndrome presents with _____-lateral loss of pain and temperature below the level of the lesion (due to spinothalamic tract damage)

Answer: contra

Flashcard 3605: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the intensity of MR, AR, MS, and AS murmurs?_____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Flashcard 3606: Lesions to the _____ lobe may present with re-emergence of primitive reflexes

Answer: frontal

Flashcard 3607: _____ is a motor inability to speak

Answer: Dysarthria

Flashcard 3608: What acid-base disorder may be seen with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 3609: One complication of sickle cell anemia is auto-_____

Answer: splenectomy

Flashcard 3610: How do PCWP and preload change during cardiogenic and obstructive shock?_____

Answer: Increased or decreased

Flashcard 3611: What infectious disease is a reversible cause of dementia? _____

Answer: Neurosyphilis

Flashcard 3612: What is the general treatment for acute pyelonephritis? _____

Answer: Antibiotics

Flashcard 3613: Psoriatic arthritis most commonly involves the _____ joints of the hands and feet

Answer: DIP

Flashcard 3614: In addition to smoking, what is another modifiable risk factor for renal cell carcinoma? _____

Answer: Obesity

Flashcard 3615: Hypertensive _____ is defined as severe hypertension (>180 / >120 mmHg) with acute end-organ damage

Answer: emergency

Flashcard 3616: What gender is more commonly affected by osteoarthritis?_____

Answer: Females

Flashcard 3617: Delirium tremens is characterized by electrolyte disturbances and respiratory _____

Answer: alkalosis (acidosis or alkalosis)

Flashcard 3618: Patients with recurrent DVT's can be given an _____ if they have contraindications to anticoagulation

Answer: IVC filter

Flashcard 3619: Manifestations of acute kidney transplant rejection include increased creatinine, hypertension, and reduced _____

Answer: urine output

Flashcard 3620: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the intensity of MVP murmurs?_____

Answer: Increased intensity

Flashcard 3621: Are patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) at risk for marrow fibrosis and/or acute leukemia?_____

Answer: No (rare)

Flashcard 3622: Patients with prolonged, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can develop _____ and a resultant right heart failure

Answer: pulmonary hypertension

Flashcard 3623: Most notably, the serum tumor marker _____ is elevated in with patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD), Testicular Cancer (non-seminomatous), and Mixed Germ Cell tumors

Answer: -hCG

Flashcard 3624: What bladder deficit is associated with anterior spinal artery occlusion? _____

Answer: Spastic bladder

Flashcard 3625: Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas present with symptoms due to _____

Answer: mass effect

Flashcard 3626: Conn syndrome presents with hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis due to _____ aldosterone levels

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3627: What is the most common inherited cause of hypercoagulable state in Caucasians? _____

Answer: Factor V Leiden

Flashcard 3628: What type of anemia is caused by TTP, HUS, DIC, and HELLP? _____

Answer: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Flashcard 3629: An adrenal crisis should be treated with immediate _____ supplementation and aggressive fluid resuscitation

Answer: glucocorticoid

Flashcard 3630: Pulmonic Area (Supine; Diaphram):Identify:[sound:19 Pulm, Spilt S2 Persistent, Supine, Diaph.mp3]_____

Answer: Split S2 Persistent

Flashcard 3631: Streptococcus pyogenes results in _____, which is a deep infection of the skin

Answer: cellulitis

Flashcard 3632: What is the result of a dexamethasone suppression test if the cause of hypercortisolism is an ACTH-secreting tumor of the anterior pituitary?_____

Answer: LOW dose of dexamethasone does not suppress cortisol secretion, but HIGH dose does

Flashcard 3633: What demographic is associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? _____

Answer: Adult females

Flashcard 3634: In prerenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is _____ 15

Answer: >

Flashcard 3635: Which heart valve is most commonly affected bysubacute and acute endocarditis caused byStreptococcus sanguinis and mitis?_____

