Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 801: The major glucocorticoid produced in humans is _____

Answer: cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Flashcard 802: _____ gland enzymes liberate vitamin B12 from animal-derived proteins

Answer: Gastric

Flashcard 803: Are headaches caused by irritation of the brain parenchyma? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 804: Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 805: Which endocrine hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinases as their signaling pathway (4 + 2 bonus)?

Answer: 1. Prolactin, 2. Growth hormone, 3. Erythropoietin, 4. Leptin. Bonus: Cytokines (Interferons, Interleukins) and Thrombopoietin.

Flashcard 806: Growth hormone has _____ effects in adipose tissue (anabolic/catabolic)

Answer: catabolic

Flashcard 807: What step of leukocyte extravasation occurs directly after rolling?_____

Answer: Adhesion

Flashcard 808: Lesions to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) cause _____

Answer: internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Flashcard 809: Which androgen is responsible for the differentiation of the internal male genitalia (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles)? _____

Answer: Testosterone

Flashcard 810: Which cytokine increases MHC expression and antigen presentation on all cells?

Answer: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Extra: IFN-γ (Type II Interferon) increases the expression of both MHC Class I and MHC Class II molecules, thereby enhancing antigen presentation. Note: Type I Interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) primarily increase MHC Class I expression on all nucleated cells to aid in the antiviral response.