Neoplasia — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: The following image represents the _____ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast): hint: the circled area is lymphatics

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 2: In HPV-_____ SCC of the oral cavity, patients generally present with large primary lesions with variable nodal disease.

Answer: negative

Flashcard 3: What type of rhabdomyosarcoma is shown in the given image? _____ **most common subtype

Answer: Embryonal

Flashcard 4: TNM classification of laryngeal carcinoma: No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 5: What viral manifestation is seen below? _____

Answer: Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

Flashcard 6: The following image represents the _____ carcinoma subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma:

Answer: mucinous

Flashcard 7: The following image represents _____ carcinoma (breast):

Answer: invasive lobular

Flashcard 8: Cytokeratin profiles of various primary tumors: No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 9: Breast Cancer Assessment: The following is an immunohistochemical stain for the _____ receptor, which is located on the cell membrane

Answer: HER-2 (c-erbB2)

Flashcard 10: In regards to cervical epithelium, if the tissue sample on the left is normal, is the tissue sample on the right: mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, or severely dysplastic / carcinoma in situ? _____ VS

Answer: Mildly Dysplastic

Flashcard 11: _____ exposure can cause mesothelioma cancer

Answer: asbestos

Extra: 

Flashcard 12: age distribution of hodgkins lymphoma is _____

Answer: bimodal

Extra: 

Flashcard 13: _____ is a subtype of adenocarcinoma that typically arises from club (Clara) cells

Answer: Adenocarcinoma in situ

Flashcard 14: Most common malignant tumor of the _____ gland is Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Answer: parotid

Flashcard 15: Two common familial cancer syndromes associated with adrenocortical carcinoma are _____ syndrome and Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome

Answer: Li-Fraumeni

Flashcard 16: Luminal B subtype of breast cancer can be ER/PR _____ve and Her2 -ve, with high (>14%) Ki67

Answer: +

Flashcard 17: Tumor cells can attach to _____ and destroy the basement membrane (type IV collagen) via collagenase

Answer: laminin

Flashcard 18: When performing Immunohistochemistry; Chromogranin A, Synaptophysin, NCAM (CD56), Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) can all be used to identify _____ and Neuronal tumors

Answer: Neuroendocrine

Flashcard 19: Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma via the _____ pathway is associated with early p53 mutations

Answer: flat

Flashcard 20: Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from _____, which is a columnar metaplasia in response to chronic inflammation

Answer: cystitis glandularis

Flashcard 21: HER2 (c-erbB2) is an _____ receptor found in certain types of breast and gallbladder carcinoma

Answer: epidermal growth factor

Flashcard 22: IgA antibodies of _____ of EBV are highly specific for nasopharyngeal cancer

Answer: EA (Early antigen)

Flashcard 23: _____ can produce anti-Tr antibodies which can cause Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

Answer: Hodgkin Lymphoma

Flashcard 24: Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually reveals pleomorphic _____-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes

Answer: keratin

Flashcard 25: _____ is a cancer of the bladder that usually arises from a(n) urachal remnant

Answer: Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 26: Lynch syndrome is associated with increased risk for _____, endometrial, ovarian, and skin cancers

Answer: colorectal

Flashcard 27: Blood vessels can give rise to a _____ (benign) and angiosarcoma (malignant)

Answer: hemangioma

Flashcard 28: Luminal A subtype of breast cancer is usually ER/PR _____ve and Her2 -ve, with {{c2::low (

Answer: +

Flashcard 29: What is the precursor lesion for leiomyosarcoma?_____

Answer: None -- arises de novo

Flashcard 30: Histopathology of mesothelioma will show tumor cells with numerous, long slender _____ and abundant tonofilaments

Answer: microvilli

Flashcard 31: The t(_____,14) translocation results in overexpression of Cyclin D1, which promotes the G1/S transition in the cell cycle, facilitating neoplastic proliferation

Answer: 11

Flashcard 32: HPV encodes E6 and E7 which promotes proteolysis of _____ and Rb.