Answer: Mitral valve

Flashcard 3636: Subacute endocarditis is often a sequela of _____ procedures

Answer: dental

Flashcard 3637: What type of white blood cell is elevated in Churg-Strauss syndrome? _____

Answer: Eosinophils

Flashcard 3638: What X-ray finding is associated with the adult form of coarctation of the aorta? _____

Answer: 'notching' of ribs (due to engorged intercostal arteries)

Flashcard 3639: What Graves associated condition is made worse by cold air, wind, and bright lights?_____

Answer: Graves ophthalmopathy

Flashcard 3640: _____ pneumothorax is due to rupture of apical subpleural blebs or cysts

Answer: Primary spontaneous

Flashcard 3641: Laryngeal papilloma often presents with _____

Answer: hoarseness

Flashcard 3642: Risk factors for berry aneurysms include advanced age, hypertension, smoking, and race (increased risk in _____)

Answer: blacks

Flashcard 3643: Which Rh type is the universal recipient of RBCs?_____

Answer: Rh+

Flashcard 3644: Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes _____ dysfunction (systolic or diastolic)

Answer: diastolic

Flashcard 3645: Mitral regurgitation usually arises as a complication of mitral valve _____ (Barlow syndrome)

Answer: prolapse

Flashcard 3646: One common cause of an embolic ischemic stroke is DVT in a patient with a _____

Answer: patent foramen ovale

Flashcard 3647: Aortic _____ may present with markedly unequal blood pressure in the arms

Answer: dissection

Flashcard 3648: Complications of bronchiectasis include secondary _____ and hypoxemia with cor pulmonale

Answer: (AA) amyloidosis

Flashcard 3649: Which movement disorder presents as sustained, involuntary muscle contractions? _____

Answer: Dystonia

Flashcard 3650: _____ is defined as compression of the heart by fluid

Answer: Cardiac tamponade

Flashcard 3651: _____ scleroderma is characterized by widespread skin involvement with early visceral involvement

Answer: Diffuse

Flashcard 3652: Chronic leukemia is usually insidious in onset and seen in _____ (age group)

Answer: older adults

Flashcard 3653: In which disorder (hyper- or hypothyroidism) may a patient present with a goiter? _____

Answer: Both!

Flashcard 3654: What is the main treatment for cardiogenic shock? _____

Answer: IV Inotropes

Flashcard 3655: Transcortical motor aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension (intact or impaired)

Answer: intact

Flashcard 3656: What laboratory assay is increased with anti-platelet therapy? _____

Answer: Bleeding time

Flashcard 3657: The third (final) stage of acute tubular necrosis is the _____ phase

Answer: recovery

Flashcard 3658: Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) can be seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome in thymomas and _____ leukemias

Answer: lymphocytic

Flashcard 3659: Which arthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing, erosions, and osteopenia on imaging? _____

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

Flashcard 3660: Clinical features of ARDS include hypoxemia and cyanosis with respiratory distress due to _____ of air sacs

Answer: collapse

Flashcard 3661: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of medium and large-sized vessels may cause _____, which is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputation in diabetic patients

Answer: peripheral vascular occlusive disease

Flashcard 3662: What clinical features are seen in 11-hydroxylase deficiency that are a result of increased androgen levels:_____ (in women)

Answer: virilization

Flashcard 3663: One common cause of acute primary adrenal insufficiency is _____ syndrome

Answer: Waterhouse-Friderichsen

Flashcard 3664: Rickettsia prowazekii can cause _____, characterized by dizziness and confusion

Answer: encephalitis

Flashcard 3665: What type of facial nerve palsy is seen in Lyme disease?_____

Answer: Bilateral bell's palsy (idiopathic)

Flashcard 3666: Polyarteritis nodosa may present with _____ lesions (e.g. cutaneous eruptions) in up to 1/3 of patients

Answer: skin

Flashcard 3667: Thyroid nodules may be studied using _____ radioactive uptake studies

