Question 11: Which of the following statements are true?
1. Due to increasing mammography there occurs over diagnosis of breast carcinoma
2. Colon cancer screening is done by digital rectal examination
3. Oral cancer screening is done by visual inspection
4. Cervix cancer screening is done by a pap smear
- A. 1,2,3,4
- B. 4 only
- C. 1,3,4 (Correct Answer)
- D. 2,3,4
Explanation: ***Correct: 1,3,4***
- **Statement 1 is TRUE**: Overdiagnosis is a well-documented consequence of increased mammography screening. It detects slow-growing tumors that might never have caused clinical symptoms or harm during a woman's lifetime, leading to unnecessary treatment and associated morbidities.
- **Statement 3 is TRUE**: Oral cancer screening primarily involves thorough visual inspection by a healthcare professional to identify suspicious lesions, ulcers, or color changes in the oral cavity.
- **Statement 4 is TRUE**: Cervical cancer screening is effectively done by Pap smear, which detects precancerous and cancerous cells.
- **Statement 2 is FALSE**: Digital rectal examination is NOT the primary screening method for colon cancer. Standard screening methods include colonoscopy, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), and fecal immunochemical test (FIT).
*Incorrect: 1,2,3,4*
- While statements 1, 3, and 4 are true, statement 2 is incorrect. Digital rectal examination is not a primary or definitive screening method for colon cancer—it only examines the rectum and misses most of the colon.
*Incorrect: 4 only*
- While cervical cancer screening by Pap smear is true, this option is incomplete as it misses other true statements (1 and 3) regarding mammography overdiagnosis and oral cancer screening.
*Incorrect: 2,3,4*
- This option incorrectly includes statement 2. Colon cancer screening is NOT done by digital rectal examination. Proper screening methods include colonoscopy, FOBT, FIT, and flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Question 12: All the following tests are related to pasteurization of milk except
- A. Standard plate count
- B. Phosphatase test
- C. Methylene blue reduction test
- D. Iodine test (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Iodine test***
- The **iodine test** is used to detect the presence of **starch**, which is not directly related to the pasteurization process or the quality of milk after pasteurization.
- This test is more commonly seen in laboratory settings to detect starch hydrolysis or in food science for specific ingredients, not for routine milk quality assurance post-pasteurization.
*Standard plate count*
- The **Standard Plate Count (SPC)** measures the number of **viable microorganisms** in a milk sample.
- A reduction in SPC after pasteurization indicates the effectiveness of the heat treatment in killing bacteria.
*Phosphatase test*
- The **phosphatase test** is a crucial indicator for the **adequacy of pasteurization**, as alkaline phosphatase is destroyed at temperatures and times similar to those required to kill common pathogens.
- If phosphatase activity is detected after pasteurization, it suggests that the milk was either **insufficiently heated** or has been mixed with raw milk.
*Methylene blue reduction test*
- The **methylene blue reduction test** (MBRT) assesses the microbial quality of milk by measuring the time it takes for bacteria to **decolorize methylene blue**.
- A longer reduction time indicates a **lower bacterial count** and better keeping quality, thus indirectly related to the effectiveness of pasteurization.