Answer: p53

Flashcard 33: MEN 1 is associated with mutation of the _____ gene (menin), which is a tumor suppressor gene found on chromosome 11

Answer: MEN1

Flashcard 34: Tumors that cause a _____ can be remembered with the mnemonic: Paraneoplastic rise to high hematocrit levelsPheochromocytomaRenal cell carcinomaHepatocellular CarcinomaHemangioblastomaLeiomyoma

Answer: paraneoplastic polycythemia

Flashcard 35: Smooth muscle can give rise to a _____ (benign) and leiomyosarcoma (malignant)

Answer: leiomyoma

Flashcard 36: _____ carcinoma of the lung may produce PTHrP leading to hyper-calcemia

Answer: Squamous cell

Flashcard 37: Esophageal carcinoma in the middle third of the esophagus spreads to _____, tracheobronchial, or paratracheal lymph nodes

Answer: mediastinal

Flashcard 38: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC is due to _____ gene mutation and presents with multiple, bilateral type 2 papillary RCC, collecting duct RCC, leiomyomas of the skin or uterus and uterine leiomyosarcomas

Answer: fumarate hydratase

Flashcard 39: Ovarian serous adenocarcinoma is CK 7 _____ and CK 20 negative

Answer: positive

Flashcard 40: _____ cystadenocarcinoma may present with pseudomyxoma peritonei, which is an intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material, usually from a GI, ovarian, appendiceal tumor

Answer: Mucinous

Flashcard 41: Most common _____ tumor of salivary gland in children is hemangioma

Answer: benign

Flashcard 42: _____ is a subtype of DCIS (breast) that is characterized by high-grade cells with dystrophic calcification in the center of ducts immediately surrounded by central necrosis

Answer: Comedocarcinoma

Flashcard 43: Which four carcinomas route hematogenously?_____ChoriocarcinomaRenal cell carcinomaHepatocellular carcinoma

Answer: Follicular thyroid carcinoma

Flashcard 44: Common sites of metastasis from lung cancer include the _____, brain, bone, and liver

Answer: adrenal gland

Flashcard 45: A translocation of _____ from chromosome 11 to 14 results in overexpression and ultimately Mantle cell lymphoma

Answer: cyclin D1

Flashcard 46: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is also known as "SBLA" Syndrome, which stands for:S - _____B - Breast CancerL - LeukemiaA - Adrenal Gland tumor

Answer: Sarcoma

Flashcard 47: Invasive carcinomas become metastatic when they invade the _____ or blood

Answer: lymphatics

Flashcard 48: ER/PR-_____, HER2-negative cancers is the most common subtype of breast cancer in individuals who inherit germline mutations in BRCA2

Answer: positive

Flashcard 49: _____ is the assessment of the size and spread of a cancer

Answer: Staging

Flashcard 50: _____ carcinoma, a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma, is characterized by cancer within dermal lymphatics

Answer: Inflammatory

Flashcard 51: Ovarian carcinoma is associated with '_____', which occurs from seeding of the peritoneum with layers upon layers of tumor cell growth

Answer: omental caking

Flashcard 52: The HER2/neu proto-oncogene encodes for the HER2 receptor, which when activated leads to cell _____This is a growth factor receptor found commonly in breast cancer

Answer: proliferation

Flashcard 53: Almost all _____ are calretinin positive, which is negative in most carcinomas

Answer: mesotheliomas

Flashcard 54: _____ is a cystic salivary gland tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers

Answer: Warthin tumor

Flashcard 55: Luminal B subtype of breast cancer can be ER/PR _____ve and Her2 +/-ve, with variable Ki67

Answer: +

Flashcard 56: Borderline tumors have _____ prognosis than clearly malignant tumors, but still carry metastatic potential

Answer: better

Flashcard 57: _____ is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervixthat commonly manifests following the loss of the tumour suppressors p53 and Rb following HPV infection.