Answer: 131I

Flashcard 3668: Acute _____-angle glaucoma is a true ophthalmic emergency

Answer: closed

Flashcard 3669: Treatment of DIC involves addressing the _____

Answer: underlying cause

Flashcard 3670: Miliary tuberculosis develops when the infection is disseminated into the _____

Answer: blood (bacteremia)

Flashcard 3671: Tophi, secondary to gout, often arise on the _____, olecranon bursa, or Achilles tendon

Answer: external ear

Flashcard 3672: _____ hyperaldosteronism is seen in patients with juxtaglomerular cell tumor due to independent activation of the RAAS

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 3673: What is the focus of end-of-life care (hospice)?_____

Answer: Patient comfort and pain relief

Flashcard 3674: Renal papillary necrosis may be caused by _____ disease or trait

Answer: sickle cell

Flashcard 3675: _____ is an infectious skin disorder characterized by well-defined border

Answer: Erysipelas

Flashcard 3676: Dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by myocarditis, secondary to _____ infection

Answer: coxsackie B

Flashcard 3677: Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by _____ speech (fluent or nonfluent)

Answer: fluent

Flashcard 3678: What does the e in JeNES criteria represent? _____

Answer: Pancarditis (includes endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis)

Flashcard 3679: _____ -vascular hemolysis results in passage of hemoglobin into the blood

Answer: Intra

Flashcard 3680: Patients with atlantoaxial instability can acutely present with neurological deficits due to _____ if their subluxation is worsened

Answer: spinal cord compression

Flashcard 3681: _____ is the progressive onset of heart failure over many years due to chronic ischemic myocardial damage

Answer: Chronic ischemic heart disease

Flashcard 3682: A murmur with an opening snap is most likely indicative of what pathology? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Flashcard 3683: Which type of familial dyslipidemia is associated with corneal arcus? _____

Answer: Type IIa (familial hypercholesterolemia)

Flashcard 3684: Which type of scleroderma is associated with the anti-centromere antibody? _____

Answer: Limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome)

Flashcard 3685: _____ is a form of dystonia that involves involuntary contraction of the eyelids

Answer: Blepharospasm

Flashcard 3686: Where is murmur due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy best heard?_____

Answer: Left sternal border

Flashcard 3687: One symptom associated with bacterial endocarditis is _____, which are tender, raised lesions on the finger or toe pads

Answer: Osler nodes

Flashcard 3688: What effect does the rapid squatting maneuver have on the intensity of aortic stenosis murmurs?_____

Answer: Increased intensity

Flashcard 3689: Aortic Area (Sitting; Bell):Identify:[sound:15 Aortic, Sys Mur Absent S2, Sitting, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Systolic Murmur with Absent S2

Flashcard 3690: How do PCWP and preload change during distributive shock?_____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 3691: Osteoarthritis classically presents with joint stiffness that improves with _____

Answer: rest

Flashcard 3692: The initial treatment for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is _____

Answer: plasmapheresis

Flashcard 3693: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with _____

Answer: Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

Flashcard 3694: Is cervical dystonia typically painful?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 3695: Lung cancer risk is directly related to the duration and the amount of smoking, which is measured in '_____'.

Answer: pack-years

Flashcard 3696: Which thyroid imbalance presents with onycholysis?_____

Answer: Hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3697: Which form of glaucoma (open- or close-angle) is more common in the U.S.? _____

Answer: Open-angle

Flashcard 3698: Nitrates are contraindicated in patients with _____ cardiomyopathy

Answer: hypertrophic obstructive

Flashcard 3699: Alzheimer disease presents with _____-onset (speed) memory loss, beginning with short-term and progressing to long-term loss

Answer: slow

Flashcard 3700: _____ is a brief, reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction without acute infarction (negative MRI)

Answer: Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Flashcard 3701: _____ is a longitudinal intimal tear with dissection of blood through the media of the aortic wall

Answer: Aortic dissection

Flashcard 3702: Which thyroid imbalance is associated with dry, cool skin and coarse, brittle hair?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3703: Aortocavitary fistulas are an uncommon complication of _____

