Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 701: The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by both neural and endocrine pathways. Which lobe is connected by the **endocrine** (portal) pathway?

Answer: Anterior pituitary

Extra: The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (vascular/endocrine). The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is connected via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (neural axons).

Flashcard 702: The blueberry muffin rash of CMV and Rubella is due to dermal _____

Answer: erythropoiesis

Flashcard 703: _____, an endocrine hormone, is a member of a family of peptides that includes the GI hormones secretin and GIP

Answer: Glucagon

Flashcard 704: What is the major source of energy during the first 2 seconds of exercise? _____

Answer: Stored ATP

Flashcard 705: According to the law of Laplace, cardiac wall stress = _____

Answer: (P × r) / (2 × wall thickness)

Flashcard 706: What happens to most of the endocytosed LDL receptors? _____

Answer: Recycled to cell membrane

Flashcard 707: Glucose and galactose are extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by _____

Answer: GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)

Flashcard 708: Intestinal peristalsis occurs in response to binding of _____ to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs)

Answer: 5-HT (serotonin)

Flashcard 709: What antibodies in plasma do patients with the O blood type have? (Identify name and isotype)

Answer: Anti-A and Anti-B (mostly IgG)

Extra: Patients with blood type O have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma. Unlike individuals with type A or B blood (who primarily have IgM antibodies), type O individuals have predominantly **IgG** antibodies. This is clinically significant because IgG can cross the placenta, potentially causing ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Flashcard 710: What changes in potassium levels (hyper- or hypokalemia) can induce arrhythmias?_____

Answer: Both hyper- and hypokalemia