UPSC-CMS 2013 - Community Medicine Practice Questions

Q: The net reproduction rate of 1 is primarily determined by which of the following demographic rates?

Total fertility rate. ***Total fertility rate*** - The **Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)** is a refinement of the **Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)**, which itself is derived from the **Total Fertility Rate (TFR)**. - An NRR of 1 implies that a generation of women is exactly replacing itself, meaning that, on average, each woman is giving birth to enough daughters who survive to reproductive age to take her place. This is directly linked to the overall fertility level represented by the Total Fertility Rate. *Couple protection rate* - The **couple protection rate** measures the percentage of eligible couples effectively protected against conception, typically through family planning methods. - While it influences the **Total Fertility Rate**, it is not the primary determinant of the **Net Reproduction Rate** itself. *Total marital fertility rate* - The **total marital fertility rate** measures the average number of children born to a woman within marriage. - It does not account for births outside of marriage or for the mortality of women before or during their reproductive years, which are crucial components of the **Net Reproduction Rate**. *Age specific marital fertility rate* - The **age-specific marital fertility rate** measures the number of births to married women within a specific age group. - This is a more granular component of fertility measurement but not the primary determinant of the overall replacement level indicated by an **NRR of 1**, which requires a broader measure like the **Total Fertility Rate**.

Q: According to the WHO guidelines, the Body Mass Index cut off for overweight is:

≥ 25. ***≥ 25*** - A **Body Mass Index (BMI)** of **25.0 to 29.9 kg/m²** is classified as **overweight** according to **WHO international guidelines**. - This classification indicates a higher risk of developing various health problems. - **Note:** For Asian populations including India, modified cutoffs are used where **overweight is ≥23 kg/m²**. *≥ 18* - A BMI of **less than 18.5 kg/m²** is classified as **underweight**, indicating potential nutritional deficiencies. - A BMI between **18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²** is considered **normal weight** per WHO standards. *≥ 35* - A BMI of **≥ 35 kg/m²** falls into the category of **Obesity Class II or III**, representing a severe level of obesity. - This signifies a significantly elevated risk for severe health complications. *≥ 30* - A BMI of **≥ 30 kg/m²** is classified as **obese**, specifically **Obesity Class I**. - This threshold indicates a clear need for weight management interventions to reduce health risks.

Q: Horrock's apparatus is used to measure :

Free chlorine. ***Free chlorine*** - Horrock's apparatus is a device specifically designed for the **estimation of residual free chlorine** in treated water. - It uses a tablet and a comparator system to visually match the color produced with a standard scale, indicating the free chlorine level. *Free and combined chlorine* - This apparatus is specifically designed for **free chlorine** and does not directly measure combined chlorine. - While total chlorine (free + combined) can be inferred through subsequent tests, the Horrock's apparatus itself isolates free chlorine. *Chlorine demand* - **Chlorine demand** refers to the amount of chlorine used up by impurities in water before a residual begins to form, and is not directly measured by Horrock's apparatus. - It is determined by knowing the added chlorine dose and the residual chlorine remaining after a contact period. *Combined chlorine* - **Combined chlorine** refers to chlorine that has reacted with ammonia or organic nitrogen compounds, forming chloramines, and is not the primary measurement of Horrock's apparatus. - Measuring combined chlorine typically involves different methods or calculations after determining free and total chlorine.

Q: Among the causes of maternal mortality, which of the following is correct in descending order of maternal deaths in India ?

Haemorrhage, sepsis, abortion, obstructed labour. ***Haemorrhage, sepsis, abortion, obstructed labour*** - This order reflects the **leading causes of maternal mortality in India** as per data available during 2010-2013 period. - **Haemorrhage** (38%) is the primary cause due to postpartum hemorrhage, antepartum bleeding, and complications during delivery. - **Sepsis** (11%) includes puerperal sepsis and infections following unsafe deliveries. - **Abortion** (8%) complications, particularly from unsafe procedures, remain a significant contributor. - **Obstructed labour** causes have decreased with improved access to cesarean sections and skilled birth attendance. *Obstructed labour, haemorrhage, abortion, sepsis* - This order is incorrect as **haemorrhage** consistently ranks as the leading cause of maternal deaths in India, not obstructed labour. - Obstructed labour has significantly declined due to better access to emergency obstetric care. *Haemorrhage, obstructed labour, abortion, sepsis* - This order is incorrect because **sepsis** accounts for a higher percentage of maternal deaths than obstructed labour. - While haemorrhage is correctly placed first, sepsis should come before obstructed labour in the ranking. *Sepsis, obstructed labour, abortion, haemorrhage* - This order is completely incorrect as **haemorrhage** is overwhelmingly the leading cause of maternal mortality in India. - Placing haemorrhage last contradicts all epidemiological data on maternal deaths in India.