Answer: bacterial endocarditis

Flashcard 3704: During the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis, there is increased risk for _____-kalemia and uremia

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 3705: Multiple sclerosis may present with vertigo and _____ speech due to involvement of the brainstem (mimics alcohol intoxication)

Answer: scanning

Flashcard 3706: What clinical features are seen in 17-hydroxylase deficiency in males (sex hormone effects)? _____

Answer: Pseudo-hermaphroditism: ambiguous genitalia, undescending testes

Flashcard 3707: Broca's (expressive) aphasia is characterized by _____ comprehension (intact or impaired)

Answer: intact

Flashcard 3708: _____ hallucinations often occur as an aura of temporal lobe epilepsy and in brain tumors

Answer: Olfactory

Flashcard 3709: How do serum K+ levels change in Gitelman syndrome? _____

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 3710: Sudden cardiac death may be prevented with an implantable _____

Answer: cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Flashcard 3711: Patients who undergo radioactive iodine (I131) treatment can develop _____.

Answer: hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3712: What is the treatment of Addison disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency)?_____

Answer: Replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Flashcard 3713: What type of pneumonia is typically caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and Klebsiella? _____

Answer: Bronchopneumonia

Flashcard 3714: What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the United States?_____

Answer: HSV-1

Flashcard 3715: What two organs are commonly affected by Churg-Strauss syndrome?_____

Answer: Heart and lungs

Flashcard 3716: How does microscopic polyangiitis present differently from granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)? _____

Answer: Microscopic polyangiitis lacks nasopharyngeal involvement and granulomas

Flashcard 3717: How does the ESR change in a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis?_____

Answer: Increased (often >100)

Flashcard 3718: Which bug is the most common cause of skin abscesses? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 3719: In normal pressure hydrocephalus, CSF pressure is _____ elevated

Answer: episodically

Flashcard 3720: Nephritic syndrome is associated with _____ BUN and creatinine

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3721: Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a cause of _____ lung disease

Answer: interstitial restrictive

Flashcard 3722: Severe diabetic acidosis can cause _____ failure

Answer: respiratory

Flashcard 3723: What is a possible cause of secondary hypertension that occurs in young females? _____

Answer: Fibromuscular dysplasia

Flashcard 3724: Empty sella syndrome is characterized by _____ of the pituitary gland on imaging

Answer: absence

Flashcard 3725: _____ shock may be caused by cardiac tamponade and pulmonary embolism

Answer: Obstructive

Flashcard 3726: Acute respiratory distress syndrome presents with a '_____'' appearance on CXR

Answer: white-out

Flashcard 3727: Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by _____ % saturation

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3728: Which renal tubular defect presents similarly to lifelong thiazide diuretic use? _____

Answer: Gitelman syndrome

Flashcard 3729: Initially, Hashimoto thyroiditis presents as _____ due to thyrotoxicosis during follicular rupture

Answer: hyperthyroidism

Flashcard 3730: What kind of hair texture is associated with hypothyroidism?_____

Answer: Dry, brittle hair

Flashcard 3731: Which thyroid imbalance presents with proximal muscle weakness and increased creatine kinase?_____

Answer: Hypothyroidism

Flashcard 3732: Primary _____-angle glaucoma is due to enlargement or forward movement of the lens against the iris

Answer: closed

Flashcard 3733: How does blood pressure change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (hypertension)

Flashcard 3734: Which autoimmune disease is characterized by sclerosis of skin and visceral organs? _____

Answer: Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)

Flashcard 3735: Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease present with claudication, acute _____, and numbness distally to occlusion

Answer: rest pain

Flashcard 3736: Colchicine is indicated for _____, a condition that manifests with positional sharp chest pain

Answer: pericarditis

Flashcard 3737: Angioinvasive aspergillosis will present with fever, cough and _____

