Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 31: In atherosclerotic patients, M3 receptor activation directly causes vaso-_____

Answer: constriction

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics)

Flashcard 32: Which immune cells secrete IL-2?\n_____

Answer: All T cells

Extra: IL-2 is a T-cell growth factor secreted by all T cells. It stimulates the growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, as well as NK cells.

Flashcard 33: Growth hormone/IGF-1 alters cartilage metabolism to increase _____ growth

Answer: linear

Flashcard 34: Humoral immunity is used to attack _____-cellular bacteria

Answer: extra

Flashcard 35: The pituitary hormone _____ acts on the Leydig cells to promote testosterone synthesis

Answer: LH

Flashcard 36: _____ are produced, predominantly by the liver, when growth hormones act on target tissue

Answer: Somatomedins (IGFs)

Flashcard 37: The Ca2+-calmodulin complex upregulates _____, which phosphorylates myosin and contracts smooth muscle

Answer: myosin-light-chain kinase

Flashcard 38: Binding of ADP in primary hemostasis causes _____ change by increasing intracellular Ca2+, promoting effective platelet plug formation

Answer: shape

Flashcard 39: Gastroparesis is caused by dysfunction of the _____ nerve, which leads to impaired peristalsis of food through the stomach

Answer: vagus

Flashcard 40: Ig_____ antibodies bind to the bacteria's capsule, resulting in either phagocytosis (Fc receptors) or binding of complement

Answer: G

Extra: IgG antibodies (especially IgG1 and IgG3) are potent opsonins. They bind to bacterial capsules, allowing phagocytes to recognize the Fc portion of the antibody via Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR). Additionally, IgG can activate the classical complement pathway by binding C1q, leading to the deposition of C3b (another opsonin) and the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).