Answer: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)

Flashcard 58: Carney's triad consists of gastric _____, extra- adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma

Answer: GIST

Flashcard 59: Pleomorphic adenoma is a slow growing _____ tumor that is potentially malignant

Answer: benign

Flashcard 60: _____ is due to an inherited mutation in the APC gene on chromosome 5q

Answer: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Flashcard 61: Squamous cell carcinoma is CK 7 _____ and CK 20 negative

Answer: negative

Flashcard 62: Metastasis to the lung is most often from _____, colon, prostate, and bladder cancer

Answer: breast

Flashcard 63: The classic location for _____ cell carcinoma is the lower lip

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 64: Elevated hCG can be a paraneoplastic syndrome, such as in _____ or large cell carcinoma of lung

Answer: pinealomas

Flashcard 65: Embryonal carcinoma may have increased levels of _____ and normal or elevated levels of AFP

Answer: hCG

Flashcard 66: Which type(s) of cells line the fibrovascular projections of a papillary carcinoma of the breast? _____

Answer: Only epithelial cells

Flashcard 67: 10% to 15% of individuals do not have the elevation of the CA 19-9 level in CA pancreas, a finding that has been associated with blood _____ antigennegative status.

Answer: Lewis

Flashcard 68: Adenomatous polyps with a _____ histology have less malignant potential than villous histology (tubular or villous)

Answer: tubular

Flashcard 69: Mutations that cause _____ of the PDGFB proto-oncogene can precipitate development of an Astrocytoma by creating an autocrine loop

Answer: overexpression

Flashcard 70: Histological examination of oncocytoma reveals large _____ophilic cells (owing to an abundance of mitochondria) arranged in distinct nests.

Answer: eosin

Flashcard 71: Breast Cancer Assessment: The following is an immunohistochemical stain for the _____ receptor, which is located on the cell membrane

Answer: HER-2 (c-erbB2)

Flashcard 72: _____ is the malignant proliferation of cells in the ducts of the breast with no invasion of the basement membrane

Answer: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Flashcard 73: Bleeding may occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome in Wilm's tumor due to acquired deficiency of _____ factor or factor VII deficiency.

Answer: von Willebrand

Flashcard 74: _____ -sided colorectal carcinoma usually grows as a raised (exophytic) mass

Answer: Right

Flashcard 75: High malignant potential in GIST is determined by _____ cm size; >5 mitoses/50 HPF or 5-10cm size; >5 mitoses/50 HPF

Answer: >10

Flashcard 76: The t(_____,14) translocation results in overexpression of c-myc, which promotes growth

Answer: 8

Flashcard 77: Progression of colonic adenoma to carcinoma occurs with mutations in the _____ or loss of heterozygosity in the region that encodes for SMAD 2 / 4

Answer: p53

Flashcard 78: Oral _____ and erythroplakia are precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: leukoplakia

Flashcard 79: Most common malignant tumor of _____ salivary glands is Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Answer: minor

Flashcard 80: Categories of proto-oncogenes include:_____2) Growth factor receptors3) Signal transducers4) Nuclear regulators5) Cell cycle regulators

Answer: 1) Growth factors

Flashcard 81: Tumor cells can evade apoptosis / immune surveillance by downregulating expression of _____ or alternative splicing of the Fas receptor

Answer: MHC class I

Flashcard 82: Paragangliomas most commonly occur at the _____, known as a carotid paraganglioma

Answer: neck

Flashcard 83: Duke s classification is based on the _____ of tumor and lymph node status.

Answer: depth

Flashcard 84: Retinoblastoma is due to mutation in Rb gene located on chromosome _____q14

Answer: 13

Flashcard 85: Benzidine is a carcinogenic aromatic amine found in _____ associated with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Answer: textile dyes

Flashcard 86: _____ cancer produces pure osteolytic secondaries.

