All are supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve except which of the following?
Interosseous membrane of forearm is pierced by?
Which of the following statements about the great saphenous vein is true?
Which muscles are known as 'Triceps surae'?
The blood supply to femoral head is mostly by?
Main blood supply to the head and neck of femur comes from
Which of the following statements about the linea aspera is correct?
Which muscle is attached to the lateral surface of the greater trochanter?
Sacrotuberous ligament is pierced by
Line from midinguinal point to adductor tubercle represents?
NEET-PG 2013 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 41: All are supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve except which of the following?
- A. Flexor carpi ulnaris (Correct Answer)
- B. Pronator quadratus
- C. Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half)
- D. Flexor pollicis longus
Explanation: ***Flexor carpi ulnaris*** - The **flexor carpi ulnaris** (FCU) is innervated by the **ulnar nerve**, not the anterior interosseous nerve [1]. - This is the correct answer as it is NOT supplied by the AIN. *Pronator quadratus* - The **pronator quadratus** IS supplied by the **anterior interosseous nerve**. - This deep muscle is responsible for **pronation of the forearm** and is one of the three muscles innervated by the AIN. *Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half)* - The **lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus** (to index and middle fingers) IS supplied by the **anterior interosseous nerve**. - The medial half (to ring and little fingers) is supplied by the ulnar nerve. *Flexor pollicis longus* - The **flexor pollicis longus** (FPL) IS supplied by the **anterior interosseous nerve**. - This muscle is responsible for **flexion of the thumb's interphalangeal joint** and is one of the three muscles innervated by the AIN.
Question 42: Interosseous membrane of forearm is pierced by?
- A. Brachial artery
- B. Anterior interosseous artery (Correct Answer)
- C. Posterior interosseous artery
- D. Ulnar recurrent artery
Explanation: ***Anterior interosseous artery*** - The **anterior interosseous artery** pierces the **interosseous membrane** in the **distal forearm** (approximately 5 cm above the wrist) to anastomose with the **posterior interosseous artery** and contribute to the **palmar carpal arch**. - This artery arises from the **common interosseous artery**, a branch of the **ulnar artery**. - This is the **classically taught structure** that pierces the interosseous membrane and is the standard answer in examination contexts. *Brachial artery* - The **brachial artery** is the main artery of the arm and terminates in the **cubital fossa** by dividing into the **radial** and **ulnar arteries**. - It does not pierce the **interosseous membrane** of the forearm as it is located in the arm, not the forearm. *Posterior interosseous artery* - The **posterior interosseous artery** arises from the **common interosseous artery** and passes **posteriorly between the oblique cord and the upper border of the interosseous membrane** to enter the posterior compartment of the forearm. - While it may pierce the membrane distally to anastomose anteriorly, the **anterior interosseous artery** is the structure **classically described** as piercing the membrane in standard anatomical teaching and examination contexts. *Ulnar recurrent artery* - The **ulnar recurrent arteries** (anterior and posterior branches) arise from the **ulnar artery** near the **cubital fossa** and ascend to participate in the **anastomosis around the elbow joint**. - These arteries do not pierce the **interosseous membrane** of the forearm.
Question 43: Which of the following statements about the great saphenous vein is true?
- A. It begins at lateral end of dorsal venous arch
- B. It runs anterior to medial malleolus (Correct Answer)
- C. Terminates into popliteal vein
- D. It is accompanied by the sural nerve
Explanation: **It runs anterior to medial malleolus** - The **great saphenous vein** originates from the medial end of the **dorsal venous arch** of the foot and ascends anterior to the **medial malleolus** [1]. - This anatomical relationship makes it accessible for various clinical procedures, such as **venous cutdown** for rapid intravenous access [1]. *It begins at lateral end of dorsal venous arch* - The **great saphenous vein** actually begins at the **medial end** of the dorsal venous arch, not the lateral end [1]. - The **small saphenous vein** arises from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch [1]. *It is accompanied by the sural nerve* - The **sural nerve** typically accompanies the **small saphenous vein**, not the great saphenous vein, in the posterior leg [1]. - The **saphenous nerve**, a branch of the femoral nerve, accompanies the great saphenous vein throughout its course in the leg. *Terminates into popliteal vein* - The **great saphenous vein** normally terminates by draining into the **femoral vein** in the femoral triangle, not the popliteal vein [1]. - The **small saphenous vein** is the one that typically drains into the popliteal vein [1].
