Metabolism US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 31: Where does the first step of ethanol metabolism occur?
Answer: cytosol
Flashcard 32: Where does the second step of ethanol metabolism occur?
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 33: What happens in the first step of ethanol metabolism?
Answer: alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetylaldehyde, reduces NAD+
Flashcard 34: What happens in the second step of ethanol metabolism?
Answer: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to acetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH.
Flashcard 35: What is the enzyme deficiency and inheritance pattern in Essential Fructosuria?
Answer: Deficiency of Fructokinase; Autosomal Recessive (AR) inheritance.
Extra: Essential fructosuria is a benign condition characterized by fructose in the blood (fructosemia) and urine (fructosuria). It is asymptomatic because hexokinase becomes the primary pathway for fructose metabolism, converting it to fructose-6-phosphate.
Flashcard 36: What is the underlying enzyme deficiency in hereditary fructose intolerance?
Answer: Deficiency of Aldolase B (Autosomal Recessive)
Extra: **Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI):**
- **Enzyme deficiency:** Aldolase B.
- **Pathophysiology:** Fructose-1-phosphate accumulates, causing depletion of intracellular phosphate. This inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, leading to severe hypoglycemia.
- **Symptoms:** Jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting after fruit/juice/sucrose ingestion.
- **Treatment:** Limit intake of fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol.
Flashcard 37: Why does the body convert glucose into sorbitol?
Answer: second mechanism (in addition to phosphorylation) of trapping glucose in the cell; step towards making fructose
Flashcard 38: What is the consequence of a cell expressing low levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase?
Answer: Sorbitol can't be rapidly converted to fructose, so it may build up, especially during hyperglycemia. This leads to osmotic pressure and damage to the cell.
Flashcard 39: What is the ultimate product of the respiratory burst?
Answer: HOCl i.e. bleach
Flashcard 40: What are the two phases of the HMP shunt pathway? Which is reversible?
Answer: oxidative - irreversible
nonoxidative - reversible
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