Answer: Renal

Flashcard 87: Transitional cell carcinoma may arise via two distinct pathways: _____ and papillary

Answer: flat

Flashcard 88: The RAS family of _____ encode for GTP-binding signal transducers that when stimulated leads to cell proliferationThis is a signal transducer found commonly in carcinomas, lymphoma, and melanoma

Answer: proto-oncogenes

Flashcard 89: To remember the most common neoplasias that spread _____Embryonal carcinomaHepatocellular carcinomaSarcomaChoriocarcinomaRenal cell carcinomaFollicular carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer: hematogenously (Every Hematogenous Spreading Cancer Reigns Foolishly)

Flashcard 90: Breast, thyroid and Lung carcinoma is CK 7 _____ and CK 20 negative

Answer: positive

Flashcard 91: Neoplasia is new tissue growth which has three characteristics that distinguish it from hyperplasia and repair:1 - It is _____ 2 - It is irreversible3 - Generally speaking, it is monoclonal*

Answer: unregulated

Flashcard 92: _____ is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes p16 which blocks the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle

Answer: CDKN2A

Flashcard 93: Order of metastasis of Papillary thyroid carcinoma:_____>liver>bone>brain

Answer: Lung

Flashcard 94: Gastric carcinoma may spread and involve the _____, also known as a Krukenberg tumor

Answer: bilateral ovaries

Flashcard 95: IgA antibodies against _____ and VCA should be done for screening of patients for nasopharyngeal cancer.

Answer: EA

Flashcard 96: The Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a serum tumor marker that has minor associations with _____, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas

Answer: gastric

Flashcard 97: Inverted papilloma is also known as transitional cell papilloma or _____ tumor or Schneiderian papilloma

Answer: Ringertz

Flashcard 98: _____ lung carcinoma may produce the anterior pituitary hormone ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome

Answer: Small (oat) cell

Flashcard 99: Patients with a germline Rb mutation will typically develop a _____ Retinoblastoma, with an increased risk of osteosarcoma and pinealoblastoma ("trilateral" retinoblastoma)

Answer: bilateral

Flashcard 100: Tumors that present with PSaMMoma bodies are:P_____SomatostatinomaMeningiomaMalignant MesotheliomaOvarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinomaMilk (prolactinoma)

Answer: apillary carcinoma of thyroid

Flashcard 101: Some _____ secrete PTH-related peptide (PTH-rp), which is structurally homologous with the PTH secreted by the parathyroid glands

Answer: malignant tumors

Flashcard 102: The KIT _____ encodes for the Stem Cell Factor receptor, which when bound leads to cell growthThis is a growth factor receptor found commonly in GI stromal tumor

Answer: proto-oncogene

Flashcard 103: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by an erythematous and swollen breast that does not resolve with antibiotics

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 104: The tumor suppressors encoded by the CDKN2A gene enforce the G1-->S restriction point by:(1) - inhibiting CDK_____/6 (2) - relieving inhibition of P53

Answer: 4

Flashcard 105: Epithelial tumors that grow _____ are known as papillomas when benign and papillary carcinoma when malignant

Answer: exophytically

Flashcard 106: _____ syndrome is a combination of familial adenomatous polyposis with osteomas and fibromatosis

Answer: Gardner

Flashcard 107: _____ is a tumor suppressor gene whose product inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1- (HIF-1)

Answer: VHL

Flashcard 108: _____ lung carcinoma arises from neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells, which are small, dark blue cells

Answer: Small (oat) cell

Flashcard 109: Invasive lobular carcinoma grows in a _____ pattern due to lack of E-cadherin encoded by gene CDH-1

Answer: single-file

Flashcard 110: The T of TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma represents the tumor _____ and involvement of the renal vein

Answer: size

Flashcard 111: Acoustic neuromas are _____ whereas glomus tumors are encapsulated (capsulated/nah)

Answer: non-capsulated

Flashcard 112: _____ disease is an inherited disease associated with increased risk for renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum

Answer: Von Hippel-Lindau

Flashcard 113: Prostatic adenocarcinoma often has _____ metastases, which is indicated by lower back pain

Answer: osteoblastic

Flashcard 114: The cells of _____ tumors contain amine precursor uptake decarboxylase (APUD)