Question 44: Which muscles are known as 'Triceps surae'?
- A. Popliteus
- B. Extensor hallucis longus
- C. Extensor digitorum longus
- D. Gastro-soleus (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Gastro-soleus*** - The **Triceps surae** refers to the two heads of the **gastrocnemius muscle** and the **soleus muscle**, which together form the powerful calf muscle. - These three muscles converge to form the **Achilles tendon** (calcaneal tendon) and are prime movers for **plantarflexion** of the ankle. *Popliteus* - The popliteus muscle is located behind the knee joint and acts to **unlock the knee** during flexion. - It does not contribute to the bulk of the calf and is not part of the Triceps surae group. *Extensor hallucis longus* - This muscle is located in the **anterior compartment** of the leg and is responsible for **dorsiflexion** of the ankle and extension of the great toe. - It is an antagonist to the Triceps surae, which primarily performs plantarflexion. *Extensor digitorum longus* - The extensor digitorum longus is also in the **anterior compartment** of the leg, responsible for **dorsiflexion** of the ankle and extension of the lateral four toes. - It is functionally opposite to the actions of the Triceps surae and in a different muscle compartment.
Question 45: The blood supply to femoral head is mostly by?
- A. Lateral epiphyseal artery
- B. Medial epiphyseal artery
- C. Artery of ligamentum teres
- D. Profunda femoris (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Profunda femoris*** - The profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery) gives rise to the **medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries**, which are the primary blood supply to the femoral head in adults - Specifically, the **medial circumflex femoral artery** and its branches (lateral epiphyseal arteries and retinacular arteries) form an extracapsular arterial ring and penetrate the joint capsule to supply the femoral head - The profunda femoris is thus the main parent vessel responsible for femoral head blood supply *Lateral epiphyseal artery* - This artery is a branch of the **medial circumflex femoral artery**, which originates from the profunda femoris - While it directly supplies the femoral head and is the dominant terminal branch, it represents a more specific component of the arterial network rather than the main source vessel - It provides blood to the lateral and superior portions of the femoral head *Medial epiphyseal artery* - This artery is also a branch of the circumflex femoral arteries, which originate from the profunda femoris - It contributes to the blood supply but is less dominant than the lateral epiphyseal branches - Similar to lateral epiphyseal artery, it is part of the retinacular arterial system *Artery of ligamentum teres* - The **artery of the ligamentum teres** (foveal artery) is an inconsistent and often small vessel, typically a branch of the **obturator artery** or medial circumflex femoral artery - While it contributes to blood supply especially in children, its contribution is usually minor in adults and often insufficient to sustain the femoral head alone - It enters through the fovea capitis and its contribution diminishes with age
Question 46: Main blood supply to the head and neck of femur comes from
- A. Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- B. Medial circumflex femoral artery (Correct Answer)
- C. Artery of ligamentum teres
- D. Popliteal artery
Explanation: ***Medial circumflex femoral artery*** - The **medial circumflex femoral artery** is the primary arterial supply to the **head and neck of the femur**, particularly via its **retinacular branches**. - These branches ascend along the femoral neck within the joint capsule, supplying most of the femoral head. *Lateral circumflex femoral artery* - The **lateral circumflex femoral artery** primarily supplies the muscles of the **anterior compartment of the thigh**, including the quadriceps femoris. - While it contributes to anastomoses around the hip, its direct supply to the femoral head and neck is less significant than the medial circumflex. *Artery of ligamentum teres* - The **artery of the ligamentum teres** (foveal artery) supplies a small, variable portion of the **femoral head**, mainly in children. - Its contribution to the overall blood supply to the adult femoral head and neck is often negligible or absent. *Popliteal artery* - The **popliteal artery** is located in the **popliteal fossa** behind the knee joint and is the continuation of the femoral artery. - Its branches supply the structures around the knee and lower leg, not the femoral head and neck.
Question 47: Which of the following statements about the linea aspera is correct?
