Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 701: According to the law of Laplace, cardiac wall stress = _____

Answer: (P × r) / (2 × wall thickness)

Flashcard 702: What is the major source of energy during the first 2 seconds of exercise? _____

Answer: Stored ATP

Flashcard 703: Irreversible damage due to cerebral ischemia begins after _____ minutes of hypoxia

Answer: 5

Flashcard 704: What effect does passive leg raising have on the intensity of MVP murmurs?_____

Answer: Decreased intensity

Flashcard 705: The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by both neural and endocrine pathways. Which lobe is connected by the **endocrine** (portal) pathway?

Answer: Anterior pituitary

Extra: The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (vascular/endocrine). The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is connected via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (neural axons).

Flashcard 706: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for acute-phase reactant production?_____

Answer: IL-6

Flashcard 707: Glucocorticoids prevent production of neutrophil adhesion molecules, causing _____ and subsequent neutrophilia

Answer: demargination

Flashcard 708: What neurotransmitters (2) are released by the striatum in the indirect basal ganglia pathway? _____

Answer: GABA and Enkephalin (Inhibitory)

Flashcard 709: Which part of the brain initiates and provides gross control over skeletal muscle movement? _____

Answer: Basal ganglia

Flashcard 710: Intestinal peristalsis occurs in response to binding of _____ to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs)

Answer: 5-HT (serotonin)