Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 801: Decreases in contractility (e.g. heart failure) cause the Starling curve to shift _____

Answer: downward

Flashcard 802: Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 803: Interstitial fluid may enter, but not leave, the lymph vessels due to _____

Answer: one-way flap valves

Flashcard 804: Which cytokine increases MHC expression and antigen presentation on all cells?

Answer: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Extra: IFN-γ (Type II Interferon) increases the expression of both MHC Class I and MHC Class II molecules, thereby enhancing antigen presentation. Note: Type I Interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) primarily increase MHC Class I expression on all nucleated cells to aid in the antiviral response.

Flashcard 805: Which endocrine hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinases as their signaling pathway (4 + 2 bonus)?

Answer: 1. Prolactin, 2. Growth hormone, 3. Erythropoietin, 4. Leptin. Bonus: Cytokines (Interferons, Interleukins) and Thrombopoietin.

Flashcard 806: The major glucocorticoid produced in humans is _____

Answer: cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Flashcard 807: Growth hormone/IGF-1 alters cartilage metabolism to increase _____ growth

Answer: linear

Flashcard 808: _____ contractions are designed to propel the chyme along the small intestine towards the large intestine

Answer: Peristaltic

Flashcard 809: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting _____, which converts plasminogen to plasmin

Answer: tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Flashcard 810: Oxytocin is secreted in response to _____ during labor.

Answer: dilation of the cervix