UPSC-CMS 2013 - Community Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: Universal precautions to be followed by the surgical team include all of the following except :

Prophylactic antimicrobials. **Prophylactic antimicrobials** - **Prophylactic antimicrobials** are given to prevent surgical site infections and are not considered a part of **universal precautions** themselves. - Universal precautions are primarily focused on preventing the transmission of bloodborne pathogens through physical barriers. *Wearing boots* - **Wearing boots** or shoe covers is an important component of **universal precautions** in the operating room to protect against splashes and contamination from blood and body fluids. - They also help maintain a sterile environment by preventing the introduction of contaminants from street shoes. *Wearing double gloves* - **Wearing double gloves** offers an extra layer of protection against sharps injuries and potential exposure to blood and body fluids, especially during procedures with a higher risk of puncture. - This practice reinforces the **barrier protection** aspect of universal precautions. *Donning water repellent gown* - A **water-repellent gown** acts as a crucial barrier to protect the surgical team's skin and clothing from contamination with blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. - This aligns with the principle of **universal precautions** to minimize exposure risks. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The amount of previously unrecognized disease that is diagnosed as a result of the screening effort is known as :

Yield. ***Yield*** - The **yield** of a screening program refers to the amount of **previously unrecognized disease** that is identified through the screening effort. - It essentially measures the **productivity** or **effectiveness** of the screening intervention in detecting new cases. *Reliability* - **Reliability** refers to the **consistency** of a measurement or test, meaning it produces the same results under the same conditions. - It does not describe the amount of new disease found but rather the **reproducibility** of the screening process. *Predictive accuracy* - **Predictive accuracy** (positive predictive value or negative predictive value) indicates the probability that a positive or negative test result **truly reflects** the presence or absence of the disease. - While related to screening performance, it's a measure of how accurately the test predicts disease status, not the overall quantity of newly diagnosed disease. *Validity* - **Validity** refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure, encompassing both **sensitivity** and **specificity**. - It describes the **accuracy** of the test in correctly identifying diseased and non-diseased individuals, but not the total number of new cases identified in the population. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The National Health Policy 2002 target to be achieved by the year 2010 is :

Reduce infant mortality rate 30/1000 live births. ***Reduce infant mortality rate 30/1000 live births*** - The **National Health Policy 2002** specifically set the target of reducing **Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 30 per 1000 live births by the year 2010**. - This was one of the key quantifiable goals with a clear timeline aligned with the question's timeframe. - The policy document explicitly mentioned this as a priority target for improving maternal and child health outcomes in India. *Eradication of polio* - While **polio eradication** was indeed a major objective of the National Health Policy 2002, the target year was **2005, not 2010**. - India achieved polio-free status in 2014 when WHO certified the country as polio-free. - This makes it incorrect for the specific year 2010 mentioned in the question. *Elimination of leprosy* - The **elimination of leprosy** (defined as prevalence of less than 1 case per 10,000 population) was targeted for **2005, not 2010**. - India achieved national level elimination in December 2005, though some districts continued to have higher prevalence. - This target predates the 2010 timeline asked in the question. *Achieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDS* - The National Health Policy 2002 aimed to **halt and reverse the HIV/AIDS epidemic** by 2007. - The specific phrase "zero level growth" and the year 2010 do not accurately reflect the policy's stated objectives. - The focus was on stabilizing prevalence and preventing new infections through NACP (National AIDS Control Programme). [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Discarded tablets are disposed of in :

Yellow plastic bag. ***Yellow plastic bag*** - The **yellow plastic bag** is designated for **pharmaceutical waste**, which includes discarded and expired medications like tablets, as per **Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (India)**. - This color coding ensures that such waste is handled safely and disposed of according to **specific environmental regulations** to prevent pollution and health hazards. - Yellow bags are used for infectious waste, anatomical waste, soiled waste, expired medicines, and chemical waste. *Black plastic bag* - **Black plastic bags** are used for **general non-hazardous waste** from administrative and housekeeping areas that do not pose infection risk. - Discarding pharmaceuticals in black bags is inappropriate due to the potential for environmental contamination and health hazards. *Red plastic bag* - **Red plastic bags** are for **contaminated waste (recyclable)**, such as tubing, catheters, IV sets, and blood bags. - While some pharmaceutical waste can be hazardous, general discarded tablets are specifically categorized under yellow bag waste, not red. *Blue/White plastic bag* - **Blue or white plastic bags** are used for **sharp waste** including needles, syringes with needles, scalpels, and blades. - Discarded tablets do not fall under sharp waste category and must be disposed in yellow bags as per BMW Rules. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: In a village of 5,000 population, 50 persons suffered from cholera and 10 persons died. What will be the case fatality ratio?

20.0%. ***20.0%*** - The **case fatality ratio (CFR)** is calculated as the number of deaths from a specific disease divided by the number of confirmed cases of that disease, multiplied by 100. - In this scenario, 10 deaths / 50 cases = 0.2, and 0.2 * 100 = **20.0%**. *0.2%* - This value is likely derived from an incorrect calculation, possibly dividing the number of deaths by the total population, which would represent a **mortality rate**, not a case fatality ratio. - The **case fatality ratio** specifically relates deaths to the number of *cases*, not the entire population. *5.0%* - This calculation might be a misinterpretation of the formula or an application of the wrong denominator. - The correct denominator for **case fatality ratio** is the number of **cases**, not the total population or a subset of it unrelated to the disease. *1.0%* - This percentage would result from a different set of numbers for deaths and cases, or an error in calculation. - The **case fatality ratio** is focused on the severity of the disease among those who *contract* it, not the prevalence in the general population. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

Universal precautions to be followed by the surgical team include all of the following except :

Accepted Answer

Prophylactic antimicrobials

Answer

Wearing boots

Answer

Wearing double gloves

Answer

Donning water repellent gown

Question 2

The amount of previously unrecognized disease that is diagnosed as a result of the screening effort is known as :

Accepted Answer

Yield

Answer

Reliability

Answer

Predictive accuracy

Answer

Validity

Question 3

The National Health Policy 2002 target to be achieved by the year 2010 is :

Accepted Answer

Reduce infant mortality rate 30/1000 live births

Answer

Elimination of leprosy

Answer

Eradication of polio

Answer

Achieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDS

Question 4

Discarded tablets are disposed of in :

Accepted Answer

Yellow plastic bag

Answer

Black plastic bag

Answer

Red plastic bag

Answer

Blue plastic bag

Question 5

In a village of 5,000 population, 50 persons suffered from cholera and 10 persons died. What will be the case fatality ratio?

Accepted Answer

20.0%

Answer

0.2%

Answer

5.0%

Answer

1.0%

Question 6

One of the following diseases has more than one route of transmission :

Accepted Answer

Influenza

Answer

Leprosy

Answer

Cholera

Answer

Typhoid fever

Question 7

Serial interval is the gap between :

Accepted Answer

Primary and secondary case

Answer

Index and primary case

Answer

Introduction of infection and development of maximum infectivity

Answer

Transmission of infection from patient to another susceptible host

Question 8

Vision 2020 India includes all of the following except :

Accepted Answer

Epidemic conjunctivitis

Answer

Refractive errors

Answer

Cataract

Answer

Glaucoma

Question 9

The most sensitive index for surveillance of malaria transmission is :

Accepted Answer

Spleen rate

Answer

Infant parasite rate

Answer

Parasite density index

Answer

Proportional case rate

Question 10

Apgar score is used in:

Accepted Answer

Newborn assessment

Answer

Maternal health assessment

Answer

Nutritional status evaluation

Answer

Infectious disease severity grading

UPSC-CMS 2013 — Community Medicine