Gas exchange — Flashcards
On this page
What is the secondary regulator of cerebral perfusion?
What is the primary regulator of cerebral perfusion?
How long can the brain withstand hypoxia before sustaining irreversible damage?
COPD, cyanotic congenital heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and high altitude cause _____ polycythemia
Which zone of the lung has the highest Pao2? _____
In the _____, HCO3- enters the red blood cells in exchange for Cl-
Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to right-to-left shunts? _____
_____ in 2,3-BPG cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left
The partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood (PvO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Gas emboli occur due to bubbling of _____ out of blood, due to rapid ascent by a diver
Gas exchange US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Gas exchange with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Gas exchange Flashcard Deck - 198 Cards
Flashcard 1: What is the secondary regulator of cerebral perfusion?
Answer: PO2 - only takes effect during severe hypoxia
Flashcard 2: What is the primary regulator of cerebral perfusion?
Answer: PCO2
Flashcard 3: How long can the brain withstand hypoxia before sustaining irreversible damage?
Answer: 5 minutes
Flashcard 4: COPD, cyanotic congenital heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and high altitude cause _____ polycythemia
Answer: physiologic secondary
Extra: * due to chronic hypoxia Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Which zone of the lung has the highest Pao2? _____
Answer: Zone 1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: In the _____, HCO3- enters the red blood cells in exchange for Cl-
Answer: lungs
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to right-to-left shunts? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=26] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: _____ in 2,3-BPG cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left
Answer: Decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: The partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood (PvO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 40
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: Gas emboli occur due to bubbling of _____ out of blood, due to rapid ascent by a diver
Answer: nitrogen gas
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Factors that shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the _____ favor the taut form of hemoglobin
Answer: right
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: One major effect of thyroid hormone is increased _____ with a resultant increase in BMR and body temperature, due to increased Na/K+-ATPase activity
Answer: O2 consumption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: The diffusion coefficient (DK) for CO2 is approximately 20x _____ than that of O2
Answer: higher
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: If CO2 production is constant, then the arterial and alveolar Pco2 is determined by _____
Answer: alveolar ventilation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: According to Fick's law, the rate of diffusion of a gas (Vgas) is equal to: _____
Answer:
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: When using the alveolar gas equation, the respiratory quotient (R) is equal to the ratio of _____ / _____
Answer: CO2 produced
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: _____ O2 binding to hemoglobin causes increased affinity for CO2 and H+ (Haldane effect)
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: The lung diffusing capacity (DL) can be measured with _____ because it is exclusively diffusion-limited
Answer: carbon monoxide (CO)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to diffusion defects (e.g. fibrosis, pulmonary edema)? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=24] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: CO exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: diffusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Damage to the alveolar-capillary interface leads to _____ alveolar-capillary permeability
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: In the lungs, oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes _____ release from its buffering sites
Answer: H+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: N2O exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: perfusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: Patients with cyanide poisoning have a(n) _____ of the venous-arterial PO2 gradient
Answer: narrowing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to hypoventilation (e.g. opioid use, obesity hypoventilation syndrome)? _____
Answer: Normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=23] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki no issues with diffusion barrier. characterized by increased awake CO2 with a normal A-a gradient
Flashcard 26: 2,3-BPG increases under _____ conditions (e.g. high altitude)
Answer: hypoxic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: The _____ form of hemoglobin is found in the respiratory tract
Answer: relaxed
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: What is the effect of increased alveolar ventilation on arteriolar (and alveolar) Pco2? _____
Answer: Decreased Pco2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: Central chemoreceptors respond indirectly to increased _____ and directly to decreased _____
Answer: Pco2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: How do levels of 2,3-BPG change at high altitudes? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: Both Hemoglobin H and hemoglobin Bart's have a strong affinity for oxygen, manifesting as _____
Answer: hypoxia (cyanosis)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: The lung diffusing capacity (DL) is the equivalent of _____ of the alveolar-pulmonary capillary barrier
Answer: permeability
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, is _____ proportional to the alveolar wall thickness
Answer: inversely
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a much _____ binding affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin (HbA)
Answer: higher
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: The ductal cells modify the initial pancreatic secretion via _____ of Cl-
Answer: absorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: In a healthy patient, can exercise alone make patients hypoxemic? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: What is the purpose of decreased maternal PCO2 during pregnancy? _____
