Antimicrobial Agents — Flashcards

Flashcard 411: Isoniazid induces efflux pumps that result in cross-resistance with _____.

Answer: ethambutol

Flashcard 412: What is the most common mode of resistance to Isoniazid?_____

Answer: mutation or deletion of KatG

Flashcard 413: Which recently approved COVID-19 drug acts by inhibiting glycolysis and glycolytic enzymes like PFK-2/FBP-3?_____

Answer: 2-deoxy-d-glucose

Flashcard 414: Which NRTIs are thymidine analogues?_____

Answer: Zidovudine and Stavudine

Flashcard 415: Which NRTIs are cytidine analogues?_____

Answer: Emtricitabine and Lamivudine

Flashcard 416: Pyrimethamine, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Clindamycin are _____ onset acting schizonticides.

Answer: slow

Flashcard 417: _____ antibiotics are used in parapharyngeal abscess

Answer: IV (Oral/IV)

Flashcard 418: Antimicrobials associated with causing seizures (Mnemonic: **BAG-IQ**)

Answer: B - **B**eta-lactams (e.g., Penicillins, Imipenem, Cephalosporins) A - **A**cyclovir / **A**ntimalarials (e.g., Chloroquine) G - **G**anciclovir I - **I**soniazid (INH) Q - **Q**uinolones (Fluoroquinolones)

Extra: **Key Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Seizures:** - **Fluoroquinolones**: Displace GABA from its receptors (GABA antagonism). - **Isoniazid (INH)**: Competes with Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), a necessary cofactor for Glutamate Decarboxylase. This leads to decreased GABA synthesis. Treatment for INH-induced seizures is IV Pyridoxine. - **Imipenem**: The carbapenem with the highest risk of seizures (especially in patients with renal failure or pre-existing CNS disease). Meropenem has a lower risk.

Flashcard 419: _____ is considered one of the least toxic antiretroviral agents.

Answer: Lamivudine (NRTI)

Flashcard 420: Lifelong TripLE regimen ART therapy of _____ is given to HIV+ pregnant and breastfeeding women regardless of their CD4 count and clinical stage of HIV

Answer: Tenofovir + Lamivudine+ Efavirenz