Answer: neuroendocrine

Flashcard 115: A characteristic of the transformation from normal cells to dysplastic cells is that there is is an increased _____ to cytoplasmic ratio

Answer: nuclear

Flashcard 116: _____ subtype is a triple-negative breast cancer with low expression of E-cadherin, with a poor prognosis

Answer: Claudin low-molecular

Flashcard 117: _____ is the malignant proliferation of cells in the lobules of the breast with no invasion of the basement membrane

Answer: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Flashcard 118: _____ syndrome is a combination of: 1. Wilms tumor 2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome 3. Male pseudohermaphroditism (gonadal dysgenesis)

Answer: Denys-Drash

Flashcard 119: Tumor staging is based on _____ (c) or pathological (p) findings

Answer: clinical

Flashcard 120: Loss of copies of a tumor suppressor gene (knudson two-hit hypothesis) arise from _____ (inherited) or somatic (sporadic) mutations

Answer: germline

Flashcard 121: _____ carcinoma of the lung is characterized by positive staining for chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, and NCAM (CD56)

Answer: Small (oat) cell

Flashcard 122: Neurofibromatosis type I is associated with mutations in the _____ tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17

Answer: NF1

Flashcard 123: The two most important prognostic factors in colon cancer are the _____ and the presence of lymph node metastases.

Answer: depth of invasion

Flashcard 124: Which immunohistochemical markers are seen in embryonal carcinoma?_____ and CD30

Answer: Cytokeratin

Flashcard 125: Following APC mutation (adenoma-carcinoma sequence), _____ mutations lead to polyp formation (adenoma)

Answer: KRAS

Flashcard 126: _____ is the microscopic assessment of differentiation in a cancer

Answer: Grading

Flashcard 127: _____ is a malignant germ cell tumor composed of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and multinuclear syncytiotrophoblasts, but with absent villi

Answer: Choriocarcinoma

Flashcard 128: _____ carcinoma is a urinary tract cancer associated with aniline (azo) dyes

Answer: Transitional (urothelial) cell

Flashcard 129: _____ spread is characteristic of carcinomas, while Hematogenous spread is characteristic of sarcomas

Answer: Lymphatic

Flashcard 130: Is angiofibroma benign or malignant?_____

Answer: Benign

Flashcard 131: _____ is a non-invasive breast cancer characterized by dyscohesive cells due to lack of E-cadherin protein

Answer: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Flashcard 132: One subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast) is _____ carcinoma, which is characterized by large, high-grade malignant cells growing in sheets with lymphocytic infiltrate

Answer: medullary

Flashcard 133: Metastasis oncogenes such as _____ and TWIST encode transcription factors whose primary function is to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Answer: SNAIL

Flashcard 134: _____ tumor is metastatic mucinous tumor that involves both ovaries; most commonly due to metastatic gastric carcinoma (diffuse type)

Answer: Krukenberg

Flashcard 135: _____ carcinoma of the lung may secrete the hormone -hCG

Answer: Large cell

Flashcard 136: _____ is a malignant salivary gland tumor composed of mucinous and squamous cells *what is the most common mutation?

Answer: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Flashcard 137: _____ is a salivary gland tumor composed of chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium

Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 138: Gorlin syndrome is associated with a high risk of _____ carcinoma and medulloblastoma.

Answer: basal cell

Flashcard 139: Chronic irritation of the bladder can cause _____ metaplasia, which may progress to squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 140: ER/PR-_____, HER2-negative cancers is the most common subtype of breast cancer in individuals who inherit germline mutations in BRCA1

Answer: negative

Flashcard 141: Small cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by _____ differentiated small cells and is thus very aggressive

Answer: poorly

Flashcard 142: Uncertain or low malignant potential in GIST is determined by _____ cm size; >5 mitoses/50 HPF

Answer: 2

Flashcard 143: Wilms tumor is caused by "loss of function" mutations of tumor suppression genes _____ or WT2 on chromosome 11

