Clinical Reasoning — Flashcards

Flashcard 101: Acute urinary tract obstruction (e.g. urolithiasis, surgical injury) may present with what clinical symptoms? _____

Answer: Sharp flank pain radiating to groin, hematuria, nausea/ vomiting

Flashcard 102: What mnemonic is used to help in the diagnosis of measles (rubeola)? _____

Answer: 4 C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, koplik spots)

Flashcard 103: A collapsed lung may present as a(n) _____ on chest X-ray

Answer: completely opacified hemithorax

Flashcard 104: Nephritic syndrome is associated with _____ BUN and creatinine

Answer: increased

Extra: Step Up to Medicine:

Flashcard 105: Lab findings in **Parathyroid Disease**: - Primary Hyperparathyroidism: _____ PTH, _____ Ca, _____ PO4 - Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (CKD): ↑ PTH, ↓ Ca, ↑ PO4 - Hypoparathyroidism: ↓ PTH, ↓ Ca, ↑ PO4 - Pseudohypoparathyroidism: ↑ PTH, ↓ Ca, ↑ PO4

Answer: ↑

Flashcard 106: What heart sound is the best indicator of severity in patients with **chronic** MR? _____ **Bonus**: absence of this can exclude what?

Answer: S3

Extra: The presence of an S3 gallop is a sign of severe mitral regurgitation, indicating a large regurgitant volume and left ventricular volume overload.

Flashcard 107: Patients who have Rhabdomyolysis are diagnosed by observing a(n) creatine kinase level greater than _____ u/L

Answer: 1000

Extra: Rhabdomyolysis involves muscle necrosis and the release of intracellular contents (creatine kinase, myoglobin, potassium, and aldolase) into the circulation. The diagnostic threshold is generally a CK level > 5 times the upper limit of normal (usually > 1,000 U/L).

Flashcard 108: What is used to diagnose vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)? _____

Answer: MRI of the internal auditory canals

Flashcard 109: If a patient's ptosis is due to myasthenia gravis, application of a(n) _____ over the eyelids will result in improvement in ptosis

Answer: ice pack

Flashcard 110: What is the diagnosis of a patient with abrupt carotid distension and collapse on physical exam and "pistol-shot" femoral pulses upon auscultation? _____

Answer: Aortic regurgitation

Extra: These findings are signs of the widened pulse pressure seen in aortic regurgitation: - **Corrigan pulse**: Abrupt carotid distension and collapse. - **Traube sign**: "Pistol-shot" sound heard over the femoral arteries. - **Water-hammer pulse**: Abrupt distension and collapse of peripheral arteries.