- A. Forms lateral border of femur
- B. Continues as gluteal tuberosity (Correct Answer)
- C. Forms medial border of femur
- D. None of the options
Explanation: Correct: Continues as gluteal tuberosity - The lateral lip of the linea aspera continues superiorly as the gluteal tuberosity (also called the gluteal ridge or line) - This anatomical continuation is a key feature of the femur's posterior surface - The gluteal tuberosity serves as the attachment site for the gluteus maximus muscle - The medial lip continues superiorly as the pectineal line (spiral line), which then joins the lesser trochanter Incorrect: Forms lateral border of femur - The linea aspera is located on the posterior surface of the femoral shaft, not on the lateral border - The lateral border of the femur is formed by the smooth lateral surface of the shaft - The linea aspera's lateral lip is a posterior ridge, distinct from the true lateral border Incorrect: Forms medial border of femur - The linea aspera is on the posterior aspect of the femur, not the medial border - The medial border of the femur is formed by the smooth medial surface of the shaft - The medial lip of the linea aspera is a muscle attachment site on the posterior surface, not a border
Question 48: Which muscle is attached to the lateral surface of the greater trochanter?
- A. Gluteus maximus
- B. Gluteus medius (Correct Answer)
- C. Gluteus minimus
- D. Piriformis
Explanation: ***Gluteus medius*** - The **gluteus medius** inserts onto the **lateral surface of the greater trochanter** of the femur. - Its primary actions include **abduction** and **internal rotation** of the hip. *Gluteus maximus* - The **gluteus maximus** inserts primarily into the **iliotibial tract** and the **gluteal tuberosity** of the posterior femur, not the lateral greater trochanter. - Its main roles are **hip extension** and **external rotation**. *Gluteus minimus* - The **gluteus minimus** inserts onto the **anterior part of the lateral surface (anterolateral aspect)** of the greater trochanter, anterior to the gluteus medius insertion. - Like the gluteus medius, it also contributes to **hip abduction** and **internal rotation**. *Piriformis* - The **piriformis** muscle inserts onto the **superior and medial aspect of the greater trochanter**. - Its main actions are **external rotation** and **abduction** of the hip, particularly when the hip is flexed.
Question 49: Sacrotuberous ligament is pierced by
- A. Perforating cutaneous nerve (Correct Answer)
- B. Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- C. Superior gluteal nerve
- D. Sciatic nerve
Explanation: ***Perforating cutaneous nerve*** - The **perforating cutaneous nerve** typically pierces the sacrotuberous ligament to innervate the skin over the medial part of the lower gluteal region. - This nerve originates from the **S2 and S3 anterior rami**. *Posterior femoral cutaneous* - The **posterior femoral cutaneous nerve** runs inferior to the piriformis muscle, superficial to the sacrotuberous ligament, but does not pierce it. - It supplies the skin on the posterior thigh and popliteal fossa. *Superior gluteal nerve* - The **superior gluteal nerve** exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, superior to the piriformis muscle, and does not interact with the sacrotuberous ligament in this manner. - It innervates the **gluteus medius, gluteus minimus**, and **tensor fasciae latae muscles**. *Sciatic nerve* - The **sciatic nerve** exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to the piriformis muscle, and passes superficial to the sacrotuberous ligament. - It does not pierce the ligament, but rather lies in close proximity to its inferior border.
Question 50: Line from midinguinal point to adductor tubercle represents?
- A. Inferior epigastric artery
- B. Femoral artery (Correct Answer)
- C. Superior epigastric artery
- D. None of the options
Explanation: The line from the **midinguinal point** to the **adductor tubercle** accurately maps the anatomical course of the **femoral artery** in the thigh. This anatomical landmark is crucial for palpating the **femoral pulse** and locating the artery for clinical procedures like catheter insertion. *Inferior epigastric artery* - The **inferior epigastric artery** originates from the external iliac artery and ascends superiorly in the anterior abdominal wall [1]. - Its course is significantly more medial and superior, far from the line described. *Superior epigastric artery* - The **superior epigastric artery** is a terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery, descending into the rectus sheath in the upper abdomen [1]. - Its location is entirely within the anterior abdominal wall, high above the inguinal region. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the line from the midinguinal point to the adductor tubercle clearly represents the anatomical course of the femoral artery. - The other arteries listed are not found along this specific anatomical path.