Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 1061: Human placental lactogen increases maternal _____

Answer: lipolysis and insulin resistance

Extra: Human placental lactogen (hPL), also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast. Its primary role is to ensure nutrient availability for the fetus by: 1. Increasing maternal lipolysis (to provide fatty acids as energy for the mother). 2. Inducing maternal insulin resistance (to decrease maternal glucose uptake, sparing glucose for the fetus).

Flashcard 1062: Activation of which adrenergic receptor increases insulin secretion?

Answer: Beta-2 (β2) receptors

Extra: Sympathetic influence on insulin secretion: • α2 receptors: Decrease insulin secretion (dominant effect) • β2 receptors: Increase insulin secretion

Flashcard 1063: T-cells and B-cells become _____ when exposed to their antigen without a costimulatory signal

Answer: anergic

Flashcard 1064: Is the T-cell antigen receptor mobile or rigid?_____

Answer: Rigid (no hinge region)

Flashcard 1065: Decreased activity of the Ca2+-Na+ exchanger (e.g. due to cardiac glycosides) causes _____ intracellular Ca2+ concentration

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1066: How does hyperthyroidism cause increased sympathetic nervous system activity?_____

Answer: Increased expression of beta1-adrenergic receptors

Flashcard 1067: Which immunoglobulin isotypes are expressed by mature, naive B-cells?_____

Answer: IgM and IgD

Flashcard 1068: In a cardiac cell, the conductance to K+ at rest is _____ (high/low)

Answer: high

Flashcard 1069: What part of an antigen should be preserved to elicit an immune response when given as an inactivated/killed vaccine? _____

Answer: Epitope

Flashcard 1070: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after weight/resistance training and sprinting

Answer: II