Answer: Facilitate CO2 elimination from the fetus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: 2,3-BPG decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 by binding to hemoglobin _____ chains
Answer: β
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Carboxyhemoglobin heme groups not bound by CO have a(n) _____ affinity for O2
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: The alveolar gas equation states that the alveolar Po2 (PAo2) equals: _____
Answer:
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Erythrocytes (RBCs) carry O2 to tissues and _____ to lungs
Answer: CO2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: How do levels of PCO2 change during pregnancy? _____
Answer: Decreased (due to increased ventilation rate)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: What cause of hypoxemia is not greatly helped by supplemental O2? _____
Answer: Right-to-left shunt
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: The Po2 in dry inspired air is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 160
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, known as _____ (5%)
Answer: carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: What equation may be used to calculate the O2 content of blood? O2 content = _____
Answer: (1.34 * Hb * SaO2) + (0.003 * PaO2)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Carboxyhemoglobin causes the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the _____
Answer: left
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: _____ in Pco2 cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right
Answer: Increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: The Po2 in humidified tracheal air is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 150
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: How does Pao2 change in response to exercise? _____
Answer: No change
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: In normal health, O2 exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: perfusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: In response to high altitude, there is a(n) _____ in 2,3-BPG
Answer: increase
Extra: This FA image is incorrect- ↑ 2,3-BPG causes a right shift Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: In _____-limited gas exchange, the gas equilibrates early along the length of the capillary
Answer: perfusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Polycythemia is associated with _____ SaO2, _____ O2 content, and _____ PaO2
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Carbon monoxide binds competitively to Hb and with 200-250x _____ affinity than O2
Answer: greater
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: How does normal aging change the A-a gradient? _____
Answer: Increased A-a gradient
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Transfer of gases across cell membranes or capillary walls occurs by _____
Answer: simple diffusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Decreased hemoglobin (e.g. anemia) is associated with _____ SaO2, _____ O2 content, and _____ PaO2
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: _____ is defined as a decrease of O2 delivery to tissues
Answer: Hypoxia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: _____ in pH cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right
Answer: Decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, _____ in pulmonary fibrosis due to increased wall thickness (Δx)
Answer: decreases
Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: O2 is carried in blood in two forms: dissolved (2%) or _____ (98%)
Answer: bound to hemoglobin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Decreases in temperature cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the _____
Answer: left
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Shifts of the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the _____ occur when there is decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2
Answer: right
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: The HCO3- in red blood cells (from H2CO3) is transported into the plasma in exchange for _____
Answer: Cl-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: DLCO may be used to estimate the extent to which _____ passes from the air sacs of lungs into blood
Answer: oxygen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: _____ in temperature cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right
Answer: Increases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: CO2 binding to hemoglobin favors the _____ form, thus _____ Hb affinity for O2
Answer: taut
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: High altitudes indirectly cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the _____
Answer: right
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: In the steady state, the respiratory quotient, R, is normally equal to _____
Answer: 0.8
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: The concentration of a dissolved gas (Cx) is equal to _____
Answer: Px * Solubility
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: In exercise, O2 exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: mixed
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Exercise%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, is _____ proportional to the surface area available for diffusion
Answer: directly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: The partial pressure of a gas (Px) in dry expired air is equal to _____
Answer: PB * F
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: While thyroid hormone increases both protein synthesis and degradation, the overall effect of thyroid hormone is _____
Answer: catabolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Blood in the umbilical vein has a Po2 of approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 30
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: The increased O2 binding affinity of fetal hemoglobin results from _____ affinity of HbF for 2,3-BPG
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: _____ may be caused by _____
Answer: Hypoxia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: In emphysema, the DLCO is usually _____
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: How does Paco2 change in response to exercise? _____
Answer: No change
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: The Cl--HCO3- exchange that occurs across the RBC membrane is accomplished by an anion exchange protein called _____