Answer: WT1

Flashcard 144: 2-Napthylamine is a carcinogenic aromatic amine found in _____ associated with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Answer: cigarette smoke

Flashcard 145: A follicular lymphoma due to Bcl-2 overexpression results from a _____ mutation

Answer: t(14

Flashcard 146: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is due to _____ mutation and presents with multiple oncocytomas, chromophobe RCCs, facial fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer: BHD gene: folliculin

Flashcard 147: -fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum tumor marker elevated in (mnemonic: HE-MAN is the alpha male)- H_____- Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor- Mixed germ cell tumor- Ataxia-telangiectasia- Neural tube defects

Answer: epatocellular carcinoma

Flashcard 148: Her2 enriched subtype of breast cancer usually has a _____ Ki67

Answer: high

Flashcard 149: Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine syndrome is due to loss-of-function mutation of _____ gene

Answer: serine/threonine kinase (STK11)

Flashcard 150: IHC score is said to be 1+ if the breast cancer is HER2 _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 151: Which hormone is considered to play a role in etiopathogenesis of angiofibroma?_____

Answer: Testosterone

Flashcard 152: Which subtype of breast cancer has been removed from the TNM classification according to AJCC 8th edition?_____

Answer: LCIS

Flashcard 153: What is the most important prognostic factor in infiltrating urothelial carcinoma?_____

Answer: Stage of the tumor

Flashcard 154: Nitrosamine and amides are _____directly acting carcinogens

Answer: in

Flashcard 155: Verrucous carcinoma is a well-differentiated _____ cell carcinoma.

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 156: The _____ variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma has the best prognosis

Answer: botryoid

Flashcard 157: The most common mediastinal tumor overall is _____.

Answer: thymoma

Flashcard 158: Loss-of-function mutation in _____ is responsible for bladder carcinoma.

Answer: TP53

Flashcard 159: What is the prognosis of spermatocytic tumor?_____

Answer: Good

Flashcard 160: IHC score is said to be 2+ if the breast cancer is HER2 _____

Answer: equivocal

Flashcard 161: Stauffer syndrome is hepatic dysfunction secondary to RCC due to high levels of _____

Answer: IL-6

Flashcard 162: Brisk tumor infiltrating lymphocyte response is a _____ prognostic factor in melanoma

Answer: favourable

Flashcard 163: _____ thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy in iodine-deficient areas

Answer: Follicular

Flashcard 164: What is the route of spread of synovial sarcomas?_____

Answer: Lymphatic

Flashcard 165: Most common sinus involved in adenocarcinoma in workers of furniture industry is _____ sinus and upper nasal cavity

Answer: ethmoid

Flashcard 166: Epithelioid _____ is a rare malignant vascular tumor of the liver

Answer: hemangioendothelioma

Flashcard 167: What age group is commonly affected by glomus tumor?_____

Answer: 40-50 years

Flashcard 168: WHO Classification of NPC based on Histopathology:Type _____ Keratinizing Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: I

Flashcard 169: According to the T category under AJCC classification of breast cancer, inflammatory carcinoma is _____

Answer: T4d

Flashcard 170: Fundic gland polyps of the stomach are associated with _____

Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (cancer syndrome)

Flashcard 171: Documented increase in size of an adenomatous polyp in a person aged >_____ years is a risk factor for malignancy

Answer: 60

Flashcard 172: Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors are _____ likely to metastatize compared to ileal NETs

Answer: less

Flashcard 173: In non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSCGT), _____ enzyme is directly related to tumor burden

Answer: LDH

Flashcard 174: Chromosomal translocation t(12;15)(p13;q25) is characteristic of which tumor?_____

Answer: Infantile fibrosarcoma

Flashcard 175: Pleomorphic adenoma is _____

Answer: radioresistant (radioresistant/sensitive)

Flashcard 176: What is the most important prognostic factor for carcinoid tumor of intestine?_____

Answer: Size

Flashcard 177: Is neurotization seen in melanoma?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 178: The _____ variant of papillary thyroid cancer is associated with -catenin mutation (APC)

