Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 361: Acute cholangitis is caused by _____ which results in biliary stasis → bacterial translocation into bile ducts → bacterial infection ascends the biliary tract

Answer: biliary obstruction

Flashcard 362: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis presents with ascites + _____, fever

Answer: abdominal pain

Flashcard 363: What is the first-line investigation for symptomatic gallstones? _____ Abdominal ultrasound

Answer: LFTs

Flashcard 364: Acute cholecystitis RUQ pain may radiate to the _____ because of phrenic nerve irritation

Answer: R shoulder

Flashcard 365: There are two main types of gallstones: _____ and pigmented

Answer: cholesterol

Flashcard 366: Acute cholangitis LFTs will present with ↑ _____, γ-GT, ALP, & ALT

Answer: bilirubin

Flashcard 367: Investigation of choice for asymptomatic gallstones: _____

Answer: Ultrasonography (USG)

Extra: Asymptomatic gallstones (incidental gallstones) usually require no treatment (Expectant management/Observation). Prophylactic cholecystectomy is only indicated in specific cases (e.g., porcelain gallbladder, stones >3cm, calcified/porcelain gallbladder, or sickle cell anemia).

Flashcard 368: Appendicitis most commonly occurs at ages _____ years.

Answer: 10-19

Flashcard 369: What are the risk factors for pigmented gallstones? _____

Answer: Haemolytic disease (particularly hereditary spherocytosis & sickle cell disease)

Flashcard 370: The most common cause of ascites is _____ ~80%

Answer: cirrhosis (portal hypertension)