Answer: band three protein
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to high altitude? _____
Answer: Normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Do erythrocytes (RBCs) contain organelles? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: Erythrocytes are _____ in shape, with a large surface area-to-volume ratio for rapid gas exchange
Answer: biconcave
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: The gradient between PAo2 - Pao2 is known as the _____ and is normally 10 - 15 mmHg
Answer: A-a gradient
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: Shifts of the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the _____ occurs when there is increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2
Answer: left
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: When patients have diseased lung tissue (e.g. fibrosis/emphysema) O2 transfer becomes _____-limited
Answer: diffusion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, _____ during exercise due to increased surface area (A)
Answer: increases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: At _____ altitude the partial pressure gradient of O2 is lower and thus equilibration takes longer
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: In the _____, H2CO3 in the red blood cell is reconverted to CO2 and H2O and expired
Answer: lungs
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: The approximate Po2 in inspired, humidified air (PIO2) at sea level is _____ mmHg
Answer: 150
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: What antiporter is present in the membrane of erythrocytes? _____
Answer: Cl-/HCO3- antiporter
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Interstitial restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ diffusing capacity
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: The oxygen-Hb dissociation curve is roughly flat when the Po2 is between _____ and _____ mmHg
Answer: 60
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Shifts of the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the _____ cause decreased unloading of O2 at tissues
Answer: left
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in mixed venous blood (PvCO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 46
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: What equation may be used to determine the physiologic dead space (VD)? _____
Answer:
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: _____ O2 binding to hemoglobin causes decreased affinity for CO2 (Haldane effect)
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: _____ in 2,3-BPG cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right
Answer: Increases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: In exercise, blood is flowing faster through the pulmonary capillaries, resulting in it taking a(n) _____ time for capillary O2 concentration to maximize
Answer: longer
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Exercise%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: What is the effect of decreased alveolar ventilation on arteriolar (and alveolar) Pco2? _____
Answer: Increased Pco2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: _____ in Pco2 cause the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left
Answer: Decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: Hypoxia may be caused by _____ poisoning, which decreases the O2 content of blood
Answer: carbon monoxide
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 104: One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is as _____ CO2 (5%)
Answer: dissolved
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: _____ is defined as a decrease in Pao2
Answer: Hypoxemia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Central cyanosis (e.g. lips, mucous membranes) = _____ Peripheral cyanosis (e.g. distal extremities) =_____
Answer: low arterial oxygen saturation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Restrictive lung disease and low DLCO = _____
Answer: interstitial lung disease (alveolar diffusion barrier problem)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Pulmonary arterial hypertension = _____ DLCO and _____ TLC and _____ FEV1/FVC
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Central cyanosis involves highly vascularized tissues (e.g. lips, mucous membranes) and is caused by low _____
Answer: arterial O2 saturation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Polycythemia and ↑ EPO and ↓ O2 saturation = _____
Answer: hypoxia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Methemoglobinemia is associated with _____ O2 saturation on pulse oximetry and _____ PaO2
Answer: decreased (85%)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: Is it more efficient to change tidal volume or respiratory rate to change O2 and CO2 levels? _____
Answer: Tidal Volume
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: Hypoventilation = _____ A-a gradient and respiratory acidosis
Answer: ↔
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: ↓ DLCO = _____
Answer: emphysema
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: What is the normal range of PO2, arterial blood (room air)?
Answer: From 75 to 105 mm Hg
Flashcard 116: What is the normal range of Pco2, arterial blood (room air)?
Answer: From 33 to 45 mm Hg
Flashcard 117: Biologist are investigating structural changes with oxygen loading and unloading. -During transition from point 1 to point 2 on the graph. -Hemoglobin molecules are most likely to release what? a.) Chloride b.) Heme c.) Oxygen d.) Phosphate e.) Protons
Answer: e.) Protons The graph is oxygen saturation based, (compare to Hb base "the vertical axis of the graph"). So when the graph shift to the right RBC are releasing H+ instead of Oxygen. due to borhaldane effect
Flashcard 118: 28 y/o man comes with anxiety, weakness, dyspnea, & headaches. -He was accidently exposed to nitrites in his research lab. -Physical exam: cyanosis that is not improved by administration of supplemental oxygen via facemask. -Analysis of a sample of arterial blood drasn from this patient prior to any oxygen supplementation is most likely to reveal normal value of what?
Answer: Normal partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood in other words the pO2 won't change even tough the patient has methemoglobinemia due to Nitrates which converts Fe2+ (hemoglobin) to Fe3+ (methemoglobin) pO2: represents amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma. FE3+ just won't be able to bring new oxygen into the bloodstream because it can't carry oxygen.
