UPSC-CMS 2013 - Pathology PYQs Practice Questions

Q: Pancreatic calculi are composed of :

Calcium carbonate. ***Calcium carbonate*** - Pancreatic calculi are predominantly composed of **calcium carbonate (70-90%)**, which precipitates around a protein-rich nidus [1]. - This occurs in **chronic calcific pancreatitis**, where altered pancreatic juice composition leads to calcium salt precipitation and stone formation [1], [2]. - The stones are radiopaque and can be seen on plain radiography, helping in diagnosis. *Calcium phosphate* - While **calcium phosphate** may be present in small amounts in pancreatic stones, it is **not the primary component**. - Calcium phosphate is more commonly associated with certain types of urinary calculi. *Calcium oxalate* - **Calcium oxalate** is the most common component of **renal (kidney) stones**, not pancreatic stones. - Kidney stone formation is influenced by factors like dietary oxalate, hydration status, and urinary pH, distinct from pancreatic pathophysiology. *Calcium bilirubinate* - **Calcium bilirubinate** is a major component of **pigment gallstones**, particularly black pigment stones formed in the gallbladder. - These stones are associated with conditions like chronic hemolysis, cirrhosis, or biliary infections, and are entirely distinct from pancreatic calculi. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Liver And Biliary System Disease, pp. 407-408. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Pancreas, pp. 893-895. [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Out of the following, select the histologic type of endometrial cancer which has the worst prognosis:

Papillary serous carcinoma. ***Papillary serous carcinoma*** - This subtype is considered a **Type II endometrial cancer**, which is often **aggressive**, poorly differentiated, and has a high metastatic potential. [1] - It frequently presents at an advanced stage and has a **poor prognosis** due to its rapid growth and tendency for widespread peritoneal dissemination. [1] *Clear cell carcinoma* - While also a **Type II endometrial cancer** with an aggressive course, it generally has a slightly better prognosis than papillary serous carcinoma. - It is characterized by polygonal cells with **clear cytoplasm** and often presents with more localized disease compared to serous carcinoma. *Mucinous adenocarcinoma* - This is typically classified as a **Type I endometrial cancer**, which is low-grade and generally associated with a **favorable prognosis**. [1] - It is characterized by cells producing **mucin**, often resembling endocervical adenocarcinoma. *Well differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma* - This is the **most common type of endometrial cancer** and is typically a **Type I cancer**, associated with a very **good prognosis**. [1] - It is characterized by glandular differentiation that closely resembles normal endometrial glands, driven by unopposed estrogen exposure. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Female Genital Tract, pp. 1021-1024. [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

Pancreatic calculi are composed of :

Accepted Answer

Calcium carbonate

Answer

Calcium phosphate

Answer

Calcium oxalate

Answer

Calcium bilirubinate

Question 2

Out of the following, select the histologic type of endometrial cancer which has the worst prognosis:

Accepted Answer

Papillary serous carcinoma

Answer

Clear cell carcinoma

Answer

Mucinous adenocarcinoma

Answer

Well differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Question 3

Autosomal recessive disorders include all except :

Accepted Answer

Retinoblastoma

Answer

Hirschsprung disease

Answer

Albinism

Answer

Sickle cell anaemia

UPSC-CMS 2013 — Pathology