Nephrology — Flashcards

Flashcard 91: What is the urinary pH in type 4 renal tubular acidosis?_____

Answer: Low

Flashcard 92: Calciphylaxis is seen in _____ stages of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer: late (early/late)

Flashcard 93: The screening investigation used in renovascular hypertension is _____

Answer: Captopril DTPA

Flashcard 94: If the patient of diabetes mellitus (1 or 2) has type IV renal tubular acidosis, they will present with _____ excretion of ammonia in the urine

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 95: Atheroembolic kidney disease is often associated with aortic _____ and renal artery stenosis

Answer: aneurysms

Flashcard 96: Microalbuminuria is defined as a urinary albumin excretion rate of _____ mg/24 hrs.

Answer: 30 300

Flashcard 97: Which metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?_____

Answer: Hypercalcemia and hypokalemia

Flashcard 98: At what GFR level is maintenance dialysis typically initiated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: GFR < 10 mL/min/1.73 m² (typically 5–10 mL/min/1.73 m²)

Extra: While dialysis initiation is primarily driven by clinical symptoms (uremia, refractory fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances), it is generally considered when the GFR falls below 10 mL/min/1.73 m². Note that standard GFR estimation equations (MDRD, CKD-EPI) are not valid for patients already receiving dialysis.

Flashcard 99: What is the most studied biomarker for renal AKI?_____

Answer: NGAL

Flashcard 100: Recurrent hematuria with eumorphic RBCs may be seen in which renal channelopathy?

Answer: Bartter syndrome

Extra: Bartter syndrome is a renal tubulopathy (channelopathy) that presents with hypercalciuria. This can lead to nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis, which may manifest as recurrent hematuria with eumorphic (non-glomerular) RBCs.