Flashcard 119: In a healthy patient, can exercise alone make patients hypoxemic?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 120: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air (PACO2) and arterial blood (PaCO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 40
Flashcard 121: In response to decreased atmospheric oxygen (e.g. high altitude), there is a _____ Pao2
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 122: The lung diffusing capacity (DL) is the equivalent of _____ of the alveolar-pulmonary capillary barrier
Answer: permeability
Flashcard 123: What equation may be used to calculate the O2 content of blood?O2 content = _____
Answer: (1.34 * Hb * SaO2) + (0.003 * PaO2)
Flashcard 124: In response to exercise, there is _____ venous O2 content
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 125: According to Fick's law, the rate of diffusion of a gas (Vgas) is equal to: _____
Answer:
Flashcard 126: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to high altitude? _____
Answer: Normal
Flashcard 127: What is the typical normal value for anatomic dead space (mL)?_____
Answer: 150 mL
Flashcard 128: The diffusion coefficient (DK) for CO2 is approximately 20x _____ than that of O2
Answer: higher
Flashcard 129: Only _____ gas contributes to the partial pressure of a gas in solution
Answer: free, dissolved
Flashcard 130: 2,3-BPG increases under _____ conditions (e.g. high altitude)
Answer: hypoxic
Flashcard 131: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, is _____ proportional to the alveolar wall thickness
Answer: inversely
Flashcard 132: How do levels of 2,3-BPG change at high altitudes? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 133: In response to high altitude, there are cellular changes, such as increased _____
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 134: Clinical features of ARDS include hypoxemia and cyanosis with respiratory distress due to a _____ diffusion barrier
Answer: thickened
Flashcard 135: The O2-binding capacity of blood is _____ mL O2/ 100 mL blood
Answer: 20.1
Flashcard 136: What is the effect of decreased alveolar ventilation on arteriolar (and alveolar) Pco2?_____
Answer: Increased Pco2
Flashcard 137: One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, known as _____ (5%)
Answer: carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
Flashcard 138: Transfer of gases across cell membranes or capillary walls occurs by _____
Answer: simple diffusion
Flashcard 139: One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is as _____ CO2 (5%)
Answer: dissolved
Flashcard 140: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in mixed venous blood (PvCO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 46
Flashcard 141: Increased ventilation (e.g. high altitude) causes _____ Paco2
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 142: How does Pao2 change in response to exercise?_____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 143: The concentration of a dissolved gas (Cx) is equal to _____
Answer: Px * Solubility
Flashcard 144: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to hypoventilation (e.g. opioid use, obesity hypoventilation syndrome)? _____
Answer: Normal
Flashcard 145: Blood in the umbilical vein has a Po2 of approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 30
Flashcard 146: In _____-limited gas exchange, the gas equilibrates early along the length of the capillary
Answer: perfusion
Flashcard 147: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to right-to-left shunts? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 148: Damage to the alveolar-capillary interface leads to _____ alveolar-capillary permeability
Answer: increased
Flashcard 149: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, is _____ proportional to the surface area available for diffusion
Answer: directly
Flashcard 150: What is the purpose of decreased maternal PCO2 during pregnancy?_____
Answer: Facilitate CO2 elimination from the fetus
Flashcard 151: How does % saturation change with pregnancy or OCP use?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 152: In exercise, O2 exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: mixed
Flashcard 153: The lung diffusing capacity (DL) can be measured with _____ because it is exclusively diffusion-limited
Answer: carbon monoxide (CO)
Flashcard 154: _____ emboli present with joint and muscle pain ('bends') and respiratory symptoms ('chokes')
Answer: Gas
Flashcard 155: The approximate Po2 in inspired, humidified air (PIO2) at sea level is _____ mmHg
Answer: 150
Flashcard 156: The partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood (PvO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 40
Flashcard 157: _____ is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange
Answer: Physiologic dead space
Flashcard 158: When patients have diseased lung tissue (e.g. fibrosis/emphysema) O2 transfer becomes _____-limited
Answer: diffusion
Flashcard 159: N2O exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: perfusion
Flashcard 160: Extrapulmonary restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ A-a gradients
Answer: normal