Answer: hemoptysis

Flashcard 3738: Pain after the rash of Herpes Zoster (shingles) has cleared is known as _____

Answer: post-herpetic neuralgia

Flashcard 3739: Patients who get chronically exposed to Nickle, Chromium, Beryllium, or Silica are at risk for what cancer?_____

Answer: Lung Cancer

Flashcard 3740: What is the most dangerous complication of a subarachnoid hemorrhage, if not the most common (30% of patients)?_____

Answer: Rebleeding

Flashcard 3741: _____ is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome

Answer: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Flashcard 3742: Tabes dorsalis may present with progressive sensory _____ due to impaired proprioception

Answer: ataxia

Flashcard 3743: What abnormal movement is associated with serotonin syndrome? _____

Answer: Clonus

Flashcard 3744: Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia (late stage) may cause _____ syndrome

Answer: Horner

Flashcard 3745: How do serum Na+ levels change in Liddle syndrome? _____

Answer: Increased (hypernatremia)

Flashcard 3746: What demographic (age, gender) is associated with systemic lupus erytematous (SLE)? _____

Answer: Middle-aged females

Flashcard 3747: Which cause of meningitis can also lead to myalgia and paralysis?_____

Answer: Poliovirus

Flashcard 3748: Prophylaxis for osteoporosis includes regular _____ exercise and adequate Ca2+ / vitamin D intake throughout adulthood

Answer: weight-bearing

Flashcard 3749: What is the intracellular potassium level in a type 1 diabetic patient (increased or decreased)?_____

Answer: Decreased

Flashcard 3750: Kussmaul sign (increased JVP on inspiration) may be seen with _____ (left or right) atrial or ventricular tumors

Answer: right

Flashcard 3751: Friedreich ataxia may present with _____.

Answer: diabetes (endocrine disorder)

Flashcard 3752: Identify: [sound:04 Apex, Mid Sys Click, Supine, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: Mid-Systolic Click

Flashcard 3753: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell):Identify:[sound:12 Apex, S3 Holo Sys Mur, LLD, Bell.mp3]_____

Answer: S3 and Holosystolic Murmur

Flashcard 3754: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the "click" onset time of MVP murmurs?_____

Answer: Earlier onset of click/murmur

Flashcard 3755: _____ most often presents with friction rub and chest pain

Answer: Pericarditis

Flashcard 3756: Is pulsus paradoxus typically seen in patients with myocarditis?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 3757: Hospice care is available for patients whose life expectancy is < _____ (time)

Answer: 6 months

Flashcard 3758: Which movement disorder presents as a slow, writhing movements, especially in the fingers? _____

Answer: Athetosis

Flashcard 3759: Plantar Fasciitis is distinguished from Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome in that heel pain _____ with use

Answer: improves

Flashcard 3760: Aortic _____ may arise as a consequence of chronic rheumatic valve disease

Answer: stenosis

Flashcard 3761: West Nile virus is associated with confusion resulting from _____

Answer: encephalitis

Flashcard 3762: Autosomal dominant PKD may present in young adults with _____ pain and urinary infection

Answer: flank

Flashcard 3763: Which blood transfusion therapy is used to increase coagulation factor levels?_____

Answer: Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) (2)

Flashcard 3764: What is the likely cause of this high-pitched, 'blowing' murmur: _____

Answer: mitral/tricuspid regurgitation

Flashcard 3765: _____ is a serious complication that occurs when hyperthyroidism is untreattened and worsened in the setting of acute stress (e.g. infection, trauma, surgery)

Answer: Thyroid storm (Thyrotoxicosis)

Keywords: Cardiology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Hypertension diagnosis and management

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Stable coronary artery disease

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Peripheral arterial disease

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Aortic diseases

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Valvular heart disease

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Pericardial diseases

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Adult congenital heart disease

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Cardiac tumors

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Cardiac manifestations of systemic diseases

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Pre-operative cardiac risk assessment

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Cardiac imaging modalities

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Cardiac rehabilitation

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