Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 621: On CT scan a "_____" sign is indicative of pancreatic cancer

Answer: double duct

Flashcard 622: Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis involves autodigestion of pancreatic parenchyma by prematurely activated enzymes. Two most common causes: _____ Mechanism of Hemorrhage: Elastase digests blood vessel walls, potentially leading to Grey Turner's sign (flank ecchymosis). Mechanism of Fat Necrosis: Lipase breaks down peripancreatic fat, which then undergoes saponification with calcium.

Answer: Gallstones and Alcohol

Extra: Amylase and lipase are released into the bloodstream following acinar cell injury. Grey Turner's sign (flank) and Cullen's sign (periumbilical) indicate retroperitoneal hemorrhage and severe necrotizing pancreatitis.

Flashcard 623: _____ suggests that a palpable, nontender/painless gallbladder is caused by pancreatic / gallbladder cancer, not a stone.

Answer: Courvoisier's law

Flashcard 624: What is the investigation of choice for pancreatic cancer? _____

Answer: High resolution CT scan

Flashcard 625: Serum _____ is more sensitive & specific for acute pancreatitis

Answer: lipase

Flashcard 626: Pancreatitis can be complicated with _____

Answer: acute respiratory distress syndrome

Flashcard 627: The _____ score is a scoring system for severity & prognosis of pancreatitis

Answer: Glasgow

Flashcard 628: What is the management of IBS if symptoms do not respond to pharmacological treatments after 12 months? _____

Answer: Psychological interventions - CBT, hypnotherapy

Flashcard 629: Types of hiatus hernia: _____ Rolling (paraoesophageal)

Answer: Sliding

Flashcard 630: Serum amylase is typically x_____ times the upper limit of normal in acute pancreatitis

Answer: 3