Flashcard 161: In _____-limited gas exchange, the gas does not equilibrate by the time blood reaches the end of the capillary
Answer: diffusion
Flashcard 162: Carbon monoxide binds competitively to Hb and with 200-250x _____ affinity than O2
Answer: greater
Flashcard 163: Increased pCO2 and resulting decrease of pH enhancing the release of O2 from hemoglobin is called the _____ effect
Answer: Bohr
Flashcard 164: In response to exercise, there is _____ venous CO2 content
Answer: increased
Flashcard 165: The majority of CO2 transported in blood is in the form of _____ (90%)
Answer: HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Flashcard 166: Slow waves originate in the _____, which serve as the pacemaker for GI smooth muscle
Answer: interstitial cells of Cajal
Flashcard 167: In exercise, blood is flowing faster through the pulmonary capillaries, resulting it taking a _____ time for capillary O2 concentration to maximize
Answer: longer (shorter or longer)
Flashcard 168: The _____ gradient is the driving force for the diffusion of a gas
Answer: partial pressure
Flashcard 169: Does the conducting zone of the lung participate in gas exchange? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 170: The Po2 in dry inspired air is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 160
Flashcard 171: What is the effect of increased alveolar ventilation on arteriolar (and alveolar) Pco2?_____
Answer: Decreased Pco2
Flashcard 172: Carboxyhemoglobin heme groups not bound by CO have a(n) _____ affinity for O2
Answer: increased
Flashcard 173: Normally 1g of hemoglobin can bind _____ mL of O2
Answer: 1.34
Flashcard 174: The lung diffusing capacity, DL, is _____ proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the gas
Answer: directly
Flashcard 175: DLCO may be used to estimate the extent to which _____ passes from the air sacs of lungs into blood
Answer: oxygen
Flashcard 176: In emphysema, the DLCO is usually _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 177: CO2 exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: perfusion
Flashcard 178: Is the A - a gradient normal, increased, or decreased, in response to diffusion defects (e.g. fibrosis, pulmonary edema)? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 179: In the steady state, the respiratory quotient, R, is normally equal to _____
Answer: 0.8
Flashcard 180: The alveolar gas equation states that the alveolar Po2 (PAo2) equals:_____
Answer:
Flashcard 181: What equation may be used to determine the physiologic dead space (VD)?_____
Answer:
Flashcard 182: Carboxyhemoglobin causes _____ O2-binding capacity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 183: Blood in the umbilical vein has a O2 saturation of approximately _____%
Answer: 80
Flashcard 184: How does normal aging change the A-a gradient?_____
Answer: Increased A-a gradient
Flashcard 185: The partial pressure of a gas (Px) in humidified tracheal air is equal to _____
Answer: (PB - PH2O) * F
Flashcard 186: Patients with cyanide poisoning have a _____ of the venous-arterial PO2 gradient
Answer: narrowing
Flashcard 187: Why must fetal hemoglobin have a much higher O2 binding affinity than HbA? _____
Answer: Drives O2 diffusion across placenta from mother to fetus
Flashcard 188: What cause of hypoxemia is not greatly helped by supplemental O2?_____
Answer: Right-to-left shunt
Flashcard 189: Interstitial restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ A-a gradients
Answer: increased
Flashcard 190: Increased Pco2 (hypercapnia) causes vaso-_____ in the pulmonary circulation
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 191: The partial pressure of a gas (Px) in dry expired air is equal to _____
Answer: PB * F
Flashcard 192: Sleep apnea is characterized by a _____ Pao2 and Paco2 during the day
Answer: normal
Flashcard 193: Which zone of the lung has the highest Pao2? _____
Answer: Zone 1
Flashcard 194: The _____ of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve is the Po2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated
Answer: P50
Flashcard 195: The _____ form of hemoglobin is found in the respiratory tract
Answer: relaxed
Flashcard 196: In normal health, O2 exhibits _____-limited gas exchange
Answer: perfusion
Flashcard 197: What ultimately leads to cellular injury in hypoxia?_____
Answer: Lack of ATP
Flashcard 198: The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air (PAO2) and arterial blood (PaO2) is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 100
Keywords: Gas exchange flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Oxygen transport in blood
Flashcards
Hemoglobin-oxygen binding
Flashcards
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Flashcards
Bohr effect and rightward shifts
Flashcards
2,3-DPG effects on oxygen affinity
Flashcards
Carbon dioxide transport
Flashcards
Chloride shift mechanism
Flashcards
Ventilation-perfusion matching
Flashcards
Diffusion limitation vs perfusion limitation
Flashcards
Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient
Flashcards
Hypoxemia mechanisms
Flashcards
Altitude physiology
Flashcards
Diving physiology
Flashcards
Want unlimited flashcards?
Get full access to all flashcards, spaced repetition, and progress tracking.
Start For Free