Answer: cribriform

Flashcard 179: Which component of phyllodes tumor can metastasize (epithelial/stromal)?_____

Answer: Stromal

Flashcard 180: Triple negative subtype of breast cancer usually has a _____ Ki67

Answer: high

Flashcard 181: WHO Classification of NPC based on Histopathology:Type _____ nonkeratinizing differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: IIa

Flashcard 182: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may predispose to development of _____ tumors

Answer: carcinoid

Flashcard 183: Is inverted papilloma benign or malignant?_____

Answer: Pre-malignant

Flashcard 184: Tumors exceeding bowel wall, with lymph node invasion are classified as _____ according to Modified Duke's classification

Answer: C2

Flashcard 185: The diagnosis is _____ carcinoma of the lung.

Answer: large cell

Flashcard 186: The _____ variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma has the worst prognosis

Answer: pleomorphic

Flashcard 187: Nickel refining workers are more likely to develop _____ variety of sinonasal carcinoma

Answer: squamous cell and anaplastic (2 histological)

Flashcard 188: The most specific marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is _____

Answer: DOG-1

Flashcard 189: What is the most sensitive marker for GIST?_____

Answer: CD117

Flashcard 190: The definitive diagnosis of malignancy in pheochromocytomas is based exclusively on the presence of _____

Answer: metastases

Flashcard 191: Immature ganglion cells of the sympathetic nervous system on microscopy are pathognomonic of _____

Answer: neuroblastoma

Flashcard 192: All cases of breast cancer showing IHC _____+ should be subjected to FISH to determine gene amplification status

Answer: 2

Flashcard 193: Hereditary papillary RCC is due to _____ proto-oncogene mutation and presents with multiple, bilateral type 1 papillary RCC

Answer: c-met

Flashcard 194: Kaposi sarcoma and hemangioendothelioma are _____ grade neoplasms

Answer: intermediate

Flashcard 195: Which prepubertal germ cell tumors do not arise from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS)?_____

Answer: Prepubertal yolk sac tumor and prepubertal teratoma

Flashcard 196: Spermatocytic tumor is a rare, slow growing germ cell tumor that affects individuals aged _____ years

Answer: >65

Flashcard 197: According to the T category under AJCC classification of breast cancer, tumor size _____ mm is T3

Answer: >50

Flashcard 198: Breast implants increase the risk of _____ lymphoma in scar tissue

Answer: anaplastic large cell

Flashcard 199: Earliest site of metastasis in osteosarcoma is to the _____.

Answer: lungs

Flashcard 200: Familial gastric cancer is strongly associated with germline loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor gene _____

Answer: CDH1

Flashcard 201: Which microfilament stain is positive in synovial sarcoma?_____

Answer: Cytokeratin

Flashcard 202: Seminomatous germ cell tumors use the _____ route to metastasize

Answer: lymphatic

Flashcard 203: Intraepithelial biliary neoplasias, mucinous cystic neoplasms, and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasia are precursor lesions for _____

Answer: cholangiocarcinoma

Flashcard 204: _____ is a IHC marker seen with Breast carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma and choriocarcinoma

Answer: GATA3

Flashcard 205: What gene overexpression is associated with more aggressive clinical behavior in Phyllodes tumor?_____

Answer: HOXB13

Flashcard 206: Good prognosis in neuroblastoma is associated with _____diploidy.

