Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Toxicity — Flashcards

Flashcard 361: ADH secretion is decreased in SIADH by _____.

Answer: phenytoin (anti-epileptic drug)

Flashcard 362: Morphine use is contraindicated in _____ failure

Answer: renal

Flashcard 363: Bullous eruptions is one of the manifestations of _____ drug poisoning

Answer: barbiturate

Flashcard 364: Which drug can lead to formation of Mallory-denk bodies?_____

Answer: Amiodarone

Flashcard 365: _____ is the most common cause of drug related hypercalcemia.

Answer: Thiazide diuretics

Extra: Lithium is the second most common cause of drug-induced hypercalcemia. While Lithium has a higher incidence of hypercalcemia among users (up to 25%), Thiazide diuretics are much more commonly prescribed, making them the most frequent drug-related cause encountered in clinical practice.

Flashcard 366: Propofol infusion syndrome presents with _____ leading to hyperkalemia

Answer: rhabdomyolysis

Flashcard 367: What is the investigation of choice for diagnosing acute lithium toxicity?_____

Answer: Serum Lithium levels

Flashcard 368: Which type of contrast agent is preferred to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy?

Answer: Low-osmolar contrast media (e.g., Iohexol) or Iso-osmolar contrast media (e.g., Iodixanol)

Extra: Low-osmolar and iso-osmolar non-ionic contrast agents are significantly less nephrotoxic than older high-osmolar agents (e.g., diatrizoate). While the choice of agent is important, intravenous hydration with isotonic saline remains the most effective preventive strategy for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).

Flashcard 369: Excess of _____ causes alkali disease in livestock.

Answer: selenium

Flashcard 370: Sugammadex is a selective relaxant binding agent used to reverse the effects of which class of neuromuscular blockers?

Answer: Aminosteroids (specifically Rocuronium and Vecuronium)

Extra: Sugammadex works by encapsulating (chelating) the drug molecules in a 1:1 ratio. **It is effective against:** * Aminosteroids (Rocuronium > Vecuronium >> Pancuronium) **It is NOT effective against:** * Benzylisoquinolines (e.g., Atracurium, Cisatracurium, Mivacurium) * Depolarizing agents (Succinylcholine)