Q: The attitude is a domain of:

affective learning. ***affective learning*** - The **affective domain of learning** deals with how we perceive, value, and feel about things, encompassing emotions, attitudes, values, and motivations. - Developing a particular **attitude** involves changes in feelings and emotions towards a subject or person, aligning directly with the objectives of affective learning. *psychomotor learning* - **Psychomotor learning** focuses on the development of physical skills and coordinated movements. - It involves the acquisition of **manipulative skills** and performance of actions, which is distinct from internal attitudes. *cognitive learning* - **Cognitive learning** primarily involves mental processes such as knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. - This domain relates to the acquisition and understanding of **factual information** and intellectual skills, not attitudes. *temporal learning* - **Temporal learning** is not a recognized standalone domain of learning in Bloom's Taxonomy or similar educational frameworks. - While learning often occurs over time, the term "temporal learning" doesn't describe a specific focus like attitudes, skills, or knowledge.

Q: Diethyltoluamide is an effective :

Repellent. ***Repellent*** - **Diethyltoluamide (DEET)** is a highly effective and widely used **insect repellent**. - It works by creating an olfactory barrier that deters mosquitoes and other biting insects. *Agent against propagation of Anopheles* - While DEET can prevent bites from **Anopheles mosquitoes**, it doesn't directly target their reproduction or population growth. - Measures against propagation typically involve **larvicides**, habitat modification, or insecticidal spraying. *Space spray* - **Space sprays** are designed to kill insects in an area, often using insecticides like pyrethroids, rather than repelling them from an individual. - DEET's mechanism is to deter insects from landing on skin or clothing, not to kill them in an open space. *Larvicide* - **Larvicides** are chemical or biological agents used to kill insect larvae, particularly mosquito larvae, in aquatic breeding sites. - DEET is applied to the skin or clothing to prevent adult insect bites and does not act on larvae.

Question 1

The net reproduction rate of 1 is primarily determined by which of the following demographic rates?

Accepted Answer

Total fertility rate

Answer

Couple protection rate

Answer

Total marital fertility rate

Answer

Age specific marital fertility rate

Question 2

According to the WHO guidelines, the Body Mass Index cut off for overweight is:

Accepted Answer

≥ 25

Answer

≥ 18

Answer

≥ 35

Answer

≥ 30

Question 3

Horrock's apparatus is used to measure :

Accepted Answer

Free chlorine

Answer

Free and combined chlorine

Answer

Chlorine demand

Answer

Combined chlorine

Question 4

Among the causes of maternal mortality, which of the following is correct in descending order of maternal deaths in India ?

Accepted Answer

Haemorrhage, sepsis, abortion, obstructed labour

Answer

Obstructed labour, haemorrhage, abortion, sepsis

Answer

Haemorrhage, obstructed labour, abortion, sepsis

Answer

Sepsis, obstructed labour, abortion, haemorrhage

Question 5

The order of priority of immunization strategy to prevent congenital rubella infection from first to last is :

Accepted Answer

Infants → children 1-14 years → women of reproductive age group

Answer

Women of reproductive age group → children 1-14 years → Infants

Answer

Infants → women of reproductive age group → children 1-14 years

Answer

Women of reproductive age group → Infants → children 1-14 years

Question 6

The attitude is a domain of:

Accepted Answer

affective learning

Answer

psychomotor learning

Answer

cognitive learning

Answer

temporal learning

Question 7

Diethyltoluamide is an effective :

Accepted Answer

Repellent

Answer

Agent against propagation of Anopheles

Answer

Space spray

Answer

Larvicide

UPSC-CMS 2013 — Community Medicine