Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 371: What are the risk factors for cholesterol gallstones? _____

Answer: Fat, female, fertile, > forty, fair-skinned, family history

Flashcard 372: There are two main types of gallstones: _____ and pigmented

Answer: cholesterol

Flashcard 373: Non-specific symptoms of appendicitis include _____, anorexia, low-grade fever, bowel changes

Answer: nausea & vomiting

Flashcard 374: What is the management of symptomatic gallstones? _____

Answer: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Flashcard 375: Initial management of acute cholangitis involves fluid resuscitation and _____.

Answer: empiric IV antibiotics (e.g., Piperacillin/Tazobactam)

Extra: Definitive management of acute cholangitis requires biliary decompression, typically via ERCP. Fluids and IV antibiotics are the immediate initial steps for stabilization.

Flashcard 376: Investigation of choice for asymptomatic gallstones: _____

Answer: Ultrasonography (USG)

Extra: Asymptomatic gallstones (incidental gallstones) usually require no treatment (Expectant management/Observation). Prophylactic cholecystectomy is only indicated in specific cases (e.g., porcelain gallbladder, stones >3cm, calcified/porcelain gallbladder, or sickle cell anemia).

Flashcard 377: Abdominal distension from ascites presents with _____, weight gain, dyspnoea, & discomfort

Answer: early satiety

Flashcard 378: What is the gold-standard & therapeutic investigation for acute cholangitis? _____

Answer: ERCP

Flashcard 379: Ascitic fluid analysis uses the _____ to help determine the cause

Answer: serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)

Flashcard 380: What is the management for large, or refractory ascites? _____

Answer: Therapeutic paracentesis