Metabolism — Flashcards

Flashcard 51: What kind of metabolic processes usually consume free electrons?

Answer: anabolic processes

Flashcard 52: What kind of metabolic processes usually generate free electrons?

Answer: catabolic processes

Flashcard 53: What is the primary role of molecules like NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 in metabolism?

Answer: High-energy electron carriers (Electron donors)

Extra: • **NADH/FADH2**: Primarily used in **catabolic** pathways (e.g., TCA cycle) to generate ATP via the electron transport chain. • **NADPH**: Primarily used in **anabolic** pathways (e.g., fatty acid synthesis) and for maintaining glutathione in a reduced state.

Flashcard 54: In metabolism, ATP is the primary carrier/donor of which chemical group?

Answer: Phosphoryl groups

Extra: ATP undergoes hydrolysis to transfer phosphoryl groups, providing energy for endergonic reactions and cellular processes.

Flashcard 55: What tissues perform aerobic respiration via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

Answer: Skeletal muscle and brain

Extra: The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is faster but less efficient (produces ~1.5 ATP per NADH) than the malate-aspartate shuttle (produces ~2.5 ATP per NADH) used by the liver and heart.

Flashcard 56: What tissues perform aerobic respiration via the malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer: heart, liver

Flashcard 57: How many ATP are produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

Answer: 30 ATP/glucose

Flashcard 58: How many ATP are produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose via the malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer: 32 ATP/glucose

Flashcard 59: carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II

Answer: de novo pyrimidine synthesis

Extra: 

Flashcard 60: What is the primary metabolic pathway associated with the enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)?

Answer: HMP shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)

Extra: G6PD is the rate-limiting enzyme of the HMP shunt. It converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to 6-Phosphogluconolactone, reducing NADP+ to NADPH.