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 207: What variant of rhabdomyosarcoma is seen in adults?_____

Answer: Pleomorphic

Flashcard 208: Woodworkers are more likely to develop _____ variety of sinonasal carcinoma

Answer: adenocarcinoma (histological)

Flashcard 209: Most common tumor of the parotid gland is _____

Answer: pleomorphic adenoma

Flashcard 210: E-cadherin overexpression is a hallmark of _____ breast carcinoma

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 211: Kaposi sarcoma has a _____ grade malignant potential

Answer: low

Flashcard 212: In Wilms tumour, metastasis to the _____ occurs early

Answer: lungs

Flashcard 213: Hepatoblastoma has been associated with the _____ syndrome

Answer: familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (cancer)

Flashcard 214: The biologic behaviour of chondrosarcoma directly correlates with the _____ of tumor

Answer: grade

Flashcard 215: WHO Classification of NPC based on Histopathology:Type _____ basaloid Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: III

Flashcard 216: _____ is associated with carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater of the CBD

Answer: Familial adenomatous polyposis (Cancer syndrome)

Flashcard 217: Angiosarcoma and hemangiopericytoma are _____ grade neoplasms

Answer: malignant

Flashcard 218: Two-thirds of fibroadenomas harbor driver mutations in _____ gene

Answer: MED12

Flashcard 219: Pure fetal histology in hepatoblastoma is associated with a _____ prognosis

Answer: good

Flashcard 220: _____ refers to a lack of differentiation.

Answer: Anaplasia

Flashcard 221: Retinoblastoma is composed of small _____philic cells (retinoblasts), with large hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm.

Answer: baso

Flashcard 222: Tumors confined to the muscle layer, no lymph node invasion are classified as _____ according to Modified Duke's classification

Answer: B2

Flashcard 223: What is the most common site of metastatic neoplasms?_____

Answer: Lung

Flashcard 224: The suffix -oma attached to a cell type from which a tumor originates is suggestive of a benign _____ tumor.

Answer: mesenchymal

Flashcard 225: The most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma in adults is _____

Answer: genitourinary tract

Flashcard 226: Lung metastasis is more common in _____ thyroid carcinoma.

Answer: anaplastic and papillary

Flashcard 227: Extragonadal germ cell tumor is most commonly seen in _____.

Answer: mediastinum

Flashcard 228: What type of rhabdomyosarcoma carries the worst prognosis?_____

Answer: Pleomorphic

Flashcard 229: The most important determinant of prognosis in Wilms tumor is _____.

Answer: histology

Flashcard 230: The most important determinant of prognosis in Wilm's tumor is its _____

Answer: histology

Flashcard 231: IHC score is said to be 3+ if the breast cancer is HER2 _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 232: The most common EBV-associated tumor is _____ malignancy.

Answer: gastric

Flashcard 233: HER2 overexpression is associated with _____ survival in breast cancer

Answer: poorer

Flashcard 234: What is the most important prognostic factor for Wilms tumor?_____

Answer: Anaplastic histology

Flashcard 235: _____-acting carcinogens require metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic

Answer: Indirectly

Flashcard 236: WHO Classification of NPC based on Histopathology:Type _____ nonkeratinizing undifferentiated Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: IIb

Flashcard 237: What is the most common variant of rectal carcinoma?_____

Answer: AdenoCA

Flashcard 238: _____ hemangiomas are the most common type of hemangiomas

Answer: Capillary

Flashcard 239: The most common cause of myelophthisic anemia is _____

Answer: metastatic cancer

Flashcard 240: Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors use the _____ route to metastasize

Answer: hematogenous

Flashcard 241: What are the 3 types of RAS oncogenes?_____

Answer: K-RAS, N-RAS and H-RAS

Flashcard 242: Paget's cells are ER-_____, malignant cells arising from underlying DCIS

Answer: negative

Flashcard 243: Marjolin's ulcer is a _____ grade squamous cell carcinoma

Answer: low

Flashcard 244: Masaoka staging system is used for staging _____

Answer: thymoma

Flashcard 245: In HPV-_____ SCC of the oral cavity, patients generally present with _____ primary lesions with variable nodal disease.

Answer: negative; large

Flashcard 246: In HPV-_____ SCC of the oral cavity, patients generally present with _____ primary lesions with variable nodal disease.

Answer: negative; large

Flashcard 247: _____ tumors are associated with colonic polyps.

Answer: Desmoid

Flashcard 248: Thymomas are cytologically _____ and may be invasive